An assessment of observed vertical flux divergence in long-term eddy-covariance measurements over two Midwestern forest ecosystems

Vertical divergence of CO2 fluxes is observed over two Midwestern AmeriFlux forest sites. The differences in ensemble averaged hourly CO2 fluxes measured at two heights above canopy are relatively small (0.2–0.5 μmol m−2 s−1), but they are the major contributors to differences (76–256 g C m−2 or 41.8–50.6%) in estimated annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in 2001. A friction velocity criterion is used in these estimates but mean flow advection is not accounted for. This study examines the effects of coordinate rotation, averaging time period, sampling frequency and co-spectral correction on CO2 fluxes measured at a single height, and on vertical flux differences measured between two heights. Both the offset in measured vertical velocity and the downflow/upflow caused by supporting tower structures in upwind directions lead to systematic over- or under-estimates of fluxes measured at a single height. An offset of 1 cm s−1 and an upflow/downflow of 1° lead to 1% and 5.6% differences in momentum fluxes and nighttime sensible heat and CO2 fluxes, respectively, but only 0.5% and 2.8% differences in daytime sensible heat and CO2 fluxes. The sign and magnitude of both offset and upflow/downflow angle vary between sonic anemometers at two measurement heights. This introduces a systematic and large bias in vertical flux differences if these effects are not corrected in the coordinate rotation. A 1 h averaging time period is shown to be appropriate for the two sites. In the daytime, the absolute magnitudes of co-spectra decrease with height in the natural frequencies of 0.02–0.1 Hz but increase in the lower frequencies (<0.01 Hz). Thus, air motions in these two frequency ranges counteract each other in determining vertical flux differences, whose magnitude and sign vary with averaging time period. At night, co-spectral densities of CO2 are more positive at the higher levels of both sites in the frequency range of 0.03–0.4 Hz and this vertical increase is also shown at most frequencies lower than 0.03 Hz. Differences in co-spectral corrections at the two heights lead to a positive shift in vertical CO2 flux differences throughout the day at both sites. At night, the vertical CO2 flux differences between two measurement heights are 20–30% and 40–60% of co-spectral corrected CO2 fluxes measured at the lower levels of the two sites, respectively. Vertical differences of CO2 flux are relatively small in the daytime. Vertical differences in estimated mean vertical advection of CO2 between the two measurement heights generally do not improve the closure of the 1D (vertical) CO2 budget in the air layer between the two measurement heights. This may imply the significance of horizontal advection. However, a reliable assessment of mean advection contributions in annual NEE estimate at these two AmeriFlux sites is currently an unsolved problem.

Environmental factors and features that influence visual search in a 3D WIMP interface

The challenge of moving past the classic Window Icons Menus Pointer (WIMP) interface, i.e. by turning it ‘3D’, has resulted in much research and development. To evaluate the impact of 3D on the ‘finding a target picture in a folder’ task, we built a 3D WIMP interface that allowed the systematic manipulation of visual depth, visual aides, semantic category distribution of targets versus non-targets; and the detailed measurement of lower-level stimuli features. Across two separate experiments, one large sample web-based experiment, to understand associations, and one controlled lab environment, using eye tracking to understand user focus, we investigated how visual depth, use of visual aides, use of semantic categories, and lower-level stimuli features (i.e. contrast, colour and luminance) impact how successfully participants are able to search for, and detect, the target image. Moreover in the lab-based experiment, we captured pupillometry measurements to allow consideration of the influence of increasing cognitive load as a result of either an increasing number of items on the screen, or due to the inclusion of visual depth. Our findings showed that increasing the visible layers of depth, and inclusion of converging lines, did not impact target detection times, errors, or failure rates. Low-level features, including colour, luminance, and number of edges, did correlate with differences in target detection times, errors, and failure rates. Our results also revealed that semantic sorting algorithms significantly decreased target detection times. Increased semantic contrasts between a target and its neighbours correlated with an increase in detection errors. Finally, pupillometric data did not provide evidence of any correlation between the number of visible layers of depth and pupil size, however, using structural equation modelling, we demonstrated that cognitive load does influence detection failure rates when there is luminance contrasts between the target and its surrounding neighbours. Results suggest that WIMP interaction designers should consider stimulus-driven factors, which were shown to influence the efficiency with which a target icon can be found in a 3D WIMP interface.

