Nanoparticle agglomeration in an evaporating levitated droplet for different acoustic amplitudes

Radiatively heated levitated functional droplets with nanosilica suspensions exhibit three distinct stages namely pure evaporation, agglomeration, and finally structure formation. The temporal history of the droplet surface temperature shows two inflection points. One inflection point corresponds to a local maximum and demarcates the end of transient heating of the droplet and domination of vaporization. The second inflection point is a local minimum and indicates slowing down of the evaporation rate due to surface accumulation of nanoparticles. Morphology and final precipitation structures of levitated droplets are due to competing mechanisms of particle agglomeration, evaporation, and shape deformation. In this work, we provide a detailed analysis for each process and propose two important timescales for evaporation and agglomeration that determine the final diameter of the structure formed. It is seen that both agglomeration and evaporation timescales are similar functions of acoustic amplitude (sound pressure level), droplet size, viscosity, and density. However, we show that while the agglomeration timescale decreases with initial particle concentration, the evaporation timescale shows the opposite trend. The final normalized diameter can be shown to be dependent solely on the ratio of agglomeration to evaporation timescales for all concentrations and acoustic amplitudes. The structures also exhibit various aspect ratios (bowls, rings, spheroids) which depend on the ratio of the deformation timescale (t(def)) and the agglomeration timescale (t(g)). For t(def) < t(g), a sharp peak in aspect ratio is seen at low concentrations of nanosilica which separates high aspect ratio structures like rings from the low aspect ratio structures like bowls and spheroids. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4775791]

Heat and mass transfer and chemical transformation in a cerium nitrate droplet

This paper deals with the thermo-physical changes that a droplet undergoes when it is radiatively heated in a levitated environment. The heat and mass transport model has been developed along with chemical kinetics within a cerium nitrate droplet. The chemical transformation of cerium nitrate to ceria during the process is predicted using Kramers' reaction mechanism which justifies the formation of ceria at a very low temperature as observed in experiments. The rate equation modeled by Kramers is modified suitably to be applicable within the framework of a droplet, and predicts experimental results well in both bulk form of cerium nitrate and in aqueous cerium nitrate droplet. The dependence of dissociation reaction rate on droplet size is determined and the transient mass concentration of unreacted cerium nitrate is reported. The model is validated with experiments both for liquid phase vaporization and chemical reaction. Vaporization and chemical conversion are simulated for different ambient conditions. The competitive effects of sensible heating rate and the rate of vaporization with diffusion of cerium nitrate is seen to play a key role in determining the mass fraction of ceria formed within the droplet. Spatially resolved modeling of the droplet enables the understanding of the conversion of chemical species in more detail.

Precision control of drying using rhythmic dancing of sessile nanoparticle laden droplets

This work analyses the unique spatio-temporal alteration of the deposition pattern of evaporating nanoparticle laden droplets resting on a hydrophobic surface through targeted low frequency substrate vibrations. External excitation near the lowest resonant mode (n = 2) of the droplet initially de-pins and then subsequently re-pins the droplet edge creating pseudo-hydrophilicity (low contact angle). Vibration subsequently induces droplet shape oscillations (cyclic elongation and flattening) resulting in strong flow recirculation. This strong radially outward liquid flow augments nanoparticle transport, vaporization, and agglomeration near the pinned edge resulting in much reduced drying time under certain characteristic frequency of oscillations. The resultant deposit exhibits a much flatter structure with sharp, defined peripheral wedge topology as compared to natural drying. Such controlled manipulation of transport enables tailoring of structural and topological morphology of the deposits and offers possible routes towards controlling the formation and drying timescales which are crucial for applications ranging from pharmaceutics to surface patterning. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Effect of evaporation and agglomeration on droplet shape oscillations

The effects of evaporation and the presence of agglomerating nanoparticles on the oscillation characteristics of pendant droplets are studied experimentally using ethanol and aqueous nanoalumina suspension, respectively. Axisymmetric oscillations induced by a round air jet are considered. Wavelet transform of the time evolution of the 2nd modal coefficient revealed that while a continuous increase in the natural frequency of the droplet occurs with time due to the diameter regression induced by vaporization in the case of ethanol droplet, no such change in resonant frequency occurs in the case of the agglomerating droplet. However, a gradual reduction in the oscillation amplitude ensues as the agglomeration becomes dominant. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sphere to ring morphological transformation in drying nanofluid droplets in a contact-free environment

Understanding the transients of buckling in drying colloidal suspensions is pivotal for producing new functional microstructures with tunable morphologies. Here, we report first observations and elucidate the buckling instability induced morphological transition (sphere to ring structure) in an acoustically levitated, heated nanosuspension droplet using dynamic energy balance. Droplet deformation featuring the formation of symmetric cavities is initiated by capillary pressure that is two to three orders of magnitude greater than the acoustic radiation pressure, thus indicating that the standing pressure field has no influence on the buckling front kinetics. With an increase in heat flux, the growth rate of surface cavities and their post-buckled volume increase while the buckling time period reduces, thereby altering the buckling pathway and resulting in distinct precipitate structures. However, irrespective of the heating rate, the volumetric droplet deformation exhibits a linear time dependence and the droplet vaporization is observed to deviate from the classical D-2-law.

Universal buckling kinetics in drying nanoparticle-laden droplets on a hydrophobic substrate

We provide a comprehensive physical description of the vaporization, self-assembly, agglomeration, and buckling kinetics of sessile nanofluid droplets pinned on a hydrophobic substrate. We have deciphered five distinct regimes of the droplet life cycle. Regimes I-III consists of evaporation-induced preferential agglomeration that leads to the formation of a unique dome-shaped inhomogeneous shell with a stratified varying-density liquid core. Regime IV involves capillary-pressure-initiated shell buckling and stress-induced shell rupture. Regime V marks rupture-induced cavity inception and growth. We demonstrate through scaling arguments that the growth of the cavity (which controls the final morphology or structure) can be described by a universal function.

Comparison of Convective and Radiative Heating Modes on the Thermophysical Changes of a Cerium Nitrate Droplet

In this paper, we try to establish the equivalence or similarity in the thermal and physiochemical changes in precursor droplets (cerium nitrate) in convective and radiative fields. The radiative field is created through careful heating of the droplet using a monochromatic light source (CO2 laser). The equivalence is also established for different modes of convection like droplet injected into a high-speed flow and droplet experiencing a convective flow due to acoustic streaming (levitated) only. The thermophysical changes are studied in an aqueous cerium nitrate droplet, and the dissociation of cerium nitrate to ceria is modeled using modified Kramers' reaction rate formulation. It is observed that vaporization, species accumulation, and chemical characteristics obtained in a convectively heated droplet are retained in a radiatively heated droplet by careful adjustment of the laser intensity. The timescales and ceria yield match reasonably well for both the cases. It is also noted that similar conclusions are drawn in both levitated droplet and a nonlevitated droplet.

Insight into the Evaporation Dynamics of a Pair of Sessile Droplets on a Hydrophobic Substrate

In this work, we have demonstrated three unique regimes in the evaporation lifecycle of a pair of sessile droplets placed in variable proximity on a hydrophobic substrate. For small separation distance, the droplets undergo asymmetric spatiotemporal,evaporation leading to contact angle hysteresis and suppressed vaporization. The reduced evaporation has been attributed quantitatively to the existence of a constrained vapor-rich dome between the two droplets. However, a dynamic decrease in the droplet radius due to solvent removal marks a return to symmetry in terms of evaporation and contact angle. We have described the variation in evaporation flux using a universal correction factor. We have also demonstrated the existence of a critical separation distance beyond which the droplets in the, droplet pair do not affect each other. The results are crucial to a plethora of applications ranging from surface patterning to lab-on-a-chip devices.

Insight into the Evaporation Dynamics of a Pair of Sessile Droplets on a Hydrophobic Substrate

In this work, we have demonstrated three unique regimes in the evaporation lifecycle of a pair of sessile droplets placed in variable proximity on a hydrophobic substrate. For small separation distance, the droplets undergo asymmetric spatiotemporal,evaporation leading to contact angle hysteresis and suppressed vaporization. The reduced evaporation has been attributed quantitatively to the existence of a constrained vapor-rich dome between the two droplets. However, a dynamic decrease in the droplet radius due to solvent removal marks a return to symmetry in terms of evaporation and contact angle. We have described the variation in evaporation flux using a universal correction factor. We have also demonstrated the existence of a critical separation distance beyond which the droplets in the, droplet pair do not affect each other. The results are crucial to a plethora of applications ranging from surface patterning to lab-on-a-chip devices.

Application of enthalpy method for moving boundary problem in laser surface melting

A numerical analysis was carried out to study the moving boundary problem in the physical process of pulsed Nd-YAG laser surface melting prior to vaporization. The enthalpy method was applied to solve this two-phase axisymmetrical melting problem Computational results of temperature fields were obtained, which provide useful information to practical laser treatment processing. The validity of enthalpy method in solving such problems is presented.

Long pulsed laser induced reverse bulging and plugging

A new kind of failure mode is observed in circular brass foils whose peripheries are fixed and whose surfaces are subjected to a long pulsed laser over a central region. The failure is classified into three stages; they are referred to as thermal bulging, localized shear deformation and perforation by plugging. A distinct feature of the failure mode is that bulging and plugging occurred in the direction opposite to the incident laser beam. The failure mode is different from the well-known types of laser induced material damage, such as spallation, melting and/or vaporization.

Fraccionamiento del licor gastado en pasteado al sulfito ácido mediante ultrafiltración

Lignosulphonates (LS) and fermentable sugars are the main components of spent sulphite liquors (SSL) produced in acid sulphite pulping. In spite of different methods have been used for spent liquor fractionation such as precipitation or vaporization; membrane technology allows the separation of these components from the SSL due to their different size molecular weight, offering great advantages with regards to the traditionally methods (less energy consumption, high selective separation, and many others). In the present study, ceramic membranes with different cut-offs (15 kDa, 5 kDa and 1 kDa) were used to achieve the sugar purification and the LS concentration. The membranes were evaluated according to their efficacy and efficiency properties. Different series system were tested in order to improve the aptitudes of a singular membrane. The system with the three membranes in series (15, 5 and 1 kDa respectively) obtained the most purified permeate stream, referred to the sugar content. Also, a characterisation of the LS contained in the different streams produced in this system was carried out in order to know in a more precise manner the valorisation potential of these components by means of biorefinery processes.

三倍频分光膜在1064 nm的破斑特性研究

采用电子束蒸发方式制备了两种不同材料组合的分光膜,分别对其在波长1064 nm激光辐照下的损伤阈值进行了测试,用Alpha-Step 500台阶仪对破斑进行了深度测量。实验结果表明,破斑呈现出表面层的剥落和深坑破坏两种形态。表面层的剥落深度在一定范围内不随能量密度的变化而变化；深坑破坏深浅不一,是膜内缺陷融化、汽化及喷发的综合作用的结果,是损伤阈值降低的主要原因。

Perfil dos HPA prioritários na exaustão de veículo a diesel, no combustível diesel utilizado durante os ensaios de emissão veicular e no óleo lubrificante do motor

As concentrações na exaustão e os fatores de emissão dos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) prioritários de um veículo a diesel e as suas respectivas concentrações no diesel usado durante os ensaios de emissão veicular foram determinados com a finalidade de estimar a contribuição dos HPA provenientes do combustível nas emissões. Os produtos da combustão foram coletados diretamente nas emissões brutas do escapamento, utilizando um sistema de amostragem a volume constante sem diluição dos gases da exaustão. Os HPA associados ao MP foram amostrados de forma estratificada, utilizando um impactador em cascata MOUDI e filtros de fibra de vidro como substratos, e os HPA em fase gasosa foram amostrados usando cartuchos de amberlite XAD-2. A concentração dos HPA no óleo lubrificante do motor também foi monitorada ao longo do tempo até a sua troca após 12.000 km de uso. Após a extração e tratamento das amostras, a identificação e quantificação dos HPA foram realizadas, utilizando cromatografia de fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) com injetor de grande volume de vaporização com a temperatura programável (PTV-LVI). Cinco variáveis do PTV-LVI foram otimizadas, utilizando planejamento de experimentos, o que permitiu obter limites de detecção menores do que 2,0 g L-1. Somente 7 dos 16 HPA prioritários foram identificados na exaustão: NAP, ACY, ACE, FLU, FEN, FLT e PYR. Os ensaios de emissão veicular foram realizados com o veículo em modo estacionário, sem aplicação de carga e com baixa velocidade de rotação do motor (1500 rpm), utilizando um diesel com menor teor de enxofre (10 mg kg-1) e com 5% v/v de biodiesel. Esses fatores possivelmente contribuíram para reduzir as emissões dos outros 9 HPA a valores abaixo dos limites de detecção do método desenvolvido. Aproximadamente 80% da massa dos HPA totais associados ao MP estavam presentes em partículas com tamanho entre 1,0 m e 56 nm, e aproximadamente 4,5% estavam presentes em partículas menores do que 56 nm. Partículas menores que 2,5 m são facilmente inaladas e depositadas no trato respiratório e na região alveolar, justificando a preocupação com relação às emissões de HPA associados a partículas provenientes da exaustão veicular de motores a diesel. Somente 5 dos 7 HPA identificados na exaustão foram detectados no diesel: NAP, ACY, FLU, FEN e PYR. A razão entre os fatores de emissão (g L-1diesel) dos HPA na exaustão e suas respectivas concentrações do diesel (g L-1) variaram de 0,01 0,02 a 0,05 0,029, dependendo do HPA. Esses valores indicam que pelo menos 95 a 99% dos HPA identificados no diesel foram destruídos e/ou transformados em outros compostos durante a combustão, e/ou foram retidos no reservatório do óleo lubrificante. Por outro lado, os HPA que tiveram maiores concentrações no diesel também apresentaram maiores fatores de emissão, o que sugere que os HPA provenientes do diesel possuem uma contribuição significativa para as emissões dos HPA totais. O perfil dos HPA prioritários no óleo lubrificante mostrou-se semelhante ao perfil dos HPA no diesel e nas emissões totais, onde o NAP, FEN e PYR foram os HPA majoritários

Fibre laser microvia drilling and ablation of Si with tuneable pulse shapes

The dramatic increase in hole quality on single crystalline silicon with an 1 μm fiber laser has been reported recently, it redefines the processing options for Si at that wavelength. This study investigated the effects of the MOPA based pulse tuning on the changes of the machined depth and the mass removal mechanism for the generation of microvia holes. Hole depths were measured and surface morphology studied using SEM and optical interferometric profilometry. The pulse peak power was found to strongly influence the material removal mechanism with fixed pulse duration. High peak powers (>1 kW) gave vaporization dominated ablation, left a limited re solidified molten layer and clean hole formation. The pulse duration was found to strongly influence the machined depth. Longer pulse durations generated deeper holes with constant peak power (>1 kW). In comparison with the DPSS UV laser, the IR fiber laser of longer pulse durations machined deeper holes and generated less resolidifed melt beyond the hole rim at high fluencies. The comparison suggests that some applications (microvia drilling) of the DPSS UV laser can be replaced with the more flexible, low cost IR fiber laser. © KSPE and Springer 2012.