Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do feijão macassar (Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl.). IV: exigências de macro e micronutrientes

Duas cultivares de Vigna sinensis, "dorminhoco" e "pitiúba" foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa ate o fim do ciclo. Nas diferentes partes, vegetativas e reprodutivas, foram determinados os macro e micronutrientes. Os dados obtidos permitiram estimar as exigências de uma população no campo e as quantidades de elementos exportados como produto colhido.

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do feijão macassar (Vigna sinensis (L) Endl.). V: chave para a identificação de deficiências minerais

É apresentada uma chave para identificação visual das deficiências de macro e de micronutrientes em Vigna sinensis.

The resistance of seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds are heavily damaged during storage by the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus. Seeds of some Nigerian varieties showed a strong resistance to this bruchid. By utilizing biochemical and entomological techniques we were able to rule out the paticipation of proteolytic enzyme (trypsin, chimotrypsin, subtilisin and papain) inhibitors, lectins, and tannins in the resistance mechanisms. Fractionation of the seed meal of a resistant variety suggests that the factor(s) responsible for the effect is (are) concentrate in the globulin fraction.

Efeitos das culturas de milho (Zea mays), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) e caupi (Vigna unguiculata) na agregação de valor ao cultivo da bananeira 'Terra', em Teolândia, litoral sul da Bahia

São apresentados resultados pertinentes às culturas do milho (Z. mays), feijão (P. vulgaris) e caupi (V. unguiculata) consorciados com bananeira 'Terra' (Musa AAB) em Teolândia, Litoral Sul da Bahia, em cultivo simultâneo, no estabelecimento da bananeira e sucessivo logo após a colheita do primeiro. Os espaçamentos utilizados foram o 4,0 x 2,0 x 3,0 m, 4,0 x 2,0 x 2,6m e 4,0 x 2,0 x 2,8m em fileira dupla, o que permitiu melhor proveito da área pelas culturas intercalares. O milho, ou o feijão, ou o caupi ocupou apenas as ruas entre as fileiras duplas de bananeiras, ficando livres as ruas formadas pelas fileiras duplas, devido ao seu sombreamento pela bananeira ser mais rápido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho das culturas do milho, feijão e caupi na agregação de valor à bananeira 'Terra', quando consorciadas com esta cultura. Nos melhores tratamentos (T9, T6, T8 e T4), o índice de rentabilidade-IR (receita total ÷ custos) alcançou valores expressivos, de 3,36 até 6,68, resultando em efeitos altamente positivos em decorrência das tecnologias e insumos utilizados, o que vai permitir a agregação de um elevado valor à bananeira e, conseqüentemente, uma boa remuneração ao produtor. Estes resultados indicam que, para cada real investido, houve um retorno de R$ 3,36 e R$ 6,68, respectivamente. O IR 0,91 (T2), relativo à cultura do milho, implica que houve prejuízo, o que significa que a receita líquida deste tratamento vai reduzir e não incrementar a receita líquida proporcionada pela cultura da bananeira.

Reação de genótipos de Vigna unguiculata à sarna e efeito da doença sobre componentes de produção

O fungo Elsinoe phaseoli, agente causal da sarna, tem sido responsável por sérios prejuízos aos produtores de feijão-de-corda (Vigna unguiculata), em particular, nos cultivos que se estabelecem em regiões montanhosas e na época das chuvas, no Ceará. O presente trabalho objetivou, além de identificar fontes de resistência à sarna, avaliar os efeitos da doença sobre o rendimento agrícola e seus componentes, a qualidade do grão e o ciclo da cultura. Num ensaio delineado em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, instalado em Tianguá, CE, sob regime de irrigação e em sequeiro, por dois anos: 1995 e 1996, 16 genótipos foram avaliados quanto a variáveis relacionadas ao ciclo, rendimento de grãos e sintomas de sarna. Procederam-se análises quanto à variância, comparações entre médias dos tratamentos, correlação e regressão. Constatou-se que as plantas suscetíveis à sarna sofrem seus efeitos negativos sobre ciclo e produção de grãos; as cultivares e linhagens avaliadas apresentaram variabilidade quanto à reação à doença. A cultivar EPACE V-96, pela produtividade, precocidade e grau de resistência à sarna, é a mais indicada como genitor, visando o melhoramento genético do feijão-de-corda para o ambiente da Ibiapaba, CE.

Crescimento e níveis de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos em cultivares de Vigna unguiculata submetidos à salinidade

Os efeitos da salinidade no crescimento e nos teores de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos foram analisados em sete cultivares de Vigna unguiculata. As plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva sem NaCl (controle) e com NaCl a 75 mM (estresse salino), em casa de vegetação. Após 14 dias da semeadura, adicionou-se 25 mM de sal diariamente, durante três dias, perfazendo o total de 75 mM. A coleta foi realizada no 33º dia. A salinidade reduziu a matéria seca de todos os cultivares, sendo Pitiúba e Vita 5 os menos afetados e TVU o que sofreu maior redução. A suculência foliar e o índice de esclerofilia foram concordantes com o grau de tolerância, aumentando significativamente, em função da salinidade, apenas nos cultivares com menores reduções nas matérias secas. Contrariamente, a relação raiz/parte aérea teve maior aumento nos cultivares mais afetados. Os teores de Na+ e Cl- foliares aumentaram em resposta ao estresse salino, sendo o Na+ acumulado em níveis maiores nos cultivares mais afetados, especialmente no TVU. Os níveis de K+ foliar, que se mostraram mais elevados que os de Na+ e Cl-, foram poucos afetados pela salinidade, de modo que a relação Na+/K+ aumentou mais nos cultivares mais afetados e, possivelmente, se constituiu num fator importante para a maior redução em seus crescimentos. As variações nos teores de prolina, carboidratos solúveis e N-aminossolúveis em resposta à salinidade indicam uma falta de proporcionalidade entre seus níveis e o grau de tolerância à salinidade nos cultivares de feijão-de-corda estudados.

Vicilins (7S storage globulins) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds bind to chitinous structures of the midgut of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) larvae

The presence of chitin in midgut structures of Callosobruchus maculatus larvae was shown by chemical and immunocytochemical methods. Detection by Western blotting of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seed vicilins (7S storage proteins) bound to these structures suggested that C. maculatus-susceptible vicilins presented less staining when compared to C. maculatus-resistant vicilins. Storage proteins present in the microvilli in the larval midgut of the bruchid were recognized by immunolabeling of vicilins in the appropriate sections with immunogold conjugates. These labeling sites coincided with the sites labeled by an anti-chitin antibody. These results, taken together with those previously published showing that the lower rates of hydrolysis of variant vicilins from C. maculatus-resistant seeds by the insect's midgut proteinases and those showing that vicilins bind to chitin matrices, may explain the detrimental effects of variant vicilins on the development of C. maculatus larvae.

Fluxograma de beneficiamento para sementes de feijão-mungo-verde (Vigna radiata L.)

O beneficiamento é componente fundamental em qualquer programa organizado de produção de sementes e visa aprimorar características do lote. Objetivou-se neste trabalho estabelecer um fluxograma de beneficiamento para sementes de feijão-mungo-verde (Vigna radiata L.). Utilizaram-se sementes dois lotes. O primeiro lote foi proveniente de colheita parcelada das vagens, em três épocas, e o segundo de colheita de toda a planta, com a maioria das vagens secas. Foram testados 13 fluxogramas de beneficiamento, com a utilização da máquina de ventilador e peneiras, separador pneumático, mesa de gravidade e classificador de peneiras. As sementes foram avaliadas quanto a sua qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária. O fluxograma de beneficiamento ideal para lotes de sementes de feijão-mungo-verde provenientes de colheita parcelada das vagens é composto pela máquina de ventilador e peneiras, seguida da mesa de gravidade. Quando os lotes de sementes forem provenientes de colheita única das vagens o ideal é o uso da máquina de ventilador e peneiras, seguida do separador pneumático e da mesa de gravidade.

Varietal effects of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, on tolerance to malathion in Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The impact of cowpea variety on the response of cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus, to malathion was investigated. The interaction of six cowpea varieties (Adamawa Brown, Ife BPC, Ife Brown, Lilongwe, Ntcheu and NCRI-L25) with the geographical strains of C. maculatus (Brazil and Cameroon), temperature (23, 25, 27 C) and insecticide concentration were considered. Cowpea variety (V) had an unpredictable effect on C. maculatus response to malathion. Bruchid populations produced by Ife BPC were the most susceptible to malathion while those yielded by NCRI-L25 were the most tolerant. Regardless of the cowpea variety, the Brazil strain showed higher tolerance than the Cameroon strain. There was significant effect of temperature (T) and insecticide concentration (C) on malathion tolerance in both strains (S). Likewise, there was significant impact of all two-way interactions on cowpea bruchid tolerance except V x C. Significant three-way interactions on C. maculatus tolerance to malathion was only observed in S T V and S T C. The predictability of changing one of the factors on the susceptibility of C. maculatus to insecticide was very low. This study suggests a need to take the insecticide tolerance of insect populations produced by novel varieties into account during plant breeding in addition to factors such as yield and resistance to insect and disease attack.

Determinação de motivos de ligação à quitina em vicilinas de Canavalia ensiformis e Vigna unguiculata através de métodos in silico e relação com suas toxicidades para o bruquídeo Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera:Bruchidae)

Chitin is an important structural component of the cellular wall of fungi and exoskeleton of many invertebrate plagues, such as insects and nematodes. In digestory systems of insects it forms a named matrix of peritrophic membrane. One of the most studied interaction models protein-carbohydrate is the model that involves chitin-binding proteins. Among the involved characterized domains already in this interaction if they detach the hevein domain (HD), from of Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber tree), the R&R consensus domain (R&R), found in cuticular proteins of insects, and the motif called in this study as conglicinin motif (CD), found in the cristallography structure of the β-conglicinin bounded with GlcNac. These three chitin-binding domains had been used to determine which of them could be involved in silico in the interaction of Canavalia ensiformis and Vigna unguiculata vicilins with chitin, as well as associate these results with the WD50 of these vicilins for Callosobruchus maculatus larvae. The technique of comparative modeling was used for construction of the model 3D of the vicilin of V. unguiculata, that was not found in the data bases. Using the ClustalW program it was gotten localization of these domains in the vicilins primary structure. The domains R&R and CD had been found with bigger homology in the vicilins primary sequences and had been target of interaction studies. Through program GRAMM models of interaction ( dockings ) of the vicilins with GlcNac had been gotten. The results had shown that, through analysis in silico, HD is not part of the vicilins structures, proving the result gotten with the alignment of the primary sequences; the R&R domain, although not to have structural similarity in the vicilins, probably it has a participation in the activity of interaction of these with GlcNac; whereas the CD domain participates directly in the interaction of the vicilins with GlcNac. These results in silico show that the amino acid number, the types and the amount of binding made for the CD motif with GlcNac seem to be directly associates to the deleterious power that these vicilins show for C. maculatus larvae. This can give an initial step in the briefing of as the vicilins interact with alive chitin in and exert its toxic power for insects that possess peritrophic membrane

Identification of a major locus conferring resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC) in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) by QTL analysis

A major locus conferring resistance to the causal organism of powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC,, in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) was identified using QTL analysis with a population of 147 recombinant inbred individuals. The population was derived from a cross between 'Berken', a highly susceptible variety, and ATF 3640, a highly resistant line. To test for response to powdery mildew, F-7 and F-8 lines were inoculated by dispersing decaying mungbean leaves with residual conidia of E. polygoni amongst the young plants to create an artificial epidemic and assayed in a glasshouse facility. To generate a linkage map, 322 RFLP clones were tested against the two parents and 51 of these were selected to screen the mapping population. The 51 probes generated 52 mapped loci, which were used to construct a linkage map spanning 350 cM of the mungbean genome over 10 linkage groups. Using these markers, a single locus was identified that explained up to a maximum of 86% of the total variation in the resistance response to the pathogen.

Segregation distortion for seed testa color in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilcek)

Genetic segregation experiments with plant species are commonly used for understanding the inheritance of traits. A basic assumption in these experiments is that each gamete developed from megasporogenesis has an equal chance of fusing with a gamete developed from microsporogenesis, and every zygote formed has an equal chance of survival. If gametic and/or zygotic selection occurs whereby certain gametes or zygotic combinations have a reduced chance of survival, progeny distributions are skewed and are said to exhibit segregation distortion. In this study, inheritance data are presented for the trait seed testa color segregating in large populations (more than 200 individuals) derived from closely related mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilcek) taxa. Segregation ratios suggested complex inheritance, including dominant and recessive epistasis. However, this genetic model was rejected in favor of a single-gene model based on evidence of segregation distortion provided by molecular marker data. The segregation distortion occurred after each generation of self-pollination from F-1 thru F-7 resulting in F-7 phenotypic frequencies of 151:56 instead of the expected 103.5:103.5. This study highlights the value of molecular markers for understanding the inheritance of a simply inherited trait influenced by segregation distortion.

Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries and their application in developing PCR-based markers closely linked to a major locus conditioning bruchid resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries have been widely used in different aspects of genome research. In this paper we report the construction of the first mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) BAC libraries. These BAC clones were obtained from two ligations and represent an estimated 3.5 genome equivalents. This correlated well with the screening of nine random single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism probes, which detected on average three BACs each. These mungbean clones were successfully used in the development of two PCR-based markers linked closely with a major locus conditioning bruchid (Callosobruchus chinesis) resistance. These markers will be invaluable in facilitating the introgression of bruchid resistance into breeding programmes as well as the further characterisation of the resistance locus.

Characterization of a strong, constitutive mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) promoter with a complex mode of regulation in planta

We report the cloning and characterization in tobacco and Arabidopsis of a Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) promoter that controls the expression of VR-ACS1, an auxin-inducible ACC synthase gene. The VR-ACS1 promoter exhibits a very unusual behavior when studied in plants different from its original host, mung bean. GUS and luciferase in situ assays of transgenic plants containing VR-ACS1 promoter fusions show strong constitutive reporter gene expression throughout tobacco and Arabidopsis development. In vitro quantitative analyses show that transgenic plants harboring VR-ACS1 promoter-reporter constructs have on average 4-6 fold higher protein and activity levels of both reporter genes than plants transformed with comparable CaMV 35S promoter fusions. Similar transcript levels are present in VR-ACS1 and CaMV 35S promoter lines, suggesting that the high levels of gene product observed for the VR-ACS1 promoter are the combined result of transcriptional and translational activation. All tested deletion constructs retaining the core promoter region can drive strong constitutive promoter activity in transgenic plants. This is in contrast to mung bean, where expression of the native VR-ACS1 gene is almost undetectable in plants grown under normal conditions, but is rapidly and highly induced by a variety of stimuli. The constitutive behavior of the VR-ACS1 promoter in heterologous hosts is surprising, suggesting that the control mechanisms active in mung bean are impaired in tobacco and Arabidopsis. The 'aberrant' behavior of the VR-ACS1 promoter is further emphasized by its failure to respond to auxin and cycloheximide in heterologous hosts. VR-ACS1 promoter regulatory mechanisms seem to be different from all previously characterized auxin-inducible promoters.