Análisis de la influencia del programa de mejoramiento integral de barrios de Bogotá en el territorio del API El tesoro de la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar

La expansión urbana mediante asentamientos de origen informal ha ido aumentado en los últimos años debido al déficit en la oferta de vivienda formal, el costo del suelo urbano y factores económicos, sociales y culturales. Estos asentamientos no cuentan con infraestructura básica y los terrenos que generalmente son invadidos se encuentran en zonas de riesgo y no ofrecen las condiciones físicas y habitacionales adecuadas para el habitar de las personas. El distrito a través del Programa de Mejoramiento Integral de Barrios (PMIB) busca intervenir sobre los aspectos críticos en cada barrio, habilitar la infraestructura básica que permita su integración a la ciudad y mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes. Este proceso parte de delimitar las zonas críticas y definir las intervenciones físicas, sociales y ambientales que deben ser llevadas a cabo por diferentes entidades distritales. En este estudio se hace un análisis de las intervenciones que se han llevado a cabo en la Área Prioritaria de Intervención (API) El Tesoro, para analizar cuales intervenciones llevadas a cabo han sido exitosas y cuales requieren de ajustes para lograr un mejor impacto. Se encontró que estas intervenciones no han sido suficientes para mejorar las condiciones habitacionales de las personas, razón por lo cual es necesario revisar la política y formas de intervención.

Informalidade na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro a partir de 1980

Este estudo busca contribuir à discussão teórica sobre o comportamento do mercado de trabalho e da informalidade na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro - RMRJ, sobretudo a partir dos anos 1990. As informações utilizadas na análise são provenientes principalmente da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) e do Cadastro Geral do Emprego e Desemprego (CAGED) - Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) - da Pesquisa de Amostragem a Domicílio (PNAD), da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME) e da Economia Informal Urbana (ECINF) - do Instituto de Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) - com um recorte nos setores tradicionais da economia. Umas das hipóteses centrais é a da existência de uma relação de causalidade entre as políticas econômicas implementadas a partir de 1990, tais como privatizações de empresas públicas, abertura comercial e financeira para o capital estrangeiro com a informalidade. Estas foram determinantes para oscilações nos níveis de emprego formal das indústrias, com o avanço substancial do setor informal, sobretudo na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ).A análise, feita por setores de atividade, permite comprovar que a informalidade apresenta-se cada vez mais claramente como uma característica da estrutura da economia da metrópole do Rio de Janeiro e não simplesmente como um fenômeno transitório relacionado à redução das atividades industriais.

As políticas públicas de urbanização e regularização fundiária no processo de inclusão social: o PROAP Rio de Janeiro

This work objectives to investigate how the public policies of urbanization and land regularization of the Program of Urbanization of Informal Settlements - PROAP, in Rio de Janeiro allow the social inclusion and the rescue of the citizenship of the poor populations. To reach this objective the two programs of PROAP were analyzed into two communities both beneficed by each one of these programs. First, the social exclusion and how it reflects itself in the form of appropriation of the territory and in the type of housing was deeply analyzed. It leads the analysis of the public policies. As a next step, a brief historical analysis was made to include the PROAP in the historical context, and this was analyzed in each one of its stages. Finally, through a qualitative approaching, the slum of Vigário Geral and the irregular settlement of Ana Gonzaga have been researched, both were chose by their singular characteristics and, according to speech of the inhabitants, it was evaluated how the Program contributes in the social inclusion in these communities.