PAIN IN FIBROMYALGIA AND DISCRIMINATIVE POWER OF THE INSTRUMENTS: VISUAL ANALOG SCALE, DOLORIMETRY AND THE MCGILL PAIN QUESTIONNAIRE

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the discriminative power of the most widely used pain assessment instruments. Methods: The sample consisted of 279 subjects divided into Fibromyalgia Group (FM- 205 patients with fibromyalgia) and Control Group (CG-74 healthy subjects), mean age 49.29 +/- 10.76 years. Only 9 subjects were male, 6 in FM and 3 in CG. FM were outpatients from the Rheumatology Clinic of the University of Sao Paulo - Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP); the CG included people accompanying patients and hospital staff with similar socio-demographic characteristics. Three instruments were used to assess pain: the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Dolorimetry, to measure pain threshold on tender points (generating the TP index). In order to assess the discriminative power of the instruments, the measurements obtained were submitted to descriptive analysis and inferential analysis using ROC Curve - sensibility (S), specificity (S I) and area under the curve (AUC) - and Contingence tables with Chi-square Test and odds ratio. Significance level was 0.05. Results: Higher sensibility, specificity and area under the curve was obtained by VAS (80%, 80% and 0.864, respectively), followed by Dolorimetry (S 77%, S177% and AUC 0.851), McGill Sensory (S 72%, S167% and AUC 0.765) and McGill Affective (S 69%, S1 67% and AUC 0.753). Conclusions: VAS presented the higher sensibility, specificity and AUC, showing the greatest discriminative power among the instruments. However, these values are considerably similar to those of Dolorimetry.

Variável colativa por complexidade, seus efeitos no campo visual monocular

Os resultados das análises feitas com estes dados indicaram diferenças significativas no aumento da amplitude do plano meridiano horizontal nasal do campo visual monocular, medidas em unidades angulares. As diferenças foram interpretadas como indicativas da influência dos três diferentes níveis de complexidade dos estímulos visuais. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a variável colativa por complexidade influi no ato perceptual do reconhecimento visual.

Parâmetros genéticos de escore visual do umbigo em bovinos da raça Nelore

Foram utilizados 128.700, 44.227, 90.383, 47.506, 42.619, 45.057, 17.666 e 27.181 dados, respectivamente, de peso à desmama (PD), peso ao sobreano (PS), escore de umbigo à desmama (UD), escore de umbigo à desmama de macho (UDM), escore de umbigo à desmama de fêmea (UDF), escore de umbigo ao sobreano (US), escore de umbigo ao sobreano de macho (USM) e escore de umbigo ao sobreano de fêmea (USF) com o objetivo de estimar parâmetros genéticos de escore visual do umbigo e as respectivas correlações genéticas com as características de crescimento - peso à desmama e peso ao sobreano -, em bovinos da raça Nelore, aplicando-se um modelo animal em análises uni e bicaracterísticas. As estimativas de herdabilidade (h²) para as características UD, UDM, UDF, US, USM, USF, PD e PS foram de 0,14±0,01; 0,18±0,02; 0,15±0,01; 0,26±0,01; 0,32±0,03; 0,27±0,02, 0,29±0,01 e 0,27±0,02, respectivamente, em análises unicaracterísticas. em análises bicaracterísticas, as estimativas de h² para UD, US, PD e PS foram de 0,15, 0,27, 0,29 e 0,45, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas estimadas entre UDM e UDF, entre USM e USF e entre UD e US foram positivas e altas, as correlações genéticas entre escore do umbigo e características de crescimento foram todas positivas e de magnitudes de baixa a moderada.

The effect of acoustic mode on time-resolved temperature measurements in a Rijke-tube pulse combustor

Radial profiles are reported of average and rms temperature in a propane flame for the first, second, and third acoustic modes at four different axial positions above the burner in a Rijke-tube combustor. Selected plots of the power spectral density (PSD) of temperature fluctuations are also reported. These radial profiles are then compared to similar ones made in the same flame, but in the absence of the acoustic field. Visual observations and photographs of the flame showed a remarkable change in flame height and structure with the onset of acoustic oscillations. This reduction in flame length, caused by the enhanced mixing due to the acoustic velocity fluctuations, gave rise to higher and lower average and rms temperatures near or well above the burner, respectively. In general, the PSD plots had a broad frequency content. The general trend was a decrease in magnitude with an increase in frequency. All cases presented broad-band peaks at around 5 Hz related to the flame flickering phenomenon. Preferred frequencies were observed in the oscillating PSD plots related to the fundamental frequency as well as subharmonics in the tube. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Screening visual em crianças pré-escolares utilizando o PhotoScreenerTM

OBJETIVO: O objetivo geral foi detectar fatores ambliopigênicos em uma população de pré-escolares, utilizando exames refratométricos e o PhotoScreenerTM (PS) e o objetivo específico foi verificar se a avaliação feita com o PS é útil como método de triagem em campanhas de prevenção de ambliopia em crianças. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, prospectivo, de janeiro a dezembro de 2007, avaliando-se 227 crianças pré-escolares, com o intuito de detectar, através da aplicação de um questionário, exames refratométricos e fotografias utilizando o PS, a presença de fatores causadores de ambliopia na população de estudo. Todas as crianças foram avaliadas pelo PS. em seguida, todas as crianças foram submetidas à cicloplegia , sendo avaliadas usando refrator automático Shin Nippon®. As crianças detectadas como portadoras de problemas oculares receberam prescrição óptica, segundo os critérios: hipermetropia maior que +1,50 D, miopia maior que -1,00 D e astigmatismo maior que 1,00 D. Analisaram-se os dados através do teste de concordância de Goodman, estatística descritiva e estudo da especificidade e sensibilidade ao emprego do PS, comparando os resultados com ele obtidos, com os resultados dos outros métodos de avaliação oftalmológica. RESULTADOS: A distribuição entre os sexos foi semelhante, sendo que a maioria das crianças apresentava quatro ou cinco anos de idade. A sensibilidade (S) do PS, comparando-se o resultado obtido neste aparelho com o autorrefrator sob cicloplegia, foi de 50,9%. Já a especificidade foi de 78,9%; valor preditivo positivo 70%; valor preditivo negativo 62,5% e acurácia 65,1%. CONCLUSÕES: Das 101 crianças cujas fotografias tiradas através do PS puderam ser analisadas satisfatoriamente, trinta e seis apresentavam erro refrativo que necessitou de correção. O PS, quando comparado com equivalente esférico do autorrefrator sob cicloplegia, é um método razoável de triagem, embora a sensibilidade não seja boa. Um ponto positivo a ser ressaltado é o considerável valor de especificidade.

Location of single line-to-ground faults on distribution feeders using voltage measurements

This paper proposes a dedicated algorithm for lation of single line-to-ground faults in distribution systems. The proposed algorithm uses voltage and current phasors measured at the substation level, voltage magnitudes measured at some buses of the feeder, a database containing electrical, operational and topological parameters of the distribution networks, and fault simulation. Voltage measurements can be obtained using power quality devices already installed on the feeders or using voltage measurement devices dedicated for fault location. Using the proposed algorithm, likely faulted points that are located on feeder laterals geographically far from the actual faulted point are excluded from the results. Assessment of the algorithm efficiency was carried out using a 238 buses real-life distribution feeder. The results show that the proposed algorithm is robust for performing fast and efficient fault location for sustained single line-to-ground faults requiring less than 5% of the feeder buses to be covered by voltage measurement devices. © 2006 IEEE.

Measurements of simulated periodontal bone defects in inverted digital image and film-based radiograph: An in vitro study

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the inverted digital images and film-based images of dry pig mandibles to measure the periodontal bone defect depth. Materials and Methods: Forty 2-wall bone defects were made in the proximal region of the premolar in the dry pig mandibles. The digital and conventional radiographs were taken using a Schick sensor and Kodak F-speed intraoral film. Image manipulation (inversion) was performed using Adobe Photoshop 7.0 software. Four trained examiners made all of the radiographic measurements in millimeters a total of three times from the cementoenamel junction to the most apical extension of the bone loss with both types of images: inverted digital and film. The measurements were also made in dry mandibles using a periodontal probe and digital caliper. The Student's t-test was used to compare the depth measurements obtained from the two types of images and direct visual measurement in the dry mandibles. A significance level of 0.05 for a 95% confidence interval was used for each comparison. Results: There was a significant difference between depth measurements in the inverted digital images and direct visual measurements (p>|t|=0.0039), with means of 6.29 mm (IC95%:6.04-6.54) and 6.79 mm (IC95%:6.45-7.11), respectively. There was a non-significant difference between the film-based radiographs and direct visual measurements (p>|t|=0.4950), with means of 6.64mm (IC95%:6.40-6.89) and 6.79mm(IC95%:6.45-7.11), respectively. Conclusion: The periodontal bone defect measurements in the inverted digital images were inferior to film-based radiographs, underestimating the amount of bone loss. copy; 2012 by Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology.

Análise cinemática da oscilação corporal de idosos com doença de Parkinson: efeitos da restrição visual

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estimativa da sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância e discriminação de cores por meio do potencial provocado visual transiente

O potencial provocado visual (VEP) é uma resposta cortical registrável na superfície do couro cabeludo, que reflete a atividade dos neurônios de V1. É classificado, a partir da freqüência temporal de estimulação, em transiente ou de estado estacionário. Outras propriedades do estímulo parecem provocar uma atividade seletiva dos diversos grupos de neurônios existentes em V1. Desse modo, o VEP vem sendo usado para estudar a visão humana acromática e cromática. Diversos trabalhos usaram o VEP para estimar a sensibilidade ao contraste de luminância no domínio das freqüências espaciais. Mais recentemente, há estudos que empregaram o VEP para medir os limiares de discriminação de cores. O VEP transiente pode complementar as medidas psicofísicas de sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância e de discriminação cromática, e constitui um método não invasivo para estudar a visão de indivíduos com dificuldades de realizar testes psicofísicos.

A New and Simple Visual Technique Based on Indigo Dye for Determination of Ozone in Ambient Air

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

INVESTIGATION OF PATIENT PERCEPTION OF HOSPITAL NOISE AND SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENTS: BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER RENOVATIONS OF A HOSPITAL WING

Acoustic conditions in hospitals have been shown to influence a patient’s physical and psychological health. Noise levels in an Omaha, Nebraska, hospital were measured and compared between various times: before, during, and after renovations of a hospital wing. The renovations included cosmetic changes and the installation of new in-room patient audio-visual systems. Sound pressure levels were logged every 10-seconds over a four-day period in three different locations: at the nurses' station, in the hallway, and in a nearby patient’s room. The resulting data were analyzed in terms of the hourly A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels (

Cone photopigment variations in Cebus apella monkeys evidenced by electroretinogram measurements and genetic analysis

We investigated the color vision pattern in Cebus apella monkeys by means of electroretinogram measurements (ERG) and genetic analysis. Based on ERG we could discriminate among three types of dichromatic males. Among females, this classification is more complex and requires additional genetic analysis. We found five among 10 possible different phenotypes, two trichromats and three dichromats. We also found that Cebus present a new allele with spectral peak near 552 nm, with the amino acid combination SFT at positions 180, 277 and 285 of the opsin gene, in addition to the previously described SYT, AFT and AFA alleles. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A new method to analyze the subjective visual vertical in patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the subjective visual vertical in patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction and to propose a new method to analyze subjective visual vertical data in these patients. METHODS: Static subjective visual vertical tests were performed in 40 subjects split into two groups. Group A consisted of 20 healthy volunteers, and Group B consisted of 20 patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction. Each patient performed six measurements of the subjective visual vertical test, and the mean values were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: Analyses of the numerical values of subjective visual vertical deviations (the conventional method of analysis) showed that the mean deviation was 0.326 +/- 1.13 degrees in Group A and 0.301 +/- 1.87 degrees in Group B. However, by analyzing the absolute values of the subjective visual vertical (the new method of analysis proposed), the mean deviation became 1.35 +/- 0.48 degrees in Group A and 2.152 +/- 0.93 degrees in Group B. The difference in subjective visual vertical deviations between groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05) only when the absolute values and the range of deviations were considered. CONCLUSION: An analysis of the absolute values of the subjective visual vertical more accurately reflected the visual vertical misperception in patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction.