As dimensões geográficas dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais

This article aims to further discuss the Local Productive Arrangements (APLs), considering some geographical visions thinking about spatial configuration and the economic and social processes that characterize them, configuring a wide range of territorialities and productive territories that mark the landscape current Brazilian. In this sense, APLs are present today in both the figure of those who study analytical concept for regional development, and as a public policy supporting networks and supply chains in their territorial bases, especially small businesses. Thus, this arrangements can be read, geographically, as territorial productive specializations that are configured in spatial circuits of production, integrated with other regions, localities and supply chains through the morphology of networks and districts and grounded in networks of urban networks of material and immaterial flows which are bringing urban centers of different sizes. Considering the multidimensionality of the subject, the clusters have certain weaknesses in terms of their assumptions and perspectives, especially the limitations of the tool if designed just for resources and policies applied at the local level. Suggest the approach of a "geography of APLs" is to seek treat it from a territorial and socio reading.

Deslocamentos pendulares, consumo e shopping centers em cidades médias paulistas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Planos diretores participativos e gestão urbana em cidades médias sob o estatuto da cidade

The paper analyzes the implementation of the new regulatory framework of urban policy in Brazil, synthesized by the Constitution of 1988 and its subsequent regulations by the Statute of the City (Federal Law No. 10.257/2001). The empirical analysis focuses on three medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo (Piracicaba, Bauru and Rio Claro), and addresses three complementary dimensions. First: interprets the participatory processes that resulted in the new Master Plan. Second, analyzes the crisis of the developmental model for understanding the transformations experienced by the Brazilian urban network, through which the medium-sized cities took on increasing economic relevance. Third: examines the inclusion and regulation of Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS) and how this instrument has been used in dealing with urban problems and the housing deficit. Apart from normative considerations, the study aims to assess the actual contribution of the City Statute in the democratization of urban management.

As dinâmicas espaciais do comércio e do consumo em pequenas cidades: Ipeúna (SP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção do Espaço Urbano e Dinâmica Imobiliária em Cidades Médias: os casos de Presidente Prudente (SP), São José do Rio Preto (SP) e Lleida (ESP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção do Espaço Urbano e Dinâmica Imobiliária em Cidades Médias: os casos de Presidente Prudente (SP), São José do Rio Preto (SP) e Lleida (ESP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

As instituições administrativas e o planejamento territorial paulista: 1938-1967

O objetivo é analisar o papel das instituições administrativas no planejamento urbano e regional do Estado de São Paulo. Nosso objeto de estudo são as leis e decretos estaduais e federais e as ações do Estado que definiram os padrões de organização territorial das cidades. Entendemos que a partir deles as ações administrativas atribuíram às cidades um modelo de planejamento setorizado e polarizado. Entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960, esse modelo formou a base para a aplicação de uma divisão funcional urbana fundada nas características produtivas e responsável pela provisão de recursos. A partir da década de 1960, a organização territorial paulista foi padronizada pelo conceito de polo urbano e o planejamento urbano e regional ficou submetido às condicionantes econômicas.

3D probability tomography: theoretical developments and applications to high-resolution geophysical prospecting

The theory of the 3D multipole probability tomography method (3D GPT) to image source poles, dipoles, quadrupoles and octopoles, of a geophysical vector or scalar field dataset is developed. A geophysical dataset is assumed to be the response of an aggregation of poles, dipoles, quadrupoles and octopoles. These physical sources are used to reconstruct without a priori assumptions the most probable position and shape of the true geophysical buried sources, by determining the location of their centres and critical points of their boundaries, as corners, wedges and vertices. This theory, then, is adapted to the geoelectrical, gravity and self potential methods. A few synthetic examples using simple geometries and three field examples are discussed in order to demonstrate the notably enhanced resolution power of the new approach. At first, the application to a field example related to a dipole–dipole geoelectrical survey carried out in the archaeological park of Pompei is presented. The survey was finalised to recognize remains of the ancient Roman urban network including roads, squares and buildings, which were buried under the thick pyroclastic cover fallen during the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption. The revealed anomaly structures are ascribed to wellpreserved remnants of some aligned walls of Roman edifices, buried and partially destroyed by the 79 AD Vesuvius pyroclastic fall. Then, a field example related to a gravity survey carried out in the volcanic area of Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) is presented, aimed at imaging as accurately as possible the differential mass density structure within the first few km of depth inside the volcanic apparatus. An assemblage of vertical prismatic blocks appears to be the most probable gravity model of the Etna apparatus within the first 5 km of depth below sea level. Finally, an experimental SP dataset collected in the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius volcanic district (Naples, Italy) is elaborated in order to define location and shape of the sources of two SP anomalies of opposite sign detected in the northwestern sector of the surveyed area. The modelled sources are interpreted as the polarization state induced by an intense hydrothermal convective flow mechanism within the volcanic apparatus, from the free surface down to about 3 km of depth b.s.l..

Analisi e ottimizzazione del servizio di raccolta e trasporto dei rifiuti anche in relazione alle tematiche ambientali: un'applicazione alla rete urbana di Bologna

Questo studio, che è stato realizzato in collaborazione con Hera, è un'analisi della gestione dei rifiuti a Bologna. La ricerca è stata effettuata su diversi livelli: un livello strategico il cui scopo è quello di identificare nuovi metodi per la raccolta dei rifiuti in funzione delle caratteristiche del territorio della città, un livello analitico che riguarda il miglioramento delle applicazioni informatiche di supporto, e livello ambientale che riguarda il calcolo delle emissioni in atmosfera di veicoli adibiti alla raccolta e al trasporto dei rifiuti. innanzitutto è stato necessario studiare Bologna e lo stato attuale dei servizi di raccolta dei rifiuti. È incrociando questi componenti che in questi ultimi tre anni sono state effettuate modifiche nel settore della gestione dei rifiuti. I capitoli seguenti sono inerenti le applicazioni informatiche a sostegno di tali attività: Siget e Optit. Siget è il programma di gestione del servizio, che attualmente viene utilizzato per tutte le attività connesse alla raccolta di rifiuti. È un programma costituito da moduli diversi, ma di sola la gestione dati. la sperimentazione con Optit ha aggiunto alla gestione dei dati la possibilità di avere tali dati in cartografia e di associare un algoritmo di routing. I dati archiviati in Siget hanno rappresentato il punto di partenza, l'input, e il raggiungimento di tutti punti raccolta l'obiettivo finale. L'ultimo capitolo è relativo allo studio dell'impatto ambientale di questi percorsi di raccolta dei rifiuti. Tale analisi, basata sulla valutazione empirica e sull'implementazione in Excel delle formule del Corinair mostra la fotografia del servizio nel 2010. Su questo aspetto Optit ha fornito il suo valore aggiunto, implementando nell'algoritmo anche le formule per il calcolo delle emissioni.

An Intelligent Assistant for Public Transport Management

This paper describes the architecture of a computer system conceived as an intelligent assistant for public transport management. The goal of the system is to help operators of a control center in making strategic decisions about how to solve problems of a fleet of buses in an urban network. The system uses artificial intelligence techniques to simulate the decision processes. In particular, a complex knowledge model has been designed by using advanced knowledge engineering methods that integrates three main tasks: diagnosis, prediction and planning. Finally, the paper describes two particular applications developed following this architecture for the cities of Torino (Italy) and Vitoria (Spain).

Estudio de rehabilitación acústica de los edificios del barrio de Lavapiés

Los tejidos urbanos, los barrios y los edificios en proceso de degradación física, social o ambiental requieren acciones de rehabilitación urbana que garanticen el bienestar de las personas. La sociedad demanda, cada vez más, el derecho al descanso y a una vida sin ruidos, como signo de desarrollo y progreso. Es por ello, que se debe conducir el comportamiento de la edificación y del metabolismo urbano hacia unos mínimos de calidad acústica que permitan mejorar las deficiencias de aislamiento acústico que presentan los edificios existentes de gran parte de las ciudades y sus centros históricos. En este sentido, el objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Máster es el de contribuir al estudio de las acciones de rehabilitación y las soluciones técnicas que permitan desarrollar edificios acústicamente eficientes en el barrio de Lavapiés. Como punto de partida se realizará la caracterización urbanística del barrio, analizando la calidad de la edificación, la geometría de las calles, los principales viarios, para posteriormente estudiar la cartografía acústica de Lavapiés a través de los Mapas Estratégicos de Ruido. Porque el ruido tiene una importante componente subjetiva, se realizará además una encuesta de calidad acústica para conocer la opinión del ciudadano de Lavapiés, tratando de comprender la problemática de ruido en el barrio y cómo afecta ésta a sus vecinos. Por último se desarrollarán unas directrices generales para la rehabilitación acústica de los edificios existentes, y se llevarán a la práctica realizando una propuesta de rehabilitación acústica de un edificio del siglo XIX situado en la Calle Ave María de Lavapiés. Cada obra de rehabilitación es una oportunidad de mejorar las deficientes condiciones acústicas de los edificios dentro de lo viable técnica y económicamente, a pesar de que puede que no se lleguen a alcanzar los niveles exigidos en el DB HR. SUMMARY. The urban network, the neighborhoods and the buildings in progress of physical, social and environmental degradation require actions of urban restoration to guarantee people’s welfare. Society demands, more every time, the right to rest and to life without noise, as an evidence of development and progress. That is why, the behavior of building and the urban metabolism must be lead to the best acoustic quality allowing to improve the acoustic sound proofing deficiencies that now a days some of the existing buildings present in most of the cities and its historical downtowns. In this direction, the goal of this “Trabajo de Fin de Master” is to contribute to the study of the rehabilitation actions and the technical solutions that will make possible to develop acoustically efficient buildings in Lavapies area. To begin a urbanistic classification of the neighborhood will be done, analyzing the quality of construction, the geometry of the streets, the main road routes to study, afterwards,the acoustic cartography of Lavapies through the Strategic Maps of Noise. Also because noise has an important subjective component, a survey about acoustic quality will be made to know the opinion of Lavapies citizens, trying to understand the problems of noise in the neighborhood and how this may affect its neighbors. Finally some general guidelines of the acoustic rehabilitation of the buildings will be shown and materialized in a proposal of an acoustic rehabilitation of a XIX century building placed in Ave María Street in Lavapies. Each rehabilitation work is a chance to improve the insufficient acoustic conditions of the buildings within technical and economical possibilities, despite of the fact that it might not be possible to reach the levels demand by the DB HR anyway.

Ventilation and FFFS fire tests for “Calle 30” road tunnels

Between 2003 and 2007 an urban network or road tunnels with a total constructed tubes length of 45 km was built in the city of Madrid. This amazing engineering work, known as "Calle 30 Project" counted with different kinds of tunnel typologies and ventilation systems. Due to the length of the tunnels and the impact of the work itself, the tunnels were endowed with a great variety of installations to provide the maximum levels of safety both for users and the infrastructure includieng, in some parts of the tunnel, fixed fire fighting system based on water mist. Whithin this framework a large-scale programme of fire tests was planned to study different aspects related to fire safety in the tunnels including the phenomena of the interaction between ventilation and extinguishing system. In addition, these large scale fire tests allowed fire brigades of the city of Madrid an opportunity to define operational procedures for specific fire fighting in tunnels and evaluate the possibilities of fixed fire fighting systems. The tests were carried out in the Center of Experimentation "San pedro of Anes" which includes a 600 m tunnel with a removable false ceiling for reproducing different ceiling heights and ventilation conditions (transverse and longitudinal ones). Interesting conclusions on the interaction of ventilation and water mist systems were obtained but also on other aspects including performance of water mist system in terms of reduction of gas temperatures or visibility conditions. This paper presents a description of the test's programme carried out and some previous results obtained.

Large Scale Fire Tests for the “Calle 30 Project"

Between 2003 and 2007 an urban network of road tunnels with a total constructed tubes length of 45 km was built in the city of Madrid. This amazing engineering work, known as “Calle30 Project” counted with different kinds of tunnel typologies and ventilation systems. Due to the length of the tunnels and the impact of the work itself, the tunnels were endowed with a great variety of installations to provide the maximum levels of safety both for users and the infrastructure including,in some parts of the tunnel, fixed fire fighting system based on water mist. Within this framework a large-scale campaign of fire tests were planned to study different aspects related to fire safety in the tunnels including the phenomena of the interaction between ventilation and extinction system. In addition, this large scale fire tests allowed fire brigades of the city of Madrid an opportunity to define operational procedures for specific fire fighting in tunnels and evaluate the possibilities of fixed fire fighting systems. The tests were carried out in the Center of Experimentation "San Pedro of Anes" which counts with a 600 m tunnel with a removable false ceiling for reproducing different ceiling heights and ventilation conditions (transverse and longitudinal ones). Interesting conclusions on the interaction of ventilation and water mist systems were obtained but also on other aspects including performance of water mist system in terms of reduction of gas temperatures or visibility conditions. This paper presents a description of the test’s campaign carried out and some previous results obtained.

El vacío entre infraestructuras lineales y ciudad: espacios anómalos como oportunidad para lo colectivo

Partiendo del estudio del vacío del muro de Berlín en el Laboratorio de Paisaje como infraestructura lineal y espacio anómalo, se pretende profundizar la investigación de los vacíos generados por las infraestructuras lineales que atraviesan nuestras ciudades, espacios marginales, olvidados o apartados de la trama urbana pero llenos de identidad y significado donde se pueden generar nuevas oportunidades para el espacio público. A través de un estudio de casos se intentará analizar la potencialidad de este tipo de espacios intermedios como nuevos espacios para la colectividad a través de su re-significación y de su conexión con la red de espacios publicos urbanos. ABSTRACT. Based on the study of the void within the Berlin Wall at the Lab in the first semester as linear infrastructure and anomalous space, this research aims to study the gaps generated by linear infrastructures that pass through our cities, marginal spaces, forgotten or disconnected from the urban network but full of identity and meaning where new opportunities can be created for the public space. Through a case study will analyze the potential of such gaps as new spaces for the community through its re-signification and its connection with the network of urban public spaces.

Metodología para el análisis de los efectos de la rotura de un depósito en entorno urbano y clasificación de su riesgo potencial

El riesgo asociado a la rotura de un depósito de agua en entorno urbano (como la ocurrida, por ejemplo, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla en Noviembre de 1997) y los potenciales daños que puede causar, pone en duda la seguridad de este tipo de infraestructuras que, por necesidades del servicio de abastecimiento de agua, se construyen habitualmente en puntos altos y cercanos a los núcleos de población a los que sirven. Sin embargo, la baja probabilidad de que se produzca una rotura suele rebajar los niveles de alerta asociados a los depósitos, haciéndose hincapié en la mejora de los métodos constructivos sin elaborar metodologías que, como en el caso de las presas y las balsas de riego, establezcan la necesidad de clasificar el riesgo potencial de estas infraestructuras en función de su emplazamiento y de estudiar la posible construcción de medidas mitigadoras de una posible rotura. Por otro lado, para establecer los daños que pueden derivarse de una rotura de este tipo, se hace imprescindible la modelización bidimensional de la ola de rotura por cuanto la malla urbana a la que afectaran no es susceptible de simulaciones unidimensionales, dado que no hay un cauce que ofrezca un camino preferente al agua. Este tipo de simulación requiere de una inversión económica que no siempre está disponible en la construcción de depósitos de pequeño y mediano tamaño. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo el diseño de una metodología simplificada que, por medio de graficas y atendiendo a las variables principales del fenómeno, pueda estimar un valor para el riesgo asociado a una posible rotura y sirva como guía para establecer si un deposito (existente o de nueva implantación) requiere de un modelo de detalle para estimar el riesgo y si es conveniente implantar alguna medida mitigadora de la energía producida en una rotura de este tipo. Con carácter previo se ha establecido que las variables que intervienen en la definición de riesgo asociado a la rotura, son el calado y la velocidad máxima en cada punto sensible de sufrir daños (daños asociados al vuelco y arrastre de personas principalmente), por lo que se ha procedido a estudiar las ecuaciones que rigen el problema de la rotura del depósito y de la transmisión de la onda de rotura por la malla urbana adyacente al mismo, así como los posibles métodos de resolución de las mismas y el desarrollo informático necesario para una primera aproximación a los resultados. Para poder analizar las condiciones de contorno que influyen en los valores resultantes de velocidad y calado, se ha diseñado una batería de escenarios simplificados que, tras una modelización en detalle y un análisis adimensional, han dado como resultado que las variables que influyen en los valores de calado y velocidad máximos en cada punto son: la altura de la lamina de agua del depósito, la pendiente del terreno, la rugosidad, la forma del terreno (en términos de concavidad) y la distancia del punto de estudio al deposito. Una vez definidas las variables que influyen en los resultados, se ha llevado a cabo una segunda batería de simulaciones de escenarios simplificados que ha servido para la discusión y desarrollo de las curvas que se presentan como producto principal de la metodología simplificada. Con esta metodología, que solamente necesita de unos cálculos simples para su empleo, se obtiene un primer valor de calado y velocidad introduciendo la altura de la lámina de agua máxima de servicio del depósito cuyo riesgo se quiere evaluar. Posteriormente, y utilizando el ábaco propuesto, se obtienen coeficientes correctores de los valores obtenidos para la rugosidad y pendiente media del terreno que se esta evaluando, así como para el grado de concavidad del mismo (a través de la pendiente transversal). Con los valores obtenidos con las curvas anteriores se obtienen los valores de calado y velocidad en el punto de estudio y, aplicando la formulación propuesta, se obtiene una estimación del riesgo asociado a la rotura de la infraestructura. Como corolario a la metodología mencionada, se propone una segunda serie de gráficos para evaluar, también de forma simplificada, la reducción del riesgo que se obtendría con la construcción de alguna medida mitigadora como puede ser un dique o murete perimetral al depósito. Este método de evaluación de posible medidas mitigadoras, aporta una guía para analizar la posibilidad de disminuir el riesgo con la construcción de estos elementos, o la necesidad de buscar otro emplazamiento que, si bien pueda ser no tan favorable desde el punto de vista de la explotación del depósito, presente un menor riesgo asociado a su rotura. Como complemento a la metodología simplificada propuesta, y además de llevar a cabo la calibración de la misma con los datos obtenidos tras la rotura del depósito de agua de Melilla, se ha realizado una serie de ejemplos de utilización de la metodología para, además de servir de guía de uso de la misma, poder analizar la diferencia entre los resultados que se obtendrían con una simulación bidimensional detallada de cada uno de los casos y el método simplificado aplicado a los mismos. The potential risk of a catastrophic collapse of a water supply reservoir in an urban area (such as the one occurred in Melilla in November 1997) and the damages that can cause, make question the security in this kind of infrastructures, which, by operational needs, are frequently built in high elevations and close to the urban areas they serve to. Since the likelihood of breakage is quite low, the alert levels associated to those infrastructures have also been downgraded focussing on the improvement of the constructive methods without developing methodologies (like the ones used in the case of dams or irrigation ponds) where there is a need of classifying the potential risk of those tanks and also of installing mitigating measures. Furthermore, to establish the damages related to a breakage of this kind, a twodimensional modelling of the breakage wave becomes imperative given that the urban layout does not provide a preferential way to the water. This kind of simulation requires financial investment that is not always available in the construction of small and medium sized water tanks. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to design a simplified methodology, by means of charts and attending to the main variables of the phenomenon, that could estimate a value to the risk associated to a possible breakage. It can also be used as a guidance to establish if a reservoir (existing or a new one) requires a detailed model to estimate the risk of a breakage and the benefits of installing measures to mitigate the breakage wave effects. Previously, it has been established that the variables involved in the risk associated to a breakage are the draft and the maximum speed in every point susceptible to damages (mainly damages related to people). Bellow, the equations ruling the problem of the reservoir breakage have been studied as well as the transmission of the breakage wave through the urban network of the city and the possible methods to solve the equations and the computer development needed to a first approach to the results. In order to be able to analyse the boundary conditions affecting the values resulting (speed and draft), a set of scenarios have been designed. After a detailed modelling and a dimensionless analysis it has been proved that the variables that influence the operational draughts and the maximum speed in every point are the water level in the tank, the slope, the roughness and form (in terms of concavity) of the terrain and the distance between the tank and the control point. Having defined the involving variables, a second set of simulations of the simplified scenarios has been carried out and has helped to discuss and develop the curves that are here presented as the final product of the simplified methodology. This methodology only needs some simple calculations and gives a first value of draft and speed by introducing the maximum water level of the tank being evaluated. Subsequently, using the suggested charts, the method gives correction coefficients of the measured values for roughness and average slope of the assessed terrain as well as the degree of concavity (through transverse gradient).With the values from the previous curves (operational draughts and speed at the point of survey) and applying the proposed formulation, an estimation of the risk associated to the breakage of the infrastructure is finally obtained. As a corollary of the mentioned methodology, another set of diagrams is proposed in order to evaluate, in a simplified manner also, the risk reduction that could be gained with the construction of some mitigating measures such as dikes or retaining walls around the reservoir. This evaluating method provides a guide to analyse the possibility to reduce the risk, constructing those elements or even looking for a different site that could be worse in terms of exploitation of the tank but much safer. As a complement to the simplified methodology here proposed, and apart from completing its calibration with the obtained data after the reservoir breakage in Melilla, a number of examples of the use of the methodology have been made to be used as a user guide of the methodology itself, as well as giving the possibility of analysing the different results that can be obtained from a thorough two-dimensional simulation or from the simplified method applied to the examples.