Malária e migração no Amapá: projeção espacial num contexto de crescimento populacional

Como a malária ainda se mantém como um grave problema de saúde pública e continua afetando grupos da população que vive na região amazônica, principalmente os que moram em áreas de assentamentos e de exploração de garimpos é que decidiu-se desenvolver estudos voltados para a expansão da endemia e sua vinculação com o processo migratório. Outras questões, como a atividade ocupacional, moradia, e a situação da malária importada pela fronteira internacional, também foram consideradas. O universo alvo do estudo está no estado do Amapá, mais especificamente nos municípios de Ferreira Gomes, Porto Grande, Pedra Branca do Amapari, Serra do Navio e Oiapoque com enfoque no contexto urbano de cada município e nas áreas de assentamentos e garimpos onde, no período de 1990 2003, ocorreu a maior incidência parasitária anual e o maior índice de lâminas positivas, para a infecção pelo Plasmodium falciparum. O estudo exploratório - descritivo vinculado ao estudo ecológico foram utilizados para descrever as áreas geográficas e os dados obtidos pelo Sistema de Informações de Malária (SISMAL) e Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica (SIVEP), deram suporte para as análises quantitativas e abordagem qualitativa da situação da malária nas áreas de estudo. Os mapas temáticos foram gerados a partir do georreferenciamento da população estudada utilizando-se a ferramenta ArquiGiz e a base cartográfica digital da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente SEMA , que possibilitaram através de uma visão espacial a discussão, analise e descrição dos fenômenos observados. Mediante os resultados obtidos concluiu-se que a atividade ocupacional e moradia têm relação direta com a incidência da malária, pois no período analisado mesmo com as políticas que foram utilizadas para o controle da endemia as áreas estudadas se mantiveram como de alto risco e a infecção pelo P. falciparum aumentou, principalmente no Oiapoque, fronteira internacional, onde os casos importados apresentaram a mesma tendência.

A first approach to earthquake damage estimation in Haiti: advices to minimize the seismic risk

This study is in the frame of the cooperative line that several Spanish Universities and other foreign partners started with the Haitian government in 2010. According to our studies (Benito et al. in An evaluation of seismic hazard in La Hispaniola, after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, 33rd General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission, Moscow, Russia, 2012) and recent scientific literature, the earthquake hazard in Haiti remains high (Calais et al. in Nat Geosci 3:794–799, 2010). In view of this, we wonder whether the country is currently ready to face another earthquake. In this sense, we estimated several damage scenarios in Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haitien associated to realistic possible major earthquakes. Our findings show that almost 50 % of the building stock of both cities would result uninhabitable due to structural damage. Around 80 % of the buildings in both cities have reinforced concrete structure with concrete block infill; however, the presence of masonry buildings becomes significant (between 25 and 45 % of the reinforced concrete buildings) in rural areas and informal settlements on the outskirts, where the estimated damage is higher. The influence of the soil effect on the damage spatial distribution is evident in both cities. We have found that the percentage of uninhabitable buildings in soft soil areas may be double the percentage obtained in nearby districts located in hard soil. These results reveal that a new seismic catastrophe of similar or even greater consequences than the 2010 Haiti earthquake might happen if the earthquake resilience is not improved in the country. Nowadays, the design of prevention actions and mitigation policies is the best instrument the society has to face seismic risk. In this sense, the results of this research might contribute to define measures oriented to earthquake risk reduction in Haiti, which should be a real priority for national and international institutions.

ANÁLISE DA INFORMALIDADE: uso de crédito e crescimento perante a pesquisa da Ecinf

Este trabalho procura entender um pouco mais e discutir, partindo dos dados disponíveis do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), através de sua pesquisa de economia informal urbana (ECINF) gerada em 2003 (ultima disponível), aspectos ligados à informalidade, crescimento e uso do crédito. Procura explorar, neste contexto, aspectos relevantes ao crescimento e continuidade da micro e pequena empresa. Para atingir este objetivo, procura-se entender inicialmente conceitos sobre estes aspectos (informalidade, crescimento e uso de crédito) e suas características, e através de dados secundários e com o uso de software estatístico, procurar entender as suas relações, através de ANOVA e regressões, bem como optimal scaling contribuindo para o conhecimento deste cenário. Os dados levantandos e comparados com a teoria apontam as relações entre empregador e trabalhