675 resultados para VOLTAIRE


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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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Se establece un estudio comparativo entre la obra maestra de la picaresca española y un cuentecillo de Voltaire, la Historia de los viajes de Scarmentado. Con ello, se pretende exponer la influencia de la literatura picaresca española en la Historia y evolución del pensamiento crítico de la literatura universal.

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Le choix des personnages dans une œuvre est une analyse sur le chemin qu’un auteur emprunte pour choisir les personnages qui vont occuper les grandes lignes de son œuvre. Les œuvres analysées sont deux ouvrages classiques d’écrivains français, en l’occurrence Madame Bovary de Gustave Flaubert et Candide de Voltaire. Il s’agissait d’essayer de remonter au début de la composition et de suivre l’auteur jusqu’à la fin de son ouvrage. La comparaison des personnages tant principaux que secondaires des deux œuvres, leurs actions, leurs caractères et leurs interventions dans différentes circonstances constitue la partie centrale de l’analyse.

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This paper wants to draw out a common argument in three great philosophers and littérateurs in modern French thought: Michel de Montaigne, Voltaire, and Albert Camus. The argument makes metaphysical and theological scepticism the first premise for a universalistic political ethics, as per Voltaire's: "it is clearer still that we ought to be tolerant of one another, because we are all weak, inconsistent, liable to fickleness and error." The argument, it seems to me, presents an interestingly overlooked, deeply important and powerful contribution to the philosophical discourse of modernity. On one hand, theological and post-structuralist critics of "humanism" usually take the latter to depend either on an essentialist philosophical anthropology, or a progressive philosophy of history. The former, it is argued, is philosophically contestable and ethically contentious (since however we define the human "essence," we are bound to exclude some "others"). The latter, for better or worse, is a continuation of theological eschatology by another name. So both, if not "modernity" per se, should somehow be rejected. But an ethical universalism - like that we find in Montaigne, Bayle, Voltaire, or Camus - which does not claim familiarity with metaphysical or eschatological truths, but humbly confesses our epistemic finitude, seeing in this the basis for ethical solidarity, eludes these charges. On the other hand, philosophical scepticism plays a large role in the post-structuralist criticisms of modern institutions and ideas in ways which have been widely taken to license forms of ethics which problematically identify responsibility, with taking a stand unjustifiable by recourse to universalizable reasons. But, in Montaigne, Voltaire and Camus, our ignorance concerning the highest or final truths does not close off, but rather opens up, a new descriptive sensitivity to the foibles and complexities of human experience: a sensitivity reflected amply, and often hilariously, in their literary productions. As such, a critical agnosticism concerning claims about things "in the heavens and beneath the earth" does not, for such a "sceptical humanism," necessitate decisionism or nihilism. Instead, it demands a redoubled ethical sensitivity to the complexities and plurality of political life which sees the dignity of "really-existing" others, whatever their metaphysical creeds, as an inalienable first datum of ethical conduct and reflection. After tracking these arguments in Montaigne, Voltaire, and Camus, the essay closes by reflecting on, and contesting, one more powerful theological argument against modern agnosticism's allegedly deleterious effects on ethical culture: that acknowledging ignorance concerning the highest things robs us of the basis for awe or wonder, the wellspring of human beings' highest ethical, aesthetic, and spiritual achievements.

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Os contos filosóficos de Voltaire organizam-se a partir de dois pólos de reflexão: de um lado, a discussão sobre a noção de uma providência divina benfeitora, e, em alguns casos, mais precisamente, sobre o otimismo leibniziano; de outro, a polêmica em torno do materialismo ateu. Procuramos demonstrar de que modo, através de situações e personagens dos contos voltaireanos, a crítica das teorias providencialistas contribui para delinear o universo próprio dos conceitos do materialismo clássico.

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Pressé de trouver un refuge pour fuir ses détracteurs, le philosophe jette son dévolu sur un petit coin de l'Ain. Après avoir entrepris un véritable chantier dont il est l'architecte, il va faire de Ferney le haut lieu de la pensée des Lumières.

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[Antoine Guénée] Revue et augm. de plusieurs notes nouv. par [Léon M.] Desdouits

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durch Zus. u. Anm. erw. von Wilhelm Klemperer

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Gustav Cohn