Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History and including all species and subspecies known to occur in North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, the West Indies, and islands of the Caribbean Sea, the Galapagos Archipelago, and other islands which may properly be included on account of their faunal affinities.

v.13:pt.1:no.1(1942)

(Table A1) Annual biomass of plants and animals recorded on Bylot Island between 1993-2009

Determining the manner in which food webs will respond to environmental changes is difficult because the relative importance of top-down vs. bottom-up forces in controlling ecosystems is still debated. This is especially true in the Arctic tundra where, despite relatively simple food webs, it is still unclear which forces dominate in this ecosystem. Our primary goal was to assess the extent to which a tundra food web was dominated by plant-herbivore or predator--rey interactions. Based on a 17-year (1993-2009) study of terrestrial wildlife on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada, we developed trophic mass balance models to address this question. Snow Geese were the dominant herbivores in this ecosystem, followed by two sympatric lemming species (brown and collared lemmings). Arctic foxes, weasels, and several species of birds of prey were the dominant predators. Results of our trophic models encompassing 19 functional groups showed that <10% of the annual primary production was consumed by herbivores in most years despite the presence of a large Snow Goose colony, but that 20-100% of the annual herbivore production was consumed by predators. The impact of herbivores on vegetation has also weakened over time, probably due to an increase in primary production. The impact of predators was highest on lemmings, intermediate on passerines, and lowest on geese and shorebirds, but it varied with lemming abundance. Predation of collared lemmings exceeded production in most years and may explain why this species remained at low density. In contrast, the predation rate on brown lemmings varied with prey density and may have contributed to the high-amplitude, periodic fluctuations in the abundance of this species. Our analysis provided little evidence that herbivores are limited by primary production on Bylot Island. In contrast, we measured strong predator-prey interactions, which supports the hypothesis that this food web is primarily controlled by top-down forces. The presence of allochthonous resources subsidizing top predators and the absence of large herbivores may partly explain the predominant role of predation in this low-productivity ecosystem.

List of New Guinea birds; a systematic and faunal list of the birds of New Guinea and adjacent islands.

Mode of access: Internet.

The birds of Dorsetshire; a contribution to the natural history of the county,

Mode of access: Internet.

Birds of the southwest Pacific, a field guide to the birds of the area between Samoa, New Caledonia, and Micronesia,

Mode of access: Internet.

The birds of the Bible. /

"Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by Lindsay & Blakiston ... Stereotyped by J. Fagan, printed by C. Sherman, plates printed by T. Sinclair"--Verso of title page.

Birds of the Kotzebue Sound region, Alaska /

Bibliography: p. 66-69.

Birds of the islands off the coast of southern California, by Alfred Brazier Howell

Mode of access: Internet.

Birds of the Philippine Islands : Siquijor, Mount Malindang, Bohol, and Samar /

Bibliography: p. 440-441.

A revised classification for the birds of the world /

Earlier editions have title: A systematic classification for the birds of the world.

Guide to the birds of Samoa.

Bibliography: leaf 21.

Upland game birds of Idaho.

Mode of access: Internet.