Autobiographical memory specificity in response to verbal and pictorial cues in clinical depression

Background Depressed individuals have been consistently shown to exhibit problems in accessing specific memories of events from their past and instead tend to retrieve categorical summaries of events. The majority of studies examining autobiographical memory changes associated with psychopathology have tended to use word cues, but only one study to date has used images (with PTSD patients). Objective to determine if using images to cue autobiographical memories would reduce the memory specificity deficit exhibited by patients with depression in comparison to healthy controls. Methods Twenty-five clinically depressed patients and twenty-five healthy controls were assessed on two versions of the autobiographical memory test; cued with emotional words and images. Results Depressed patients retrieved significantly fewer specific memories, and a greater number of categorical, than did the controls. Controls retrieved a greater proportion of specific memories to images compared to words, whereas depressed patients retrieved a similar proportion of specific memories to both images and words. Limitations no information about the presence and severity of past trauma was collected. Conclusions results suggest that the overgeneral memory style in depression generalises from verbal to pictorial cues. This is important because retrieval to images may provide a more ecologically valid test of everyday memory experiences than word-cued retrieval.

Executive function and emotional focus in autobiographical memory specificity in older adults

The current study examined the role of executive function in retrieval of specific autobiographical memories in older adults with regard to control of emotion during retrieval. Older and younger adults retrieved memories of specific events in response to emotionally positive, negative and neutral word cues. Contributions of inhibitory and updating elements of executive function to variance in autobiographical specificity were assessed to determine processes involved in the commonly found age-related reduction in specificity. A negative relationship between age and specificity was only found in retrieval to neutral cues. Alternative explanations of this age preservation of specificity of emotional recall are explored, within the context of control of emotion in the self-memory system and preserved emotional processing and positivity effect in older adults. The pattern of relationships suggests updating, rather than inhibition as the source of age-related reduction in specificity, but that emotional processing (particularly of positively valenced memories) is not influenced by age-related variance in executive control. The tendency of older adults to focus on positive material may thus act as a buffer against detrimental effects of reduced executive function capacity on autobiographical retrieval, representing a possible target for interventions to improve specificity of autobiographical memory retrieval in older adults.

A robust preference for cheap-and-easy strategies over reliable strategies when verifying personal memories

People depend on various sources of information when trying to verify their autobiographical memories. Yet recent research shows that people prefer to use cheap-and-easy verification strategies, even when these strategies are not reliable. We examined the robustness of this cheap strategy bias, with scenarios designed to encourage greater emphasis on source reliability. In three experiments, subjects described real (Experiments 1 and 2) or hypothetical (Experiment 3) autobiographical events, and proposed strategies they might use to verify their memories of those events. Subjects also rated the reliability, cost, and the likelihood that they would use each strategy. In line with previous work, we found that the preference for cheap information held when people described how they would verify childhood or recent memories (Experiment 1); personally-important or trivial memories (Experiment 2), and even when the consequences of relying on incorrect information could be significant (Experiment 3). Taken together, our findings fit with an account of source monitoring in which the tendency to trust one’s own autobiographical memories can discourage people from systematically testing or accepting strong disconfirmatory evidence.

A Naturalistic Assessment of the Organization of Children’s Memories Predicts Cognitive Functioning and Reading Ability

To explore the relationship between memory and early school performance, we used graph theory to investigate memory reports from 76 children aged 6–8 years. The reports comprised autobiographical memories of events days to years past, and memories of novel images reported immediately after encoding. We also measured intelligence quotient (IQ) and theory of mind (ToM). Reading and Mathematics were assessed before classes began (December 2013), around the time of report collection (June 2014), and at the end of the academic year (December 2014). IQ and ToM correlated positively with word diversity and word-to-word connectivity, and negatively with word recurrence. Connectivity correlated positively with Reading in June 2014 as well as December 2014, even after adjusting for IQ and ToM. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a link between the structure of children’s memories and their cognitive or academic performance.

A Naturalistic Assessment of the Organization of Children’s Memories Predicts Cognitive Functioning and Reading Ability

To explore the relationship between memory and early school performance, we used graph theory to investigate memory reports from 76 children aged 6–8 years. The reports comprised autobiographical memories of events days to years past, and memories of novel images reported immediately after encoding. We also measured intelligence quotient (IQ) and theory of mind (ToM). Reading and Mathematics were assessed before classes began (December 2013), around the time of report collection (June 2014), and at the end of the academic year (December 2014). IQ and ToM correlated positively with word diversity and word-to-word connectivity, and negatively with word recurrence. Connectivity correlated positively with Reading in June 2014 as well as December 2014, even after adjusting for IQ and ToM. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a link between the structure of children’s memories and their cognitive or academic performance.

Identity Change Impacts Autobiographical Reconstruction of Identity-Relevant Events: Influences of the Self-System on Remembering

The focus on how one is behaving, feeling, and thinking, provides a powerful source of self-knowledge. How is this self-knowledge utilized in the dynamic reconstruction of autobiographical memories? How, in turn, might autobiographical memories support identity and the self-system? I address these questions through a critical review of the literature on autobiographical memory and the self-system, with a special focus on the self-concept, self-knowledge, and identity. I then outline the methods and results of a prospective longitudinal study examining the effects of an identity change on memory for events related to that identity. Participant-rated memory characteristics, computer-generated ratings of narrative content and structure, and neutral-observer ratings of coherence were examined for changes over time related to an identity-change, as well as for their ability to predict an identity-change. The conclusions from this study are threefold: (1) when the rated centrality of an event decreases, the reported instances of retrieval, as well as the phenomenology associated with retrieval and the number of words used to describe the memory, also decrease; (2) memory accuracy (here, estimating past behaviors) was not influenced by an identity change; and (3) remembering is not unidirectional – characteristics of identity-relevant memories and the life story predict and may help support persistence with an identity (here, an academic trajectory).

Bentinho é Capitu: a autotraição do narrador de Dom Casmurro

Bentinho não é um personagem completamente inocente em suas memórias autobiográficas. Apesar de se colocar na posição de vítima, algumas atitudes suas dentro do romance Dom Casmurro, de Machado de Assis, são capazes de acusar o narrador de primeira pessoa de outras coisas além da imagem que pretende fazer de marido traído. Desta forma, este trabalho vai investigar como o personagem, através de sua versão casmurra, sai da posição de acusador para a de réu. Veremos como o personagem, que tem o poder da narrativa nas mãos, ironicamente trai a si mesmo, deixando-se mostrar, mesmo que sem claramente perceber, suas características acusatórias. Assim, encontraremos nele não só um personagem ciumento com toques de loucura, mas também uma pessoa tão dissimulada e manipuladora quanto Capitu, sua namorada e depois esposa a quem julga e condena ao longo do romance. Ser como ela leva Bento ao mesmo destino da moça: a solidão e o exílio que, no caso dele, acontece, em sua própria terra natal. Há ainda um segundo corpus sobre o qual esta análise se debruça: a microssérie Capitu (2008), exibida pela TV Globo em comemoração ao centenário de morte de Machado de Assis. Mostraremos como o trabalho audiovisual dirigido por Luiz Fernando Carvalho levou para a televisão as orientações de Machado de Assis, mantendo o mistério do Bruxo do Cosme Velho. Além disso, a microssérie também traduz em imagens a ideia de que Bentinho é um reflexo, um desdobramento de Capitu.

The reminiscence bump in the temporal distribution of the best football players of all time: Pelé, Cruijff or Maradona?

The reminiscence bump is the tendency to recall more autobiographical memories from adolescence and early adulthood than from adjacent lifetime periods. In this online study, the robustness of the reminiscence bump was examined by looking at participants' judgements about the quality of football players. Dutch participants (N = 619) were asked who they thought the five best players of all time were. The participants could select the names from a list or enter the names when their favourite players were not on the list. Johan Cruijff, Pelé, and Diego Maradona were the three most often mentioned players. Participants frequently named football players who reached the midpoint of their career when the participants were adolescents (mode = 17). The results indicate that the reminiscence bump can also be identified outside the autobiographical memory domain.

Remembering from any angle: the flexibility of visual perspective during retrieval.

When recalling autobiographical memories, individuals often experience visual images associated with the event. These images can be constructed from two different perspectives: first person, in which the event is visualized from the viewpoint experienced at encoding, or third person, in which the event is visualized from an external vantage point. Using a novel technique to measure visual perspective, we examined where the external vantage point is situated in third-person images. Individuals in two studies were asked to recall either 10 or 15 events from their lives and describe the perspectives they experienced. Wide variation in spatial locations was observed within third-person perspectives, with the location of these perspectives relating to the event being recalled. Results suggest remembering from an external viewpoint may be more common than previous studies have demonstrated.

Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best.

Evidence is reviewed that for older adults the period from 10 to 30 years of age produces recall of the most autobiographical memories, the most vivid memories, and the most important memories. It is the period from which peoples' favorite films, music, and books come and the period from which they judge the most important world events to have originated. Factual, semantic, general-knowledge, multiple-choice questions about the Academy Awards, the World Series, and current events from this period were answered more accurately by two different groups of 30 older adults tested 10 years apart. A cognitive theory based on the importance of transitions and several noncognitive theories are considered as explanations of this pervasive phenomenon.

Modulation des souvenirs neutres et émotifs consolidés : rôle du stress et des hormones de stress

Il a été suggéré que lorsqu’une trace de mémoire consolidée est rappelée (réactivée), elle devient instable et sujette aux modifications avant de se stabiliser à nouveau en mémoire à long terme. Nous avons récemment démontré que lorsque la réactivation d’un souvenir négatif est couplée à l’exposition à un stress psychosocial, le souvenir de l’évènement négatif est augmenté de façon durable. En se basant sur ces résultats, le but de cette thèse est de préciser le rôle du stress psychologique et physiologique (hormones de stress) sur la modulation de souvenirs réactivés. Plus précisément, la première étude visait à déterminer si le cortisol, hormone de stress majeure, est un joueur clé dans la modulation des souvenirs réactivés. Pour ce faire, nous avons inhibé pharmacologiquement les niveaux de cortisol au moment de la réactivation d’un souvenir contenant des segments neutres et négatifs. Les résultats démontrent que la réactivation du matériel négatif est amoindrie lorsque les niveaux de cortisol sont inhibés, et cet effet est toujours présent quatre jours plus tard. Étant donné que les stimuli utilisés jusqu’à maintenant ont une faible validité écologique, nous avons voulu déterminer si d’autres types de mémoires pouvaient également être modulables lors de leur réactivation. L’objectif de la deuxième étude était donc de déterminer si les mémoires autobiographiques collectives sont modulables par le stress au moment de leur réactivation. Pour ce faire, nous avons exposé les participants à de vrais extraits de journaux, neutres ou négatifs, afin de réactiver les mémoires collectives associées à ces évènements. Par la suite, tous les participants ont été exposés à un stress psychosocial et leur mémoire des extraits a été évaluée la journée suivante. Les résultats démontrent que les femmes ayant lu les nouvelles négatives avaient une réactivité physiologique accrue face au stresseur et une mémoire augmentée de ces mêmes nouvelles le jour suivant. Ce phénomène n’était cependant pas observable chez les hommes. Le but de la troisième étude était de déterminer si les mémoires autobiographiques personnelles sont modulables par le stress au moment de leur réactivation. Nous avons demandé aux participants de se remémorer deux évènements de leur passé, négatifs ou neutres. Par la suite, ils ont été exposés à un stress psychosocial et leur mémoire pour ces mêmes évènements a été évaluée à nouveau la journée suivante. Les résultats démontrent que les mémoires autobiographiques personnelles réactivées ne semblent pas être modulables par l’exposition à un stresseur. Globalement, les résultats de cette thèse démontrent que le cortisol a la capacité de moduler des souvenirs négatifs réactivés, mais que la nature (extrinsèque vs. intrinsèque) et l'intensité des souvenirs réactivés sont des facteurs déterminants pour que ce phénomène prenne place.

Remembering and imagining: the role of the self

This study investigated whether temporal clustering of autobiographical memories (AMs) around periods of self-development ( [Rathbone et al., 2008] and [Rathbone et al., 2009]) would also occur when imagining future events associated with the self. Participants completed an AM task and future thinking task. In both tasks, memories and future events were cued using participant-generated identity statements (e.g., I am a student; I will be a mother). Participants then dated their memories and future events, and finally gave an age at which each identity statement was judged to emerge. Dates of memories and future events were recoded as temporal distance from the identity statement used to cue them. AMs and future events both clustered robustly around periods of self-development, indicating the powerful organisational effect of the self. We suggest that life narrative structures are used to organise future events as well as memories.

O olhar de um discente sobre seu futuro docente: uma trajetória auto formativa

The writings of this paper refer to several personal experiences as well as the various conflicts in the initial educational formation, where I'm reflecting about the formation intentions of this course. I do an analysis and a reflection of the pedagogical practices developed during graduation in institutional spaces, as well as the understanding of the complex context and teaching actions intrinsic to this, that are what constitute the structural dimensions which is where the formative process happens. This study is a narrative of initial formation as autobiographical. Memories and experiences are analyzed along with undergraduate education, exposing structural problems of course requiring a deeper analysis. In addition to analyse critically the institutional spaces of the (few) outreach programs, education and research that are the basis of the Brazilian University, the wellknown University quadripod. Under this perspective, the narrative brings the dichotomous design of the quadripod inside the University course, exposing the need to reflect on this fact, as it culminates in the formation of future teachers in physics. Nevertheless, the work seeks to raise awareness for the need for enhancement of teaching career at the University to address the teaching crisis which today proliferates in the educational institutions in Brazil, therefore it is necessary to the teachers to become aware of your profession and the vision as such. Only from this perspective one can discuss a proper teacher training, aiming at the integration of all activities, valuing all with the same importance

Transition from community dwelling to retirement village in older adults:cognitive functioning and psychological health outcomes

Supported living and retirement villages are becoming a significant option for older adults with impairments, with independence concerns or for forward planning in older age, but evidence as to psychological benefits for residents is sparse. This study examined the hypothesis that the multi-component advantages of moving into a supported and physically and socially accessible “extra care” independent living environment will impact on psychological and functioning measures. Using an observational longitudinal design, 161 new residents were assessed initially and three months later, in comparison to 33 older adults staying in their original homes. Initial group differences were apparent but some reduced after three months. Residents showed improvement in depression, perceived health, aspects of cognitive function, and reduced functional limitations, while controls showed increased functional limitations (worsening). Ability to recall specific autobiographical memories, known to be related to social-problem solving, depression and functioning in social relationships, predicted change in communication limitations, and cognitive change predicted changes in recreational limitations. Change in anxiety and memory predicted change in depression. Findings suggest that older adults with independent living concerns who move to an independent but supported environment can show significant benefits in psychological outcomes and reduction in perceived impact of health on functional limitations in a short period. Targets for focussed rehabilitation are indicated, but findings also validate development of untargeted general supportive environments.

Memória autobiográfica em jovens adultos com comportamentos suicidários

2008 Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para a obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica