Square wine glass mode resonator with quality factor of 4 million

We report on the experimental characterization of a single crystal silicon square-plate microresonator. The resonator is excited in the square wine glass (SWG) mode at a mechanical resonance frequency of 2.065 MHz. The resonator displays quality factor of 9660 in air and an ultra-high quality factor of Q = 4.05 × 106 in 12 mtorr vacuum. The SWG mode may be described as a square plate that contracts along one axis in the fabrication plane, while simultaneously extending along an orthogonal axis in the same plane. The resonant structure is addressed in a 2-terminal configuration by utilizing equal and opposite drive polarities on surrounding capacitor electrodes, thereby decreasing the motional resistance of the resonator. The resonant micromechanical device has been fabricated in a commercial silicon-on-insulator process through the MEMSCAP foundry utilising a minimum electrostatic gap of 2 μm. © 2008 IEEE.

Sistema agroindustrial del cacao fino o de aroma del Ecuador : identificación de oportunidades y restricciones del sistema para la mejora de la inserción del producto en el mercado externo

En los últimos años, el mercado de cacao fino o de aroma ha tenido un crecimiento constante en respuesta a la demanda de chocolates de alto contenido de cacao, origen conocido, sabores distintivos y producidos responsablemente, presionando a las industrias de chocolate premium a proveerse de cacaos diferenciados y de alta calidad. Esto exige a las cadenas agroalimentarias ajustar sus estrategias de producción y mercadeo con el fin de poder aprovechar las oportunidades (demanda creciente del producto, aranceles preferenciales para este país, entre otras) que ofrece el mercado. Sin embargo, Ecuador a pesar de ser el principal productor y exportador de cacao fino o de aroma del mundo (exporta alrededor del 96,3 por ciento de su producción), encuentra dificultades para mejorar la inserción de su producto en el mercado internacional y aprovechar estas oportunidades. Por lo tanto, el siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un diagnóstico del Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) del cacao fino o de aroma del Ecuador, con la finalidad de identificar las oportunidades y las limitaciones en el ambiente institucional, organizacional, tecnológico y comercial, y de este modo, generar información que contribuya a la mejora de la inserción del producto en el mercado mundial. El trabajo se desarrolló partir de un enfoque fenomenológico utilizando como herramienta metodológica el método EPESA. Los resultados del estudio se interpretaron y discutieron a partir de la base conceptual de la Nueva Economía Institucional y los distritos agroindustriales y agrocomerciales. Los resultados obtenidos indicarían que las restricciones institucionales estarían dadas por la ausencia de una ley que proteja los derechos de propiedad a los productores de cacao fino o de aroma. En el ambiente comercial el sistema de formación de precios no está alineado con el tipo de producto que se comercializa (especialidad), generándose alta incertidumbre especialmente para los pequeños y medianos productores que explican el 88 por ciento de los actores de la producción. De este modo aparecen comportamientos oportunistas y se generan cuasi rentas apropiables por el eslabón siguiente de la cadena. Esto desincentiva la inversión en tecnología y la innovación dando por resultado una meseta en la producción y restringiendo la mejora en la inserción del producto en el mercado mundial.

Cacao fino y de aroma del Ecuador : Cacao Arriba

A partir del siglo XIX con el desarrollo de la industria del chocolate en Europa, la producción de cacao se incrementó aceleradamente en Brasil y Ecuador, y más tarde a través de los colonizadores, se promovió el cultivo en África, llegando primero a Ghana y luego a Nigeria, Camerún y Costa de Marfil. El mercado mundial de cacao en grano distingue dos amplias categorías: el cacao fino y de aroma y el cacao común u ordinario. Alrededor del 95 por ciento de la producción mundial es cacao común, el cual procede en su mayoría de África, Asia, América Central y del Sur. El restante de la producción, es decir el 5 por ciento, corresponde a cacao fino y de aroma, el mismo que se produce en Ecuador, Indonesia, Papúa Nueva Guinea, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, entre otros (ICCO, 2009), y cuyas características distintivas de aroma y sabor son buscadas principalmente por los fabricantes de chocolates finos, por lo que reciben un plus o premio al precio base en los mercados internacionales. La demanda de cacao fino y de aroma es muy limitada y selectiva, ya que se usa en la elaboración de chocolates de calidad premium o gourmet, los mismos que para ser considerados finos deben elaborarse con más del 75 por ciento de esta variedad. En otros casos, el cacao fino y de aroma se combina con el cacao común para reducir el costo de la materia prima, en la elaboración de chocolates de calidad superior a la estándar como chocolates oscuros, tabletas y coberturas. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, el mercado de estos tipos de chocolate ha crecido en respuesta a los altos estándares de vida en los países consumidores, como son Europa y Estados Unidos. Actualmente, en el ámbito mundial, el grado de exigencia de los consumidores respecto de los alimentos se ha elevado y diversificado, en virtud del aumento de su poder de negociación, de la cantidad de información disponible, y de la oferta de una gran variedad de productos. Los consumidores buscan productos auténticos, genuinos, de identificación cultural, avalados por una tradición del saber hacer, es decir, alimentos que tengan un cuento que contar. De aquí la importancia de la Denominación de Origen como sello de certificación. En el Ecuador existe un tipo de cacao fino y de aroma único en el mundo, conocido en el país con el nombre de "Cacao Arriba" que posee características de sabor y aroma muy distintivas y valoradas a nivel mundial, como notas florales, frutales y a nuez. Este reconocimiento le permite ser competitivo en calidad, mas no en productividad, ya que los países africanos son los mayores productores a nivel mundial, y se han especializado en rendimiento y no en atributos.

Liquid images: viewing the wine label

What is it that consumers see when they read the wine label? This article begins from the premise that the label does not merely consist of words that describe the contents of the bottle, but also contains clues to complex social, cultural and economic interactions which bestow wine its meaning. Thus, the visual aspects of wine extend far beyond colour, labelling and packaging. Viewing the wine label through the cultural lens suggests that the label has much to offer the hospitality provider in the ways in which the wine's affective qualities are conveyed. [From the Publisher]

Platform-Independent IP Transmission over Wireless Networks: The WINE Approach

First demonstration of a working dynamically configurable architecture for wireless IP networks. The programmable architecture was as result of a European collaboration between Industry and University and was applied to a range of IP wireless networks. The work laid the foundations for subsequent research initiatives (including the UK) into programmable wireless networks as well as influencing future wireless standards (e.g. ITU-T).EU project WINE (Wireless Internet NEtworking), -1999-10028.

Assessment of the solubility and bioaccessibility of arsenic in realgar wine using a simulated gastrointestinal system

Consumption of arsenic (As) wine is a traditional activity during the classic Chinese festival of Duanwu, colloquially known worldwide as the Dragon Boat Day. Arsenic wine is drunk on the morning of the fifth day of the fifth lunar calendar month to commemorate the death of Qu Yuan, a famed Chinese poet who drowned himself in protest of a corrupt government, and to protect against ill fortune. Although realgar minerals are characteristically composed of sparingly soluble tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfides (As(4)S(4)), purity does vary with up to 10% of As being present as non-sulfur bound species, such as arsenate (As(v)) and arsenite (As(III)). Despite, the renewed interest in As speciation and the bioaccessibility of the active As components in realgar based Chinese medicines, little is known about the safety surrounding the cultural practice of drinking As wine. In a series of experiments the speciation and solubility of As in a range of wines were investigated. Furthermore, a simulated gastrointestinal system was employed to predict the impact of digestive processes on As bioavailability. The predominant soluble As species found in all the wines were As(III) and As(v). Based on typical As wine recipes employing 0.1 g realgar mL(-1) wine, the concentration of dissolved As ranged from ca. 100 to 400 mg L(-1) depending on the ethanol content of the preparation: with the As solubility found to be higher in wines with a lower proportion of ethanol. Based on a common 100 mL measure of wine with a concentration of 400 mg As L(-1), the amount of soluble As would equate to around half of the acute minimal lethal dose for adults. This is likely an underestimate of the bioaccessible concentration, as a three-fold increase in bioaccessibility could be observed in the intestinal phase based on the results from the stimulated gastrointestinal system. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A cultural practice of drinking realgar wine leading to elevated urinary arsenic and its potential health risk

Toasting friends and family with realgar wines and painting children's foreheads and limbs with the leftover realgar/alcohol slurries is an important customary ritual during the Dragon Boat Festival (DBF); a Chinese national holiday and ancient feast day celebrated throughout Asia. Realgar is an arsenic sulfide mineral, and source of highly toxic inorganic arsenic. Despite the long history of realgar use during the DBF, associated risk to human health by arsenic ingestion or percutaneous adsorption is unknown. To address this urine samples were collected from a cohort of volunteers who were partaking in the DBF festivities. The total concentration of arsenic in the wine consumed was 70 mg L(-1) with all the arsenic found to be inorganic. Total arsenic concentrations in adult urine reached a maximum of ca. 550 mu g L(-1) (mean 220.2 mu g L(-1)) after 16 h post-ingestion of realgar wine, while face painting caused arsenic levels in children's urine to soar to 100 mu g L(-1) (mean 85.3 mu g L(-1)) 40 h after the initial paint application. The average concentration of inorganic arsenic in the urine of realgar wine drinkers on average doubled 16 h after drinking, although this was not permanent and levels subsided after 28 h. As would be expected in young children, the proportions of organic arsenic in the urine remained high throughout the 88-h monitoring period. However, even when arsenic concentrations in the urine peaked at 40 h after paint application, concentrations in the urine only declined slightly thereafter, suggesting pronounced longer term dermal accumulation and penetration of arsenic. Drinking wines blended with realgar or using realgar based paints on children does result in the significant absorption of arsenic and therefore presents a potentially serious and currently unquantified health risk. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determinants of WTP for Prosecco wine: A latent class regression with attitudinal responses

Purpose – Under investigation is Prosecco wine, a sparkling white wine from North-East Italy.
Information collection on consumer perceptions is particularly relevant when developing market
strategies for wine, especially so when local production and certification of origin play an important
role in the wine market of a given district, as in the case at hand. Investigating and characterizing the
structure of preference heterogeneity become crucial steps in every successful marketing strategy. The
purpose of this paper is to investigate the sources of systematic differences in consumer preferences.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the effect of inclusion of answers to
attitudinal questions in a latent class regression model of stated willingness to pay (WTP) for this
specialty wine. These additional variables were included in the membership equations to investigate
whether they could be of help in the identification of latent classes. The individual specific WTPs from
the sampled respondents were then derived from the best fitting model and examined for consistency.
Findings – The use of answers to attitudinal question in the latent class regression model is found to
improve model fit, thereby helping in the identification of latent classes. The best performing model
obtained makes use of both attitudinal scores and socio-economic covariates identifying five latent
classes. A reasonable pattern of differences in WTP for Prosecco between CDO and TGI types were
derived from this model.
Originality/value – The approach appears informative and promising: attitudes emerge as
important ancillary indicators of taste differences for specialty wines. This might be of interest per se
and of practical use in market segmentation. If future research shows that these variables can be of use
in other contexts, it is quite possible that more attitudinal questions will be routinely incorporated in
structural latent class hedonic models.