Family agriculture for bottom-up rural development: a case study of the indigenous Mayan population in the Mexican Peninsula

Since pre-colonial times the indigenous communities of Mayan origin in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, widely practice home gardens on a sustainable basis as the principal form of family agriculture. This study analyzes the structural complexity, functional diversity and management strategy of these indigenous home gardens in order to attempt to propose recommendations for improved family farming. The Mayan home gardens are structured into three or more vertical layers of multiple plant species of herbs, shrubs and trees, and horizontally into well-defined zones for production of both domestic and wild animals. The home gardens provide multiple services apart from food and nutrition security. For sustainable bottom-up rural development, we recommend the continuation of multifunctional home gardens.

Comparison of bottom-up protein identification methods

With the rapid development of proteomics, a number of different methods appeared for the basic task of protein identification. We made a simple comparison between a common liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) workflow using an ion trap mass spectrometer and a combined LC-MS and LC-MS/MS method using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry and accurate peptide masses. To compare the two methods for protein identification, we grew and extracted proteins from E. coli using established protocols. Cystines were reduced and alkylated, and proteins digested by trypsin. The resulting peptide mixtures were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a 4 h gradient from 0 to 50% acetonitrile over a C18 reversed-phase column. The LC separation was coupled on-line to either a Bruker Esquire HCT ion trap or a Bruker 7 tesla APEX-Qe Qh-FTICR hybrid mass spectrometer. Data-dependent Qh-FTICR-MS/MS spectra were acquired using the quadrupole mass filter and collisionally induced dissociation into the external hexapole trap. Proteins were in both schemes identified by Mascot MS/MS ion searches and the peptides identified from these proteins in the FTICR MS/MS data were used for automatic internal calibration of the FTICR-MS data, together with ambient polydimethylcyclosiloxane ions.

The roles of feature-specific task set and bottom-up salience in attentional capture: An ERP study

We investigated the roles of top-down task set and bottom-up stimulus salience for feature-specific attentional capture. Spatially nonpredictive cues preceded search arrays that included a color-defined target. For target-color singleton cues, behavioral spatial cueing effects were accompanied by cueinduced N2pc components, indicative of attentional capture. These effects were only minimally attenuated for nonsingleton target-color cues, underlining the dominance of top-down task set over salience in attentional capture. Nontarget-color singleton cues triggered no N2pc, but instead an anterior N2 component indicative of top-down inhibition. In Experiment 2, inverted behavioral cueing effects of these cues were accompanied by a delayed N2pc to targets at cued locations, suggesting that perceptually salient but task-irrelevant visual events trigger location-specific inhibition mechanisms that can delay subsequent target selection.

Bottom-up, not top-down, modulation of imitation by human and robotic models

Visual observation of human actions provokes more motor activation than observation of robotic actions. We investigated the extent to which this visuomotor priming effect is mediated by bottom-up or top-down processing. The bottom-up hypothesis suggests that robotic movements are less effective in activating the ‘mirror system’ via pathways from visual areas via the superior temporal sulcus to parietal and premotor cortices. The top-down hypothesis postulates that beliefs about the animacy of a movement stimulus modulate mirror system activity via descending pathways from areas such as the temporal pole and prefrontal cortex. In an automatic imitation task, subjects performed a prespecified movement (e.g. hand opening) on presentation of a human or robotic hand making a compatible (opening) or incompatible (closing) movement. The speed of responding on compatible trials, compared with incompatible trials, indexed visuomotor priming. In the first experiment, robotic stimuli were constructed by adding a metal and wire ‘wrist’ to a human hand. Questionnaire data indicated that subjects believed these movements to be less animate than those of the human stimuli but the visuomotor priming effects of the human and robotic stimuli did not differ. In the second experiment, when the robotic stimuli were more angular and symmetrical than the human stimuli, human movements elicited more visuomotor priming than the robotic movements. However, the subjects’ beliefs about the animacy of the stimuli did not affect their performance. These results suggest that bottom-up processing is primarily responsible for the visuomotor priming advantage of human stimuli.

Bottom-up planning and the future of planning education in India

The article discusses normative guidelines for reorienting planning education in India within the context of the immensely influential Constitutional Amendment Act of 1993. First, it briefly sketches the status of planning education at present in India, in relation to the role of planners in planning practice. It then descibes the changes that have taken place in general, following the Constitutional Amendment Act, dwelling more on the specific changes within the State of Kerala. The implications of these for planning education in general are then discussed normatively, highlighting three areas that need immediate attention from the planning academic community.

