Status and Causal Pathway Assessments Supporting River Basin Management

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires a status assessment of all water bodies. If that status is deteriorated, the WFD urges the identification of its potential causes in order to be able to suggest appropriate management measures. The instrument of investigative monitoring allows for such identification, provided that appropriate tools are available to link the observed effects to causative stressors, while unravelling confounding factors. In this chapter, the state of the art of status and causal pathway assessment is described for the major stressors responsible for the deterioration of European water bodies, i.e. toxicity, acidification, salinisation, eutrophication and oxygen depletion, parasites and pathogens, invasive alien species, hydromorphological degradation, changing water levels as well as sediments and suspended matter. For each stressor, an extensive description of the potential effects on the ecological status is given. Secondly, stressor-specific abiotic and biotic indicators are described that allow for a first indication of probable causes, based on the assessment of available monitoring data. Subsequently, more advanced tools for site-specific confirmation of stressors at hand are discussed. Finally, the local status assessments are put into the perspective of the risk for downstream stretches in order to be able to prioritise stressors and to be able to select appropriate measures for mitigation of the risks resulting from these stressors.

Adaptable Visualisation Based On User Needs

Software developers often ask questions about software systems and software ecosystems that entail exploration and navigation, such as who uses this component?, and where is this feature implemented?. Software visualisation can be a great aid to understanding and exploring the answers to such questions, but visualisations require expertise to implement effectively, and they do not always scale well to large systems. We propose to automatically generate software visualisations based on software models derived from open source software corpora and from an analysis of the properties of typical developers queries and commonly used visualisations. The key challenges we see are (1) understanding how to match queries to suitable visualisations, and (2) scaling visualisations effectively to very large software systems and corpora. In the paper we motivate the idea of automatic software visualisation, we enumerate the challenges and our proposals to address them, and we describe some very initial results in our attempts to develop scalable visualisations of open source software corpora.

Towards cheap, accurate polymorphism detection

Polymorphism, along with inheritance, is one of the most important features in object-oriented languages, but it is also one of the biggest obstacles to source code comprehension. Depending on the run-time type of the receiver of a message, any one of a number of possible methods may be invoked. Several algorithms for creating accurate call-graphs using static analysis already exist, however, they consume significant time and memory resources. We propose an approach that will combine static and dynamic analysis and yield the best possible precision with a minimal trade-off between used resources and accuracy.

Caffeine affects the biological responses of human hematopoietic cells of myeloid lineage via downregulation of the mTOR pathway and xanthine oxidase activity.

Correction of human myeloid cell function is crucial for the prevention of inflammatory and allergic reactions as well as leukaemia progression. Caffeine, a naturally occurring food component, is known to display anti-inflammatory effects which have previously been ascribed largely to its inhibitory actions on phosphodiesterase. However, more recent studies suggest an additional role in affecting the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of myeloid cell translational pathways, although detailed molecular events underlying its mode of action have not been elucidated. Here, we report the cellular uptake of caffeine, without metabolisation, by healthy and malignant hematopoietic myeloid cells including monocytes, basophils and primary acute myeloid leukaemia mononuclear blasts. Unmodified caffeine downregulated mTOR signalling, which affected glycolysis and the release of pro-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic cytokines as well as other inflammatory mediators. In monocytes, the effects of caffeine were potentiated by its ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase, an enzyme which plays a central role in human purine catabolism by generating uric acid. In basophils, caffeine also increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels which further enhanced its inhibitory action on mTOR. These results demonstrate an important mode of pharmacological action of caffeine with potentially wide-ranging therapeutic impact for treating non-infectious disorders of the human immune system, where it could be applied directly to inflammatory cells.

Analyses of a Holocene soil/loess sequence in Southern Siberia

We conducted a high-resolution study of a unique Holocene sequence of wind-blown sediments and buried soils in Southern Siberia, far from marine environment influences. This was accomplished in order to assess the difference between North Atlantic marine and in-land climate variations. Relative wind strength was determined by grain size analyses of different stratigraphic units. Petromagnetic measurements were performed to provide a proxy for the relative extent of pedogenesis. An age model for the sections was built using the radiocarbon dating method. The windy periods are associated with the absence of soil formation and relatively low values of frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility (FD), which appeared to be a valuable quantitative marker of pedogenic activity. These events correspond to colder intervals which registered reduced solar modulation and sun spot number. Events, where wind strength was lower, are characterized by soil formation with high FD values. Spectral analysis of our results demonstrates periodic changes of 1500, 1000 and 500 years of relatively warm and cold intervals during the Holocene of Siberia. We presume that the 1000 and 500 year climatic cycles are driven by increased solar insolation reaching the Earth surface and amplified by other still controversial mechanisms. The 1500 year cycle associated with the North Atlantic circulation appears only in the Late Holocene. Three time periods - 8400-9300 years BP, 3600-5100 years BP, and the last ~250 years BP - correspond to both the highest sun spot number and the most developed soil horizons in the studied sections

Petrographic description and geochemistry of basalts and altered volcanic rocks from ODP Leg 183 sites

The basalts recovered during Legs 183 and 120 from the southern, central, and northernmost parts of the Kerguelen Plateau (Holes 1136A, 1138A, 1140A, and 747C, respectively), as well as those recovered from the eastern part of the crest of Elan Bank (Hole 1137A), represent derivates from tholeiitic melts. In the northern part of the Kerguelen Plateau (Hole 1140A), basalts may have formed from two sources located at different depths. This is reflected in the presence of both low- and high-titanium basalts. The basalts are variably altered by low-temperature hydrothermal processes (at temperatures up to 120°C), and some are affected by subaerial weathering. The hydrothermal alteration led mainly to the formation of smectites, chlorite minerals, mixed-layer hydromica-smectite and smectite-chlorite minerals, hydromica, serpentine(?), clinoptilolite, heulandite, stilbite, analcime, mordenite, thomsonite, natrolite(?), calcite, quartz, and dickite(?). Alteration of extrusive basalts is mainly related to horizontal fluid flow within permeable contact zones between lava flows. Under a nonoxidizing environment of alteration, the tendency to lose most of elements, including rare earth elements, from basalts dominates. Under on oxidizing environment, basalts accumulate many elements.

Concentration of particulate matter and its dispersion factor in surface waters of the Canary upweling region, East Atlantic

Particulate matter concentration and water temperature at 5 m depth level are compared in the Canary upwelling region to the east of the Cape Blanc. It was found that accumulation of particulate matter was timed to hydrofrontal zones. Particle size distributions for particulate matter obtained using the Coulter counter agree with the hyperbolic law (of the Junge type) with double values for the size parameter, which changes for particle diameters of 5-6 microns. Average values for the size parameter in the region of the upwelling are significantly lower than in the open ocean. Specific surface of particulate matter associated with reactivity differs significantly on different sides of the upwelling front and increases beyond the upwelling.