Linhagens de milho contrastantes para tolerância à seca e na eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Efeitos do estresse induzido por polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Previsão estocástica de nível fluviométrico para cidade de Marabá-PA: método de Box-Jenkins

O Município de Marabá- PA, situado na região Amazônica, sudeste do Estado do Pará, sofre anualmente com eventos de enchentes, ocasionados pelo aumento periódico do rio Tocantins e pela situação de vulnerabilidade da população que reside em áreas de risco. A defesa civil estadual e municipal anualmente planeja e prepara equipes para ações de defesa no município. Nesta fase o monitoramento e previsão de eventos de enchentes são importantes. Portanto, com o objetivo de diminuir erros nas previsões hidrológicas para o Município de Marabá, desenvolveu-se um modelo estocástico para previsão de nível do rio Tocantins, baseado na metodologia de Box e Jenkins. Utilizou os dados de níveis diários observados nas estações hidrológicas de Marabá e Carolina e Conceição do Araguaia da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), do período de 01/12/ 2008 a 31/03/2011. Efetuou-se o ajustamento de três modelos (M_t, N_t e Y_t), através de diferentes aplicativos estatísticos: o SAS e o Gretl, usando diferentes interpretações do comportamento das séries para gerar as equações dos modelos. A principal diferença entre os aplicativos é que no SAS usa o modelo de função de transferência na modelagem. Realizou-se uma classificação da variabilidade do nível do rio, através da técnica dos Quantis para o período de 1972 a 2011, examinando-se apenas as categorizações de níveis ACIMA e MUITO ACIMA do normal. Para análise de impactos socioeconômicos foram usados os dados das ações da Defesa Civil Estado do Pará nas cheias de 2009 e 2011. Os resultados mostraram que o número de eventos de cheias com níveis MUITO ACIMA do normal, geralmente, podem estar associados a eventos de La Niña. Outro resultado importante: os modelos gerados simularam muito bem o nível do rio para o período de sete dias (01/04/2011 a 07/04/2011). O modelo multivariado N_t (com pequenos erros) representou o comportamento da série original, subestimando os valores reais nos dias 3, 4 e 5 de abril de 2011, com erro máximo de 0,28 no dia 4. O modelo univariado (Y_t) teve bons resultados nas simulações com erros absolutos em torno de 0,12 m. O modelo com menor erro absoluto (0,08m) para o mesmo período foi o modelo M_t, desenvolvido pelo aplicativo SAS, que interpreta a série original como sendo não linear e não estacionária. A análise quantitativa dos impactos fluviométricos, ocorridos nas enchentes de 2009 e 2011 na cidade de Marabá, revelou em média que mais de 4 mil famílias sofrem com estes eventos, implicado em gastos financeiros elevados. Logo, conclui-se que os modelos de previsão de níveis são importantes ferramentas que a Defesa Civil, utiliza no planejamento e preparo de ações preventivas para o município de Marabá.

Higher yield and economic benefits are achieved in the macadamia crop by irrigation and intercropping with coffee

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Extrafloral nectary morphology and the role of environmental constraints in shaping its traits in a common Cerrado shrub (Maprounea brasiliensis A. St.-Hill: Euphorbiaceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização de linhagens de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) em condições de deficiência hídrica e reidratação

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Ions, Isotopes and Agricultural Contaminants in Surface Waters and Groundwater of Nebraska's Rainwater Basin Wetland Region

The wetlands of south-central Nebraska’s Rainwater Basin region are considered of international importance as a habitat for millions of migratory birds, but are being endangered by agricultural practices. The Rainwater Basin extends across 17 counties and covers 4,000 square miles. The purpose of this study was to assemble baseline chemical data for several representative wetlands across the Rainwater Basin region, and determine the use of these chemical data for investigating groundwater recharge. Eight representative wetlands were chosen across the Rainwater Basin to monitor surface and groundwater chemistry. At each site, a shallow well and deep well were installed and sampled once in the summer of 2009 and again in the spring of 2010. Wetland surface water was sampled monthly from April, 2009 to May, 2010. Waters were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides and oxygen-18 and deuterium isotopes at the University of Nebraska Water Sciences Laboratory. Geochemical analysis of surface waters presents a range of temporal and spatial variations. Wetlands had variable water volumes, isotopic compositions, ion chemistries and agricultural contaminant levels throughout the year and, except for a few trends, theses variations cannot be predicted with certainty year-to-year or wetland-to-wetland. Isotopic compositions showed evaporation was a contributor to water loss, and thus, did impact water chemistry. Surface water nitrate concentrations ranged from <0.10 to 4.04 mg/L. The nitrate levels are much higher in the groundwater, ranging from <0.10 to 18.4 mg/L, and are of concern because they are found above the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L. Atrazine concentrations in surface waters ranged from <0.05 to 10.3 ppb. Groundwater atrazine concentrations ranged from <0.05 to 0.28 ppb. The high atrazine concentrations in surface waters are of concern as they are above the MCL of 3 ppb, and the highest levels occur during the spring bird migration. Most sampled groundwaters had detectable tritium indicating a mix of modern (<5 to 10 years old) and submodern (older than 1950s) recharge. The groundwater also had differences in chemical and isotope composition, and in some cases, increased nitrate concentrations, between the two sampling periods. Modern groundwater tritium ages and changes in groundwater chemical and isotopic compositions may indicate connections with surface waters in the Rainwater Basin.

Linear sedimentation rates and approximate mass accumulation rates at DSDP Site 61-462

A 560-meter-thick sequence of Cenomanian through Pleistocene sediments cored at DSDP Site 462 in the Nauru Basin overlies a 500-meter-thick complex unit of altered basalt flows, diabase sills, and thin intercalated volcaniclastic sediments. The Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments contain a high proportion of calcareous fossils, although the site has apparently been below the calcite compensation depth (CCD) from the late Mesozoic to the Pleistocene. This fact and the contemporaneous fluctuations of the calcite and opal accumulation rates suggest an irregular influx of displaced pelagic sediments from the shallow margins of the basin to its center, resulting in unusually high overall sedimentation rates for such a deep (5190 m) site. Shallow-water benthic fossils and planktonic foraminifers both occur as reworked materials, but usually are not found in the same intervals of the sediment section. We interpret this as recording separate erosional interludes in the shallow-water and intermediate-water regimes. Lower and upper Cenozoic hiatuses also are believed to have resulted from mid-water events. High accumulation rates of volcanogenic material during Santonian time suggest a corresponding significant volcanic episode. The coincidence of increased carbonate accumulation rates during the Campanian and displacement of shallow-water fossils during the late Campanian-early Maestrichtian with the volcanic event implies that this early event resulted in formation of the island chains around the Nauru Basin, which then served as platforms for initial carbonate deposition.

Produção de mudas de açaí sob diferentes níveis de depleção de água associada a doses de um polímero hidroabsorvente

O açaizeiro é uma palmeira com potencial comercial valorizado principalmente pela polpa do fruto que possui propriedades químicas benéficas à saúde humana. Os produtores necessitam corresponder ao incremento de demanda e a produção de mudas deve contemplar essa tendência de mercado. O conhecimento a respeito do manejo hídrico de mudas da espécie ainda pode ser ampliado e a utilização de polímero hidroabsorvente (hidrogel) na produção de mudas da espécie surge como uma opção para redução de custos em irrigação associada a uma boa qualidade das plantas. O objetivo deste estudo é gerar informações que correlacionem a influência de doses de hidrogel à produção de mudas de açaizeiro em diferentes regimes hídricos. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\". O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso sob os seguintes tratamentos, quatro doses de hidrogel (0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 g L-1) e três níveis de depleção (0-5; 25; 50% da capacidade de retenção de água do substrato com o polímero) com quatro repetições. O experimento foi conduzido por 9 meses e ao final foram realizadas avaliações biométricas e análises destrutivas para obtenção de valores de massa seca. Para embasamento estatístico dos dados aplicou-se o teste F, em 1 e 5% de probabilidade, análise de regressão polinomial e o teste de Tukey em 5% de probabilidade. O hidrogel aumentou a capacidade de retenção hídrica do substrato e os resultados mostraram que a presença do polímero acrescentou qualidade à muda de forma crescente em função das doses; todavia, doses de 3g L-1 podem acarretar problemas com drenagem devido à perda de eficiência de absorção do polímero. Os níveis de depleção (25 e 50%) afetaram substancialmente, de forma negativa, o desempenho da muda quando comparados ao tratamento de menor depleção (0-5%), demonstrando que a espécie é bastante sensível a regimes com menor disponibilidade hídrica. Não foi observado efeito de interação entre as doses do polímero e os níveis de depleção para a grande maioria das variáveis analisadas, com exceção apenas da área foliar específica (AFE) e da irrigação aplicada (IA). O Kc médio da cultura, para cultivo protegido, apresentou tendência crescente ao longo do experimento. Conclui-se que a melhor dose do polímero é de 2 g L-1 e que o nível de depleção de 0-5% apresentou o melhor desempenho. O Kc determinado mostra tendência de acordo com a fase de desenvolvimento da espécie, variando de 0,76 até 1,41.

Contributo da agricultura de conservação na prevenção do encharcamento e dos riscos de halomorfização dos solos argilosos na cultura de milho na área de influência de Alqueva

This study aims to evaluate the contribution of no-till (SD) and cover crops (CC) in mitigating the risk of salinity / sodicity of the soil. We tested whether the increase of soil infiltration rate and the reduction of the direct evaporation, achieved with a high amount of residues on the soil surface from the CC followed by SD, would enable a smaller accumulation of salts during the summer and more leaching of salt during winter. The experiment The experiment included two tillage systems: no-till associated to a winter cover crop (SD / CC) and the conventional system (SC) (chisel and disc harrows), divided into two water regimes and two levels of water salinity (0.7 dS m-1 and 2.0 dS m-1), both with adsorption sodium ratio 3. Contrary to expectations CC showed a tendency to increase salt content in Fall-Winter period, due to the reduction of the fraction available to leaching, but showed advantages in reducing long term salt content due to the improved structure of the B horizon, because decreases the tendency to the reduction of the structure of this horizon, caused typically by the permanent high moisture content during.

Physiological and biochemical adaptation to salinity in wild halophytes suitable for Mediterranean agriculture

Due to the accelerating processes of soil salinization and shortage of fresh water, the practice of saline agriculture is gaining momentum in many areas of the world. However, there are some concerns that using saline water for irrigation may be non-environmentally sustainable, with potential to cause irreversible soil degradation. In addition, there is a lack of information on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes that can occur in plants when irrigated with saline water. In light of the above, the major aim of this work was to investigate the effects of a range of water salinity levels and irrigation regimes on the performances of salt tolerant species promising as future crop plants for saline agriculture. The following objectives were addressed: To determine the effects of different water regimes (leaching irrigation vs. no leaching irrigation) with water at increasing salinity concentrations on the growth, ion accumulation and water relations of Sorghum bicolor plants grown under saline soil conditions. To describe the germination response of Salicornia europaea seeds across a wide range of water salinity levels through six reliable indices for screening salinity tolerance at the seed germination stage. To explore the different physiological responses of six wild halophytes commonly found in the Mediterranean area (Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris, Atriplex halimus, Chenopodium album, Salsola komarovii, and Sanguisorba minor), and rank their tolerance after exposure to growing levels of water salinity. To identify the main adaptation mechanisms that distinguish C3 from C4 halophytes when exposed to increasing salinity in the growth media, through a comparative study between the C3 species Atriplex hortensis and the C4 species Atriplex halimus. To identify the main adaptation mechanisms that distinguish annual from perennial halophytes when exposed to severe conditions of salinity and drought, through a comparative analysis between two annual Salicornia spp. and the perennial Sarcocornia fruticosa.

Water-Stable Aggregates and Associated Carbon in a Subtropical Rice Soil Under Variable Tillage

ABSTRACT Tillage systems can influence C sequestration by changing aggregate formation and C distribution within the aggregate. This study was undertaken to explore the impact of no-tillage without straw (NT-S) and with straw (NT+S), and moldboard plow without straw (MP-S) and with straw (MP+S), on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated C after six years of double rice planting in a Hydragric Anthrosol in Guangxi, southwest of China. Soil samples of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m layers were wet-sieved and divided into four aggregate-size classes, >2 mm, 2.00-0.25 mm, 0.25-0.053 and <0.053 mm, respectively, for measuring aggregate associated C and humic and fulvic acids. Results showed that the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in bulk soil was 40.2-51.1 % higher in the 0.00-0.05 m layer and 11.3-17.0 % lower in the 0.05-0.20 m layer in NT system (NT+S and NT-S) compared to the MP system (MP+S and MP-S), respectively. However, no statistical difference was found across the whole 0.00-0.30 m layer. The NT system increased the proportion of >2 mm aggregate fraction and reduced the proportion of <0.053 mm aggregates in both 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m layers. The SOC concentration, SOC stock and humic and fulvic acids within the >0.25 mm macroaggregate fraction also significantly increased in the 0.00-0.5 m layer in NT system. However, those within the 2.00-0.25 mm aggregate fraction were significantly reduced in the 0.05-0.200 m layer under NT system. Straw incorporation increased not only the SOC stock in bulk soil, but also the proportion of macroaggregate, aggregate associated with SOC and humic and fulvic acids concentration within the aggregate. The effect of straw on C sequestration might be dependent on the location of straw incorporation. In conclusion, the NT system increased the total SOC accumulation and humic and fulvic acids within macroaggregates, thus contributing to C sequestration in the 0.00-0.05 m layer.

Effects of Different Feeding Regimes on the Digestibility and Faecal Excretion of Nitrogen, Soluble Carbohydrates and Fibre Fractions in Water Buffaloes kept under Subtropical Conditions

In the course of the ‘Livestock Revolution’, extension and intensification of, among others, ruminant livestock production systems are current phenomena, with all their positive and negative side effects. Manure, one of the inevitable secondary products of livestock rearing, is a valuable source of plant nutrients and its skillful recycling to the soil-plant interface is essential for soil fertility, nutrient - and especially phosphorus - uses efficiency and the preservation or re-establishment of environmentally sustainable farming systems, for which organic farming systems are exemplarily. Against this background, the PhD research project presented here, which was embedded in the DFG-funded Research Training Group 1397 ‘Regulation of soil organic matter and nutrient turnover in organic agriculture ’ investigated possibilities to manipulate the diets of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) so as to produce manure of desired quality for organic vegetable production, without affecting the productivity of the animals used. Consisting of two major parts, the first study (chapter 2) tested the effects of diets differing in their ratios of carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) and of structural to non-structural carbohydrates on the quality of buffalo manure under subtropical conditions in Sohar, Sultanate of Oman. To this end, two trials were conducted with twelve water buffalo heifers each, using a full Latin Square design. One control and four tests diets were examined during three subsequent 7 day experimental periods preceded each by 21 days adaptation. Diets consisted of varying proportions of Rhodes grass hay, soybean meal, wheat bran, maize, dates, and a commercial concentrate to achieve a (1) high C/N and high NDF (neutral detergent fibre)/SC (soluble carbohydrate) ratio (HH), (2) low C/N and low NDF/SC ratio (LL); (3) high C/N and low NDF/SC ratio (HL) and (4) low C/N and high NDF/SC (LH) ratio. Effects of these diets, which were offered at 1.45 times maintenance requirements of metabolizable energy, and of individual diet characteristics, respectively, on the amount and quality of faeces excreted were determined and statistically analysed. The faeces produced from diets HH and LL were further tested in a companion PhD study (Mr. K. Siegfried) concerning their nutrient release in field experiments with radish and cabbage. The second study (chapter 3) focused on the effects of the above-described experimental diets on the rate of passage of feed particles through the gastrointestinal tract of four randomly chosen animals per treatment. To this end, an oral pulse dose of 683 mg fibre particles per kg live weight marked with Ytterbium (Yb; 14.5 mg Yb g-1 organic matter) was dosed at the start of the 7 day experimental period which followed 21 days of adaptation. During the first two days a sample for Yb determination was kept from each faecal excretion, during days 3 – 7 faecal samples were kept from the first morning and the first evening defecation only. Particle passage was modelled using a one-compartment age-dependent Gamma-2 model. In both studies individual feed intake and faecal excretion were quantified throughout the experimental periods and representative samples of feeds and faeces were subjected to proximate analysis following standard protocols. In the first study the organic matter (OM) intake and excretion of LL and LH buffaloes were significantly lower than of HH and HL animals, respectively. Digestibility of N was highest in LH (88%) and lowest in HH (74%). While NDF digestibility was also highest in LH (85%) it was lowest in LL (78%). Faecal N concentration was positively correlated (P≤0.001) with N intake, and was significantly higher in faeces excreted by LL than by HH animals. Concentrations of fibre and starch in faecal OM were positively affected by the respective dietary concentrations, with NDF being highest in HH (77%) and lowest in LL (63%). The faecal C/N ratio was positively related (P≤0.001) to NDF intake; C/N ratios were 12 and 7 for HH and LL (P≤0.001), while values for HL and LH were 11.5 and 10.6 (P>0.05). The results from the second study showed that dietary N concentration was positively affecting faecal N concentration (P≤0.001), while there was a negative correlation with the faecal concentration of NDF (P≤0.05) and the faecal ratios of NDF/N and C/N (P≤0.001). Particle passage through the mixing compartment was lower (P≤0.05) for HL (0.033 h-1) than for LL (0.043 h-1) animals, while values of 0.034 h-1 and 0.038 h-1 were obtained for groups LH and HH. At 55.4 h, total tract mean retention time was significantly (P≤0.05) lower in group LL that in all other groups where these values varied between 71 h (HH) and 79 h (HL); this was probably due to the high dietary N concentration of diet LL which was negatively correlated with time of first marker appearance in faeces (r= 0.84, P≤0.001), while the dietary C concentration was negatively correlated with particle passage through the mixing compartment (r= 0.57, P≤0.05). The results suggest that manure quality of river buffalo heifers can be considerably influenced by diet composition. Despite the reportedly high fibre digestion capacity of buffalo, digestive processes did not suppress the expression of diet characteristics in the faeces. This is important when aiming at producing a specific manure quality for fertilization purposes in (organic) crop cultivation. Although there was a strong correlation between the ingestion and the faecal excretion of nitrogen, the correlation between diet and faecal C/N ratio was weak. To impact on manure mineralization, the dietary NDF and N concentrations seem to be the key control points, but modulating effects are achieved by the inclusion of starch into the diet. Within the boundaries defined by the animals’ metabolic and (re)productive requirements for energy and nutrients, diet formulation may thus take into account the abiotically and biotically determined manure turnover processes in the soil and the nutrient requirements of the crops to which the manure is applied, so as to increase nutrient use efficiency along the continuum of the feed, the animal, the soil and the crop in (organic) farming systems.

The effects of maize planting density and weeding regimes on light and water use

Light and water are among essential resources required for production of photosynthates in plants. A study on the effects of weeding regimes and maize planting density on light and water use was conducted during the 2001/2 short and 2002 long rain seasons at Muguga in - the central highlands of Kenya. Weeding regimes were: weed free (W1), weedy (W2), herbicide (W3) and hand weeding twice (W4). Maize planting densities were 9 (D1) and 18 plants m-2 (D2) intercropped with Phaseolus vulgaris (beans). The experiment was laid as randomized complete block design replicated four times and repeated twice. All plots were thinned to 4 plants m-2 at tasseling stage (96 DAE) and thinnings quantified as forage. Soil moisture content (SMC), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception, evapo-transpiration (ET crop), water use efficiency (WUE), and harvest index (HI), were determined. Percent PAR was higher in D2 than in D1 before thinning but higher in D1 than in D2 after thinning in both seasons. PAR interception was highest in W2 but similar in W1, W3 and W4 in both seasons. SMC was significantly lower in W2 but similar in W1, W3 and W4. D2 had lower SMC than D1 in season two. Weeding regime significantly influenced ET crop, while planting density and weeding regime significantly influenced WUE and HI. D2 maximizes water and light use for forage production but results to increased intra-specific plant competition for water and light severely before thinning (96 DAE) that reduce grain yield in dual purpose maize, relative to D1.