Kartonkikoneen tuoreveden käytön vähentäminen kemiallisesti puhdistettua jätevesikirkastetta hyödyntäen

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli tutkia mahdollisuutta hyödyntää kemiallisesti puh-distettua jätevettä prosessivetenä. Vedensäästöpotentiaalin perusteella tutkimuskohteeksi valittiin kartonkikone 4. Tutkimuksen tavoite oli tuoreveden käytön ja jätevesipäästöjen vähentäminen Stora Enso Imatran tehtailla. Työn kirjallisuusosa keskittyy kemialliseen jätevedenkäsittelyyn, kartonkikoneen veden käyttöön ja prosessiveden laatuun vaikuttaviin tekijöihin. Työn kokeellisessa osassa laa-dittiin vesitase tuoreveden käyttökohteiden ja veden tarpeen määrittämiseksi. Kemialli-sesti puhdistetun jäteveden ja prosessiveden ominaisuudet määritettiin, jotta saatiin sel-ville ne ominaisuudet, jotka voisivat estää jätevesikirkasteen hyötykäytön. Laboratoriomääritykset osoittivat, että hyötykäytön esteenä ovat jätevesikirkasteen kiin-toaine-, sulfaatti- ja karbonaattipitoisuus sekä mikrobitaso ja väri. Metallien ja suolaionien haittavaikutusten selvittäminen vaatii lisätutkimusta. Lisäpuhdistusmenetelmien avulla, kuten käänteisosmoosi, jätevesikirkasteen laatu saataisiin vastaamaan prosessiveden tasoa ja hyötykäyttö olisi mahdollista myös kartonkikone 4:n ulkopuolella.

Numerical Feasibility Study for Treated Wastewater Recharge as a Tool to Impede Saltwater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Gaza – Palestine

The ongoing depletion of the coastal aquifer in the Gaza strip due to groundwater overexploitation has led to the process of seawater intrusion, which is continually becoming a serious problem in Gaza, as the seawater has further invaded into many sections along the coastal shoreline. As a first step to get a hold on the problem, the artificial neural network (ANN)-model has been applied as a new approach and an attractive tool to study and predict groundwater levels without applying physically based hydrologic parameters, and also for the purpose to improve the understanding of complex groundwater systems and which is able to show the effects of hydrologic, meteorological and anthropogenic impacts on the groundwater conditions. Prediction of the future behaviour of the seawater intrusion process in the Gaza aquifer is thus of crucial importance to safeguard the already scarce groundwater resources in the region. In this study the coupled three-dimensional groundwater flow and density-dependent solute transport model SEAWAT, as implemented in Visual MODFLOW, is applied to the Gaza coastal aquifer system to simulate the location and the dynamics of the saltwater–freshwater interface in the aquifer in the time period 2000-2010. A very good agreement between simulated and observed TDS salinities with a correlation coefficient of 0.902 and 0.883 for both steady-state and transient calibration is obtained. After successful calibration of the solute transport model, simulation of future management scenarios for the Gaza aquifer have been carried out, in order to get a more comprehensive view of the effects of the artificial recharge planned in the Gaza strip for some time on forestall, or even to remedy, the presently existing adverse aquifer conditions, namely, low groundwater heads and high salinity by the end of the target simulation period, year 2040. To that avail, numerous management scenarios schemes are examined to maintain the ground water system and to control the salinity distributions within the target period 2011-2040. In the first, pessimistic scenario, it is assumed that pumping from the aquifer continues to increase in the near future to meet the rising water demand, and that there is not further recharge to the aquifer than what is provided by natural precipitation. The second, optimistic scenario assumes that treated surficial wastewater can be used as a source of additional artificial recharge to the aquifer which, in principle, should not only lead to an increased sustainable yield of the latter, but could, in the best of all cases, revert even some of the adverse present-day conditions in the aquifer, i.e., seawater intrusion. This scenario has been done with three different cases which differ by the locations and the extensions of the injection-fields for the treated wastewater. The results obtained with the first (do-nothing) scenario indicate that there will be ongoing negative impacts on the aquifer, such as a higher propensity for strong seawater intrusion into the Gaza aquifer. This scenario illustrates that, compared with 2010 situation of the baseline model, at the end of simulation period, year 2040, the amount of saltwater intrusion into the coastal aquifer will be increased by about 35 %, whereas the salinity will be increased by 34 %. In contrast, all three cases of the second (artificial recharge) scenario group can partly revert the present seawater intrusion. From the water budget point of view, compared with the first (do nothing) scenario, for year 2040, the water added to the aquifer by artificial recharge will reduces the amount of water entering the aquifer by seawater intrusion by 81, 77and 72 %, for the three recharge cases, respectively. Meanwhile, the salinity in the Gaza aquifer will be decreased by 15, 32 and 26% for the three cases, respectively.