Uma abordagem Bottom-UP para a integração semântica de esquemas XML

XML (eXtensibile Markup Language) é um padrão atual para representação e intercâmbio dos semi-estruturados na Web. Dados semi-estruturados são dados não convencionais cujas instâncias de uma mesma fonte de dados podem ter representações altamente heterogêneas. Em função isto, um esquema para estes dados tende a ser extenso para suportar todas as alternativas de representação que um dado pode assumir. Parte do grande volume de dados disponível hoje na Web é composto por fontes de dados heterogêneas XML sobre diversos domínios do conhecimento. Para realizar o acesso a estas fontes, aplicações na Web necessitam de um mecanismo de integração de dados. O objetivo principal deste mecanismo é disponibilizar um esquema de dados global representativo dos diversos esquemas XML das fontes de dados. Com base neste esquema global, consultas são formuladas, traduzidas para consultas sobre os esquemas XML, executadas nas fontes de dados e os resultados retornados à aplicação. Esta tese apresenta uma abordagem para a integração semântica de esquemas XML relativos a um domínio de aplicação chamada BInXS. BInXS adota um processo bottom-up de integração, no qual o esquema global é definido para um conjunto de esquemas XML representadas atrtavés de DTDs (Document Type Definitions). A vantagem do processo bottom-up é que todas as informações dos esquemas XML são consideradas no esquema global. Desta forma, toda a informação presente nas fontes de dados pode ser consultada. O processo de integração de BInXS é baseado em um conjunto de regras e algoritmos que realizam a cnversão de cada DTD para um esquema canônico conceitual e a posterior integração semântica propriamente dita destes esquemas canônicos. O processo é semi-automático pois considera uma eventual intervenção de um usuário especialista no domínio para validar ou confirmar alternativas de resultado produzidas automaticamente. Comparada com trabalhos relacionados, BInXS apresenta as seguintes contribuições: (i) uma representação canônica conceitual para esquemas XML que é o resultado de uma anállise detalhada do modelo XML; (ii) um étodo de unificação que lida com as particularidades da integração de dados semi-estruturados e; (iii) uma estratégia de mapeamento baseada em expressões de consulta XPath que possibilita uma tradução simples de consultas globais para consultas a serem executadas nas fontes de dados XML.

Bottom-up and top-down effects in a pre-dispersal seed predation system: are non-predated seeds damaged?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Using the bottom-up and outside-in sequence for panfacial fracture management: Does it provide a clinical significance?

Panfacial fractures usually refer to simultaneous facial fractures, which affect the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face. The management of panfacial fracture is complex because of the lack of reliable landmarks. Literature has shown many approaches for management of panfacial fractures. Every segment of bone has a precise function in the repair. Therefore, the bottom-up and outside-in sequence is the most widely used approach in the management of panfacial fractures. These facial fractures present remarkable challenges for both experienced and inexperienced surgeons. This article aimed to report a case of a panfacial fracture (mandibular condylar and symphysis fractures associated with an atypical Le Fort III fracture) in a 48-year-old man. The patient was successfully treated using bottom-up and outside-in sequence by accessing all facial injuries. Postoperatively, radiograph examination revealed good reduction and fixation of titanium plates, and physical examination revealed good functional and esthetic outcomes. Copyright © 2013 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.

Efeitos tipo bottom-up e top-down em um sistema tritrófico formado por Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e seus inimigos naturais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Um Modelo de Inovação Bottom Up: Museu de Favela

This article aims to present, describe and discuss the innovation model of the first territorial open-air museum, designed in a favela in Rio de Janeiro, the Favela Museum (MUF). The concepts of slums, traditional museum and ecomuseums differentials are introduced in order to contextualize the universe MUF is inserted. Moreover, the paper discusses the concept of territorial open-air museum collection and how curatorship takes place this context, as well as the possible forms of interaction with the diversity of individuals served by a museum such as MUF. Furthermore, the role of this new museum typology in society is discussed, entities created by bottom up innovation initiative undertaken by MUF into the new museology of action. It concludes with considerations about the shift of focus on the role played by MUF as agent of social and cultural development.

Optical spectrum of bottom-up graphene nanoribbons: towards efficient atom-thick excitonic solar cells

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Perspectivas transdisciplinares de aproximação com a ciência sob o olhar da Ciência da Informação: uma metodologia bottom-up para a TV Unesp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)