Injectable laminin-functionalized hydrogel for nucleus pulposus regeneration.

Cell delivery to the pathological intervertebral disc (IVD) has significant therapeutic potential for enhancing IVD regeneration. The development of injectable biomaterials that retain delivered cells, promote cell survival, and maintain or promote an NP cell phenotype in vivo remains a significant challenge. Previous studies have demonstrated NP cell - laminin interactions in the nucleus pulposus (NP) region of the IVD that promote cell attachment and biosynthesis. These findings suggest that incorporating laminin ligands into carriers for cell delivery may be beneficial for promoting NP cell survival and phenotype. Here, an injectable, laminin-111 functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-LM111) hydrogel was developed as a biomaterial carrier for cell delivery to the IVD. We evaluated the mechanical properties of the PEG-LM111 hydrogel, and its ability to retain delivered cells in the IVD space. Gelation occurred in approximately 20 min without an initiator, with dynamic shear moduli in the range of 0.9-1.4 kPa. Primary NP cell retention in cultured IVD explants was significantly higher over 14 days when cells were delivered within a PEG-LM111 carrier, as compared to cells in liquid suspension. Together, these results suggest this injectable laminin-functionalized biomaterial may be an easy to use carrier for delivering cells to the IVD.

Nematic and columnar ordering of a PEG-peptide conjugate in aqueous solution

The self-assembly in aqueous solution of a PEG-peptide conjugate is studied by spectroscopy, electron microscopy, rheology and small-angle Xray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS). The peptide fragment, FFKLVFF is based on fragment KLVFF of the amyloid beta-peptide, A beta(16-20), extended by two hydrophobic phenylalanine units. This is conjugated to PEG which confers water solubility and leads to distinct self-assembled structures. Small-angle scattering reveals the formation of cylindrical fibrils comprising a peptide core and PEG corona. This constrained structure leads to a model parallel beta-sheet self-assembled structure with a radial arrangement of beta sheets. Oil increasing concentration, successively nematic and hexagonal columnar phases are formed. The flow-induced alignment of both structures was studied in situ by SANS using a Couette cell. Shear-induced alignment is responsible for the shear thinning behaviour observed by dynamic shear rheometry. Incomplete recovery of moduli after cessation of shear is consistent with the observation from SANS of retained orientation in the sample.

Rheology and the breadmaking process

The applications of rheology to the main processes encountered during breadmaking (mixing, sheeting, fermentation and baking) are reviewed. The most commonly used rheological test methods and their relationships to product functionality are reviewed. It is shown that the most commonly used method for rheological testing of doughs, shear oscillation dynamic rheology, is generally used under deformation conditions inappropriate for breadmaking and shows little relationship with end-use performance. The frequency range used in conventional shear oscillation tests is limited to the plateau region, which is insensitive to changes in the HMW glutenin polymers thought to be responsible for variations in baking quality. The appropriate deformation conditions can be accessed either by long-time creep or relaxation measurements, or by large deformation extensional measurements at low strain rates and elevated temperatures. Molecular size and structure of the gluten polymers that make up the major structural components of wheat are related to their rheological properties via modern polymer rheology concepts. Interactions between polymer chain entanglements and branching are seen to be the key mechanisms determining the rheology of HMW polymers. Recent work confirms the observation that the dynamic shear plateau modulus is essentially independent of variations in MW of glutens amongst wheat varieties of varying baking performance and also that it is not the size of the soluble glutenin polymers, but the secondary structural and rheological properties of the insoluble polymer fraction that are mainly responsible for variations in baking performance. Extensional strain hardening has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of entanglements and long-chain branching in HMW polymers, and is well related to baking performance of bread doughs. The Considere failure criterion for instability in extension of polymers defines a region below which bubble walls become unstable, and predicts that when strain hardening falls below a value of around 1, bubble walls are no longer stable and coalesce rapidly, resulting in loss of gas retention and lower volume and texture. Strain hardening in doughs has been shown to reach this value at increasingly higher temperatures for better breadmaking varieties and is directly related to bubble stability and baking performance. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The physics of baking: rheological and polymer molecular structure-function relationships in breadmaking

Molecular size and structure of the gluten polymers that make up the major structural components of wheat are related to their rheological properties via modem polymer rheology concepts. Interactions between polymer chain entanglements and branching are seen to be the key mechanisms determining the rheology of HMW polymers. Recent work confirms the observation that dynamic shear plateau modulus is essentially independent of variations in MW amongst wheat varieties of varying baking performance and is not related to variations in baking performance, and that it is not the size of the soluble glutenin polymers, but the structural and rheological properties of the insoluble polymer fraction that are mainly responsible for variations in baking performance. The rheological properties of gas cell walls in bread doughs are considered to be important in relation to their stability and gas retention during proof and baking, in particular their extensional strain hardening properties. Large deformation rheological properties of gas cell walls were measured using biaxial extension for a number of doughs of varying breadmaking quality at constant strain rate and elevated temperatures in the range 25-60 degrees C. Strain hardening and failure strain of cell walls were both seen to decrease with temperature, with cell walls in good breadmaking doughs remaining stable and retaining their strain hardening properties to higher temperatures (60 degrees C), whilst the cell walls of poor breadmaking doughs became unstable at lower temperatures (45-50 degrees C) and had lower strain hardening. Strain hardening measured at 50 degrees C gave good correlations with baking volume, with the best correlations achieved between those rheological measurements and baking tests which used similar mixing conditions. As predicted by the Considere failure criterion, a strain hardening value of I defines a region below which gas cell walls become unstable, and discriminates well between the baking quality of a range of commercial flour blends of varying quality. This indicates that the stability of gas cell walls during baking is strongly related to their strain hardening properties, and that extensional rheological measurements can be used as predictors of baking quality. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The physics of baking: rheological and polymer molecular structure-function relationships in breadmaking

Molecular size and structure of the gluten polymers that make up the major structural components of wheat are related to their rheological properties via modern polymer rheology concepts. Interactions between polymer chain entanglements and branching are seen to be the key mechanisms determining the rheology of HMW polymers. Recent work confirms the observation that dynamic shear plateau modulus is essentially independent of variations in MW amongst wheat varieties of varying baking performance and is not related to variations in baking performance, and that it is not the size of the soluble glutenin polymers, but the structural and rheological properties of the insoluble polymer fraction that are mainly responsible for variations in baking performance. The rheological properties of gas cell walls in bread doughs are considered to be important in relation to their stability and gas retention during proof and baking, in particular their extensional strain hardening properties. Large deformation rheological properties of gas cell walls were measured using biaxial extension for a number of doughs of varying breadmaking quality at constant strain rate and elevated temperatures in the range 25oC to 60oC. Strain hardening and failure strain of cell walls were both seen to decrease with temperature, with cell walls in good breadmaking doughs remaining stable and retaining their strain hardening properties to higher temperatures (60oC), whilst the cell walls of poor breadmaking doughs became unstable at lower temperatures (45oC to 50oC) and had lower strain hardening. Strain hardening measured at 50oC gave good correlations with baking volume, with the best correlations achieved between those rheological measurements and baking tests which used similar mixing conditions. As predicted by the Considere failure criterion, a strain hardening value of 1 defines a region below which gas cell walls become unstable, and discriminates well between the baking quality of a range of commercial flour blends of varying quality. This indicates that the stability of gas cell walls during baking is strongly related to their strain hardening properties, and that extensional rheological measurements can be used as predictors of baking quality.

Hydrogelation of self-assembling RGD-based peptides

The self-assembly of tripeptides based on the RGD cell adhesion motif is investigated. Two tripeptides containing the Fmoc [N-(fluorenyl)-9-methoxycarbonyl] aromatic unit were synthesized, Fmoc-RGD and a control peptide containing a scrambled sequence, Fmoc-GRD. The Fmoc is used to control selfassembly via aromatic stacking interactions. The self-assembly and hydrogelation properties of the two Fmoc-tripeptides are compared. Both form well defined amyloid fibrils (as shown by cryo-TEM and SAXS) with b-sheet features in their circular dichroism and FTIR spectra. Both peptides form selfsupporting hydrogels, the dynamic shear modulus of which was measured. Preliminary cell culture experiments reveal that Fmoc-RGD can be used as a support for bovine fibroblasts, but not Fmoc- GRD, consistent with the incorporation of the cell adhesion motif in the former peptide.

Self-assembly of Fmoc-tetrapeptides based on the RGDS cell adhesion motif

Self-assembly in aqueous solution has been investigated for two Fmoc [Fmoc ¼ N-(fluorenyl)-9-methoxycarbonyl] tetrapeptides comprising the RGDS cell adhesion motif from fibronectin or the scrambled sequence GRDS. The hydrophobic Fmoc unit confers amphiphilicity on the molecules, and introduces aromatic stacking interactions. Circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy show that the self-assembly of both peptides at low concentration is dominated by interactions among Fmoc units, although Fmoc-GRDS shows b-sheet features, at lower concentration than Fmoc-RGDS. Fibre X-ray diffraction indicates b-sheet formation by both peptides at sufficiently high concentration. Strong alignment effects are revealed by linear dichroism experiments for Fmoc-GRDS. Cryo-TEM and smallangle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveal that both samples form fibrils with a diameter of approximately 10 nm. Both Fmoc-tetrapeptides form self-supporting hydrogels at sufficiently high concentration. Dynamic shear rheometry enabled measurements of the moduli for the Fmoc-GRDS hydrogel, however syneresis was observed for the Fmoc-RGDS hydrogel which was significantly less stable to shear. Molecular dynamics computer simulations were carried out considering parallel and antiparallel b-sheet configurations of systems containing 7 and 21 molecules of Fmoc-RGDS or Fmoc-GRDS, the results being analyzed in terms of both intermolecular structural parameters and energy contributions.

A Simple maxwell Based Model in Order to Represent the frequency-dependent viscosity measured by ultrasound

A previous work showed that viscosity values measured high frequency by ultrasound agreed with the values at low frequency by the rotational viscometer when conditions are met, such as relatively low frequency viscosity. However, these conditions strongly reduce the range of the measurement cell. In order to obtain a measurement range and sensitivity high frequency must used, but it causes a frequency-dependent decrease on the viscosity values. This work introduces a new simple in order to represent this frequency-dependent behavior.model is based on the Maxwell model for viscoelastic , but using a variable parameter. This parameter has physical meaning because it represents the linear behavior the apparent elasticity measured along with the viscosity by .Automotive oils SAE 90 and SAE 250 at 22.5±0.5oC viscosities at low frequency of 0.6 and 6.7 Pa.s, respectively,tested in the range of 1-5 MHz. The model was used in to fit the obtained data using an algorithm of non-linear in Matlab. By including the viscosity at low frequency an unknown fitting parameter, it is possible to extrapolate its . Relative deviations between the values measured by the and extrapolated using the model for the SAE 90 and SAE 250 oils were 5.0% and 15.7%, respectively.©2008 IEEE.

Layered silicate nanocomposites based on various high-functionality epoxy resins. Part II: The influence of an organoclay on the rheological behavior of epoxy prepolymers

The effect of an organically surface modified layered silicate on the viscosity of various epoxy resins of different structures and different functionalities was investigated. Steady and dynamic shear viscosities of the epoxy resins containing 0-10 wt% of the organoclay were determined using parallel plate rheology. Viscosity results were compared with those achieved through addition of a commonly used micron-sized CaCO3 filler. It was found that changes in viscosities due to the different fillers were of the same order, since the layered silicate was only dispersed on a micron-sized scale in the monomer (prior to reaction), as indicated by X-ray diffraction measurements. Flow activation energies at a low frequency were determined and did not show any significant changes due to the addition of organoclay or CaCO3. Comparison between dynamic and steady shear experiments showed good agreement for low layered silicate concentrations below 7.5 wt%, i.e. the Cox-Merz rule can be applied. Deviations from the Cox-Merz rule appeared at and above 10 wt%, although such deviations were only slightly above experimental error. Most resin organoclay blends were well predicted by the Power Law model, only concentrations of 10 wt% and above requiring the Herschel-Buckley (yield stress) model to achieve better fits. Wide-angle X-ray measurements have shown that the epoxy resin swells the layered silicate with an increase in the interlayer distance of approximately 15 Angstrom, and that the rheology behavior is due to the lateral, micron-size of these swollen tactoids.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas intertrocantéricas del fémur con placa tornillo dinámico convencional comparado con tornillo dinámico helicoidal

Introducción: Las fracturas intertrocantéricas han llegado a nuestros días con una mayor incidencia dado el envejecimiento de la población, con fracturas más complejas, menos estables y asociadas a osteoporosis, se estima que representan aproximadamente 1,75 millones de años de vida perdidos ajustados a discapacidad es decir 0,1% de la carga de morbilidad a nivel mundial. Existe consenso en el tratamiento quirúrgico de este tipo de fracturas, presentando una incidencia variable de fallos, principalmente cuando son inestables, entre estos el denominado “cuto ut”. La utilización de un método de fijación con placa y tornillo helicoidal (DHHS) aparentemente disminuye la incidencia de dichos fallos con respecto a otras técnicas. Metodología: Por medio de una muestra calculada en 128 de pacientes con fracturas intertrocantéricas operados con DHS y DHHS entre el 2007 y el 2012 en La Clínica San Rafael de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, se realizó un análisis multivariado para determinar si existe o no diferencias significativas en los índices de fallo entre estas dos técnicas. Resultados: Los pacientes incluidos en el estudio 54 (42,1%) fueron hombres y 74 (57,8%) fueron mujeres. 75 fueron operados con DHHS y 53 con DHS; en cuanto a las comorbilidades las principales fueron Hipertensión con 40 pacientes para DHS y 30 para DHHS, para el caso de Diabetes Mellitus fueron 13 y 9 para DHS y DHHS, respectivamente; en cuanto al tipo de fractura más común la principal fue la clasificación Tronzo II con 9 pacientes para DHS y 13 para DHHS. Conclusión. Para el estudios se evidencia que para los 3 desenlaces principales evaluados, 1. El porcentaje de re intervención (p=0,282), 2. La supervivencia en el primer año (p=0,499) y 3. El desempeño funcional con la escala de Oxford (p=0,06); no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos.

Clave del relato histórico de Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco: herencia colonial, Revolución liberal y mestizaje (Del Historiador y el Ensayista)

El autor analiza la perspectiva de Pareja sobre los problemas y logros del país hasta los años cincuenta, argumenta que es la de un republicano laico, socialista, modernizador y guayaquileño. Algunas valoraciones de Pareja se inscriben en el contexto de la inexistencia de un campo de saber historiográfico constituido en el Ecuador de esos años. Su perspectiva de la conquista tiene elementos de una visión hispanista del devenir histórico, que quiere reconciliarse con la búsqueda de una modernidad no alcanzada y afanosamente deseada. Respecto de la independencia, la libertad no se consagró en 1822, sino recién en 1895, con la Revolución liberal, que llevaría a la modernización del Estado, en ella jugaría un rol central el mestizo como actor colectivo. Finalmente, Pareja atribuye al mestizaje la posibilidad de incorporación del país a la dinámica civilizadora, de puesta al día con los valores de la democracia y el progreso.

Caratterizzazione dinamica di miscele bituminose SMA contenenti polverino di gomma da Pneumatici Fuori Uso

Lo Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) è un tipo di miscela chiusa costituita da uno scheletro litico di aggregato grosso, assortito in modo tale da ottenere una distribuzione granulometrica indicata con il termine gap-graded, e da un mastice, con funzione riempitiva, ottenuto dalla miscelazione di bitume, filler ed additivi stabilizzanti. In ambito di progettazione delle miscele per conglomerati bituminosi sta assumendo sempre più importanza l’utilizzo di materiali derivanti dalla frantumazione degli Pneumatici Fuori Uso, quali granulato e polverino di gomma. Quest’ultimo può essere impiegato come valida alternativa alla modifica polimerica del bitume garantendo maggiori prestazioni in termini di resistenza all’ormaiamento, a fatica e durabilità, con un conseguente contenimento dei costi di manutenzione della sovrastruttura nel medio e lungo periodo. Il presente studio è stato condotto con lo scopo di valutare le prestazioni meccaniche che una miscela di conglomerato bituminoso può esplicare a seguito della sua mescolazione con il polverino di gomma. In particolare, è stata impiegata una miscela bituminosa di tipo SMA che, data la sua composizione interna, conferisce allo strato di usura della pavimentazione ottime qualità soprattutto in termini di resistenza alle sollecitazioni, durabilità, fonoassorbenza e macrotessitura superficiale. Al fine di rendere più esaustiva la fase sperimentale, sono state messe a confronto due miscele di tipo SMA differenti tra loro per l’aggiunta del polverino di gomma. I dati ottenuti e le considerazioni effettuate al termine della fase sperimentale hanno permesso di affermare che la miscela indagata possiede proprietà meccaniche idonee per essere impiegata nella realizzazione di nuove infrastrutture o nella manutenzione delle pavimentazioni esistenti.

Evaluación de tres microdietas en el destete de Lenguado Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867) paralichthyidae, en condiciones de laboratorio

El lenguado peruano Paralichthys adspersus es una especie que presenta gran calidad nutricional y alto valor económico, Se distribuye desde Paita (norte de Perú) hasta el golfo de Arauco (Chile). En el Perú el cultivo de lenguado se desarrolla a nivel experimental y comercial (pequeña escala), sin embargo la investigación realizada es escasa. Durante el proceso de producción de semilla, el periodo de destete, etapa durante la cual el alimento vivo es sustituido por microdietas balanceadas, resulta ser un punto crítico debido a la alta mortalidad que genera en comparación a otras etapas del cultivo. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el efecto del uso de 3 microdietas (dos experimentales y una comercial) en el destete de Paralichthys adspersus, evaluando el crecimiento (longitud y peso) y la supervivencia. En el ensayo se utilizó la dieta comercial Otohime, y las experimentales, elaboradas con procesos diferentes, MEM (Micro-Extrusion Marumerization) y PARA (Particle Assisted Rotational Agglomeration) desarrolladas en el Servicio de Investigación Agrícola (ARS) del departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA) -Fish Technology Center. El ensayo inició con peces de 35 días de edad con un peso seco promedio de 0,96±0,52 mg y una talla promedio de 9,55±0,84 mm, los cuales se distribuyeron en nueve tanques de 150L a razón de 400 individuos T-1. Se seleccionaron al alzar tres tanques por cada tratamiento. Estos se denominaron T1, T2 y T3, en cada uno se utilizó una microdieta (Otohime, MEM y PARA respectivamente) para realizar el destete. Los resultados muestran que para los tratamientos T1, T2 y T3 la longitud promedio final alcanzada fue de 15,9 ± 3,2, 14,3 ± 1,72 y 14,4 ± 2,28 mm y el peso seco promedio alcanzado fue de 8,83 ± 5,37, 5,53 ± 2,85 y 7,10 ± 3,56 mg existiendo diferencias significativas solo entre los tratamientos T1 y T2 (p<0,05). La supervivencia media fue de 18,1, 16,3 y 15,2 % (Tratamientos T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente). Además se evaluó el efecto de las dietas sobre los procesos de pigmentación y metamorfosis, cuantificando para cada caso la cantidad de peces que presentan pigmentación normal y la cantidad de los que alcanzaron a completar la metamorfosis, resultando que no existen diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (p>0,05).

Propuesta para el mejoramiento de la seguridad de Inversiones ABC S.A.S

Inversiones ABC S.A.S es una empresa colombiana situada en la ciudad de Bogotá, la cual ofrece servicios cambiarios y de intermediación financiera al segmento específico de las empresas de transporte terrestre de carga en la capital del país. La actividad principal de la empresa consiste en el cambio de cheques y la compra de facturas (factoring). Derivados de dicha actividad se ofrecen los siguientes servicios; servicio por ventanilla, servicio puerta a puerta (a domicilio) y consignaciones y giros en bancos y otras entidades como Efecty, Super giros, Western Union (giros y finanzas) y demás casas de giros presentes actualmente en el país. Con base en lo anterior, es posible afirmar que la liquidez constituye en elemento fundamental para el óptimo funcionamiento de los procesos de la compañía. Sin embargo, la tenencia de altas sumas de dinero en efectivo supone también una serie de riesgos asociados a la problemática de inseguridad en la capital del país. Anteriormente, se han presentado asaltos a la sede principal los cuales generalmente resultan en pérdidas económicas que afectan los resultados de la compañía al igual que acciones violentas contra los empleados que atentan contra su integridad física. 1 Teniendo en cuenta que la inseguridad en Bogotá es una amenaza constante, que afecta la operación de la empresa y podría inclusive amenazar su perdurabilidad, el presente trabajo tiene como fin determinar estrategias viables que permitan a la compañía contrarrestar el accionar delictivo de los grupos criminales que amenazan su operación.

The rheological behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene

The rheological behavior and the dynamic mechanical properties of syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (sPB) were investigated by a rotational rheometer (MCR-300) and a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA-242C). Rheological behavior of sPB-830, a sPB with crystalline degree of 20.1% and syndiotactic content of 65.1%, showed that storage modulus (G ') and loss modulus (G '') decreased, and the zero shear viscosity (eta(0)) decreased slightly with increasing temperature when measuring temperatures were lower than 160 degrees C. However, G ' and G '' increased at the end region of relaxation curves with increasing temperature and)10 increased with increasing temperature as the measuring temperatures were higher than 160 degrees C. Furthermore, critical crosslinked reaction temperature was detected at about 160 degrees C for sPB-830. The crosslinked reaction was not detected when test temperature was lower than 150 degrees C for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of sample. The relationship between processing temperature and crosslinked reaction was proposed for the sPB-830 sample.