An evaluation of the theoretical potential and practical opportunity for using greywater for domestic purposes in Ghana

Assessments concerning the effects of climate change, water resource availability and water deprivation in West Africa have not frequently considered the positive contribution to be derived from collecting and reusing water for domestic purposes. Where the originating water is taken from a clean water source and has been used the first time for washing or bathing, this water is commonly called “greywater”. Greywater is a prolific resource that is generated wherever people live. Treated greywater can be used for domestic cleaning, for flushing toilets where appropriate, for washing cars, sometimes for watering kitchen gardens, and for clothes washing prior to rinsing. Therefore, a large theoretical potential exists to increase total water resource availability if greywater were to be widely reused. Locally treated greywater reduces the distribution network requirement, lower construction effort and cost and, wherever possible, minimising the associated carbon footprint. Such locally treated greywater offers significant practical opportunities for increasing the total available water resources at a local level. The reuse of treated greywater is one important action that will help to mitigate the reducing availability of clean water supplies in some areas, and the expected mitigation required in future aligns well with WHO/UNICEF (2012) aspirations. The evaluation of potential opportunities for prioritising greywater systems to support water reuse takes into account the availability of water resources, water use indicators and published estimates in order to understand typical patterns of water demand. The approach supports knowledge acquisition regarding local conditions for enabling capacity building for greywater reuse, the understanding of systems that are most likely to encourage greywater reuse, and practices and future actions to stimulate greywater infrastructure planning, design and implementation. Although reuse might be considered to increase the uncertainty of achieving a specified quality of the water supply, robust methods and technologies are available for local treatment. Resource strategies for greywater reuse have the potential to consistently improve water efficiency and availability in water impoverished and water stressed regions of Ghana and West Africa. Untreated greywater is referred to as “greywater”; treated greywater is referred to as “treated greywater” in this paper.

Evaluation Of Reservoir Model Integration With Deterministic And Probabilistic Streamflow Forecasts

Due to the increase in water demand and hydropower energy, it is getting more important to operate hydraulic structures in an efficient manner while sustaining multiple demands. Especially, companies, governmental agencies, consultant offices require effective, practical integrated tools and decision support frameworks to operate reservoirs, cascades of run-of-river plants and related elements such as canals by merging hydrological and reservoir simulation/optimization models with various numerical weather predictions, radar and satellite data. The model performance is highly related with the streamflow forecast, related uncertainty and its consideration in the decision making. While deterministic weather predictions and its corresponding streamflow forecasts directly restrict the manager to single deterministic trajectories, probabilistic forecasts can be a key solution by including uncertainty in flow forecast scenarios for dam operation. The objective of this study is to compare deterministic and probabilistic streamflow forecasts on an earlier developed basin/reservoir model for short term reservoir management. The study is applied to the Yuvacık Reservoir and its upstream basin which is the main water supply of Kocaeli City located in the northwestern part of Turkey. The reservoir represents a typical example by its limited capacity, downstream channel restrictions and high snowmelt potential. Mesoscale Model 5 and Ensemble Prediction System data are used as a main input and the flow forecasts are done for 2012 year using HEC-HMS. Hydrometeorological rule-based reservoir simulation model is accomplished with HEC-ResSim and integrated with forecasts. Since EPS based hydrological model produce a large number of equal probable scenarios, it will indicate how uncertainty spreads in the future. Thus, it will provide risk ranges in terms of spillway discharges and reservoir level for operator when it is compared with deterministic approach. The framework is fully data driven, applicable, useful to the profession and the knowledge can be transferred to other similar reservoir systems.

Influência da enxertia nas trocas gasosas de dois híbridos de berinjela cultivados em ambiente protegido

Compararam-se os efeitos da enxertia nas trocas gasosas de dois híbridos de berinjela em pé franco e enxertado. Conduziu-se um ensaio em ambiente protegido, na FCA/UNESP, em estrutura simples, tipo arco com 7 m de largura, 40 m de comprimento e 3 m de pé direito, cobertos por filme plástico de 100 micrometros. Foram utilizados os híbridos de berinjela Nápoli e Kokuyo, enxertados em porta-enxerto específico (híbrido Taibyo VF) para esta espécie. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (Nápoli pé franco, Nápoli enxertada, Kokuyo pé franco e Kokuyo enxertada) com dez repetições. A assimilação líquida de CO2 (A), transpiração (E), condutância estomática (g s) e eficiência no uso de água (EUA), obtida pela relação (A/E), foram determinadas às 09:00; 12:00; 14:00 e 16:00 horas em um dia sem nebulosidade com fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos (FFFA) de 937±126 mmol m-2 s-1, com um sistema fechado portátil de fotossíntese, IRGA, modelo LI-6200 (LI-COR). Observou-se que as plantas do híbrido Kokuyo apresentaram maiores valores para as variáveis A, E, g s e EUA que o híbrido Nápoli. A enxertia não afetou a capacidade fotossintética dos híbridos, porém, esta resultou em menores valores de E e g s nos dois híbridos, levando à maior EUA, efeito este que na prática pode resultar em menor demanda de água pelas plantas.

Simulação da oferta e demanda de recursos hídricos nas bacias dos rios piracicaba, capivarí e jundiaí: Uma análise em dinâmica de sistemas

A dynamic systems water resources simulation model was developed as a tool to help to analyze water resources management alternatives for the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí River Water Basins (BH-PCJ). Different politics policy were simulated for 40-year. The model estimates water supply and demand, as well as contamination load from several consumers. Six runs were performed using average precipitation value, changing water supply and demand, and different volumes diverted from BH-PCJ to BH-Alto Tietê For the Business as Usual, the Sustainability Index went from 0.41 in 2010 to 0.22 by 2050; the Water Use Index changed from 80.7% in 2010, to 125.5% by 2050; and the Falkenmark Index changed from 1,302 m 3 person -1 year -1 in 2010 to 774 m 3 P -1 year -1 by 2050. It was noticed that sanitation is one of the biggest concerns in the near future at PCJ River Basin.

Software for calculation of reservoir active capacity with the sequent-peak algorithm

It is presented a software developed with Delphi programming language to compute the reservoir's annual regulated active storage, based on the sequent-peak algorithm. Mathematical models used for that purpose generally require extended hydrological series. Usually, the analysis of those series is performed with spreadsheets or graphical representations. Based on that, it was developed a software for calculation of reservoir active capacity. An example calculation is shown by 30-years (from 1977 to 2009) monthly mean flow historical data, from Corrente River, located at São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. As an additional tool, an interface was developed to manage water resources, helping to manipulate data and to point out information that it would be of interest to the user. Moreover, with that interface irrigation districts where water consumption is higher can be analyzed as a function of specific seasonal water demands situations. From a practical application, it is possible to conclude that the program provides the calculation originally proposed. It was designed to keep information organized and retrievable at any time, and to show simulation on seasonal water demands throughout the year, contributing with the elements of study concerning reservoir projects. This program, with its functionality, is an important tool for decision making in the water resources management.

Propriedades físicas de um latossolo vermelho manejado com material orgânico e submetido à compactação

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência de manejo de irrigação sobre aspectos da ecofisiologia e produção da videira CV. Syrah

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Reprodução de espécies de peixes na área lêntica do rio Ribeirão Claro, Rio Claro (SP)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo hidroquímico e radiométrico do aquífero Bauru em São José do Rio Preto (SP)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Variabilidade espacial e temporal de fatores edafoclimáticos na Bacia do Rio Pontal, Pernambuco

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.): aspectos relativos à fenologia, demanda hídrica e conservação pós-colheita

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

Planejamento integrado dos recursos hídricos na microbacia do córrego Três Barras no município de Marinópolis-SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Demanda Hídrica do Maracujazeiro Amarelo (passiflora Edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa Deg.)

Determinou-se à demanda hídrica e o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) do maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.), seleção Sul-Brasil, cultivado sob irrigação localizada, no município de Botucatu-SP (22o 51’ S, 48o 26’ W). A evapotranspiração máxima da cultura (ETc) e a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foram medidas em lisímetros de nível de lençol freático constante, durante o período de 29 de setembro de 2000 a 20 de julho de 2001. Os valores da ETc e ETo foram de 954,98 mm e 1.069,21 mm, respectivamente, durante todo o período medido. Os valores de Kc variaram de 0,42 a 1,12, com os valores máximos registrados entre 150 e 210 dias após o transplantio das mudas no campo (DAT), período correspondente aos estádios fenológicos de florescimento e formação dos frutos.