Biophysical and network mechanisms of high frequency extracellular potentials in the rat hippocampus

A fundamental question in neuroscience is how distributed networks of neurons communicate and coordinate dynamically and specifically. Several models propose that oscillating local networks can transiently couple to each other through phase-locked firing. Coherent local field potentials (LFP) between synaptically connected regions is often presented as evidence for such coupling. The physiological correlates of LFP signals depend on many anatomical and physiological factors, however, and how the underlying neural processes collectively generate features of different spatiotemporal scales is poorly understood. High frequency oscillations in the hippocampus, including gamma rhythms (30-100 Hz) that are organized by the theta oscillations (5-10 Hz) during active exploration and REM sleep, as well as sharp wave-ripples (SWRs, 140-200 Hz) during immobility or slow wave sleep, have each been associated with various aspects of learning and memory. Deciphering their physiology and functional consequences is crucial to understanding the operation of the hippocampal network.

We investigated the origins and coordination of high frequency LFPs in the hippocampo-entorhinal network using both biophysical models and analyses of large-scale recordings in behaving and sleeping rats. We found that the synchronization of pyramidal cell spikes substantially shapes, or even dominates, the electrical signature of SWRs in area CA1 of the hippocampus. The precise mechanisms coordinating this synchrony are still unresolved, but they appear to also affect CA1 activity during theta oscillations. The input to CA1, which often arrives in the form of gamma-frequency waves of activity from area CA3 and layer 3 of entorhinal cortex (EC3), did not strongly influence the timing of CA1 pyramidal cells. Rather, our data are more consistent with local network interactions governing pyramidal cells' spike timing during the integration of their inputs. Furthermore, the relative timing of input from EC3 and CA3 during the theta cycle matched that found in previous work to engage mechanisms for synapse modification and active dendritic processes. Our work demonstrates how local networks interact with upstream inputs to generate a coordinated hippocampal output during behavior and sleep, in the form of theta-gamma coupling and SWRs.

Efeitos da suplementação oral com L-arginina e L-glutamina sobre a próstata ventral de ratos submetidos à irradiação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o possível efeito protetor da L-glutamina e da L-arginina sobre a próstata ventral de ratos quando administradas por gavagem. Procurou-se simular as condições clinicas de pacientes submetidos à radioterapia pélvica tendo como órgão alvo outro órgão pélvico que não a próstata. Foram analisados os efeitos desta irradiação sobre a próstata considerando este órgão como normal. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos: Controle, animais não submetidos à irradiação (n= 10); Irradiado, submetidos à irradiação abdominal e sem suplementação adicional de aminoácido por 21 dias (n= 10); Irradiado + Lglutamina, submetidos à irradiação abdominal e com suplementação adicional de L- glutamina por 21 dias (n= 10); e Irradiado + L-arginina, submetidos à irradiação abdominal e com suplementação adicional de L- arginina por 21 dias (n= 9). Os grupos foram mantidos em condições padrão de laboratório durante todas as etapas do experimento. Os animais submetidos à irradiação abdominal receberam uma dose única de 1000 cGy no dia 8 da experimentação. A Lglutamina e a L-arginina foram dissolvidas em água destilada e administrada por gavagem através da agulha IC-810. As próstatas foram removidas e processadas para inclusão em parafina. Foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros: estrutura acinar (área dos ácinos e altura do epitélio) e colágeno analisados por métodos morfométricos e peso corporal. O ganho de peso nos grupos suplementados foi significativamente maior se comparado ao grupo irradiado. Houve redução da altura do epitélio no grupo irradiado quando comparado ao controle. A altura do epitélio no grupo suplementado com L-arginina foi significativamente maior do que nos grupos irradiado e suplementado com L-glutamina. Houve diminuição, de aproximadamente 18%, da área dos ácinos no grupo suplementado com L-glutamina. Já no grupo suplementado com Larginina o valor foi similar ao do controle. O efeito da L-glutamina sobre o parênquima prostático foi o de manter proporcionalmente o colágeno, preservando a integridade da matriz extracelular. No grupo suplementado com L-arginina, apesar da discreta redução na distribuição proporcional de colágeno este também manteve índices semelhantes ao do controle. A radiação abdominal promoveu algumas modificações estruturais na próstata ventral de ratos. Essas modificações podem ser parcialmente prevenidas pela suplementação oral com L-glutamina e de L-arginina.

Análise molecular e morfométrica da próstata ventral de ratos injetados com leptina

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da administração de leptina no lobo ventral da próstata de ratos adultos. Vinte ratos Wistar machos e adultos foram divididos em 2 grupos: L - animais foram injetados com 50 μL diária de leptina (8 μg / 100 g PC, subcutânea) durante quatro dias e C - animais receberam o mesmo volume de solução salina. Perfil lipídico e níveis séricos de testosterona foram avaliados. O lobo ventral da próstata foi processado para análise histomorfométrica. Expressão dos genes da aromatase, receptor de andrógeno, receptores de estrógeno (α e β) e as isoformas dos receptores de leptina longa (Ob-Rb) e curta (Ob-Ra) foram avaliados por PCR em tempo real. Proliferação celular foi avaliada por imuno-histoquímica com PCNA. Os dados foram expressos como média  erro padrão e analisados pelo teste t de Student. Níveis séricos de colesterol aumentaram (C = 39,7 4,2; L = 55,2 4,2, mg / dL, P ≤ 0,02) e de testosterona (C = 1,6 0,43; L = 0,6 0,15, ng / dL, P ≤ 0,03) diminuíram no grupo L. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou uma redução na densidade de células (C = 8868 242; L = 8.211 210, mm2; P ≤ 0,04), na área total (C = 0,24 0,026; L = 0,10 0,009, mm2; P ≤ 0,001) e na área interna dos ácinos (C = 0,16 0,009; L = 0,08 0,006, mm2; P ≤ 0,0002). Por outro lado, houve um aumento na altura do epitélio (C = 17,3 0,3; L = 22,8 0,2 m, P ≤ 0,0001) e no número de ácinos (C = 7,0 0,2; L = 8,7 0,1, mm2; P ≤ 0,0002). As análises histomorfométrica juntamente com os resultados imuno-histoquímicos para PCNA sugerem que a leptina aumenta a proliferação celular. Em relação à expressão gênica, o tratamento de leptina aumentou a expressão de todos os genes, mas ER-α, em mais de 200 vezes em comparação com a expressão no grupo C. Em conclusão, neste trabalho mostramos que a leptina tem um efeito direto sobre a próstata de ratos adultos levando a um aumento na proliferação celular e na expressão gênica da aromatase, receptor de androgênio, nas isoformas dos receptores de leptina e receptores de estrogênios alfa e beta que são importantes para a fisiologia normal do tecido prostático

Energy demands of diverse spiking cells from the neocortex, hippocampus, and thalamus

It has long been known that neurons in the brain are not physiologically homogeneous. In response to current stimulus, they can fire several distinct patterns of action potentials that are associated with different physiological classes ranging from regular-spiking cells, fast-spiking cells, intrinsically bursting cells, and low-threshold cells. In this work we show that the high degree of variability in firing characteristics of action potentials among these cells is accompanied with a significant variability in the energy demands required to restore the concentration gradients after an action potential. The values of the metabolic energy were calculated for a wide range of cell temperatures and stimulus intensities following two different approaches. The first one is based on the amount of Na+ load crossing the membrane during a single action potential, while the second one focuses on the electrochemical energy functions deduced from the dynamics of the computational neuron models. The results show that the thalamocortical relay neuron is the most energy-efficient cell consuming between 7 and 18 nJ/cm(2) for each spike generated, while both the regular and fast spiking cells from somatosensory cortex and the intrinsically-bursting cell from a cat visual cortex are the least energy-efficient, and can consume up to 100 nJ/cm(2) per spike. The lowest values of these energy demands were achieved at higher temperatures and high external stimuli.

Validation of a method for estimating realized annual fecundity in a multiple spawner, the long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus), using underwater visual census

The long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) (Cuvier, 1829), was used to validate the pre-dictive accuracy of three progressively realistic models for estimating the realized annual fecundity of asyn-chronous, indeterminate, multiple spawners. Underwater surveys and catch data were used to estimate the duration of the reproductive season, female spawning frequency, male brooding frequency, and batch fecun-dity. The most realistic model, a generalization of the spawning fraction method, produced unbiased estimates of male brooding frequency (mean ±standard deviation [SD]=4.2 ±1.6 broods/year). Mean batch fecundity and realized annual fecundity were 213.9 (±110.9) and 903.6 (±522.4), respectively. However, females prepared significantly more clutches than the number of broods produced by males. Thus, methods that infer spawning frequency from patterns in female egg production may lead to significant overestimates of realized annual fecundity. The spawning fraction method is broadly applicable to many taxa that exhibit parental care and can be applied nondestructively to species for which conservation is a concern.

Bycatch of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) in a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery

Bycatch studies have largely ignored population level effects on fish species of little commercial interest. Here we analyze bycatch of the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) in the bait-shrimp trawl fishery in Hernando Beach, Florida, providing the first fisheries data for this species. Based on catch per unit of effort (CPUE), size, sex, and reproductive status of trawled H. erectus, 1) approximately 72,000 seahorses were caught annually by this fleet, from a population of unknown size, 2) trawling affected population cohorts differentially because of temporal and spatial variation in CPUE and population size, and 3) a greater proportion of females than males was removed in trawling. Our findings suggest that trawling may affect seahorse populations through direct mortality, social disruption, and habitat damage. However, the lack of specific abundance or catchability estimates for H. erectus means that the precise impact of trawling on this fish remains uncertain. This paper focuses attention on the need for research and monitoring of small fishes that are caught incidentally in nonselective gear.

Islet-1 is required for ventral neuron survival in Xenopus

Islet-1 is a LIM domain transcription factor involved in several processes of embryonic development. Xenopus Islet-1 (Xisl-1) has been shown to be crucial for proper heart development. Here we show that Xisl-1 and Xisl-2 are differentially expressed in th

Metabolic changes in rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus induced by chronic morphine treatment studied ex vivo by high resolution H-1 NMR spectroscopy

Ex vivo H-1 NMR spectroscopy was used to measure changes in the concentrations of cerebral metabolites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of rats subjected to repeated morphine treatment known to cause tolerance/dependence. The results show th

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure during chronic morphine treatment strengthens downregulation of dopamine D2 receptors in rat dorsal hippocampus after morphine withdrawal

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure during morphine treatment on dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) density in the rat dorsal hippocampus following withdrawal. Rats were exposed t

Propofol facilitates the development of long-term depression (LTD) and impairs the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of anesthetized rats

Memory is sensitive to the short-acting anesthetic (2,6-diisopropylphenol) propofol, but the underlying mechanism is little known. Here, we have examined the effects of propofol on synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of anesthetized rats. We found that low dose of propofol (20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the basal transmission, but enhanced prominently the development of long-term depression (LTD) and impaired the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP). The impairment of LTP maintenance and enhancement of LTD development may contribute to propofol-induced deficits in memory following propofol anesthesia. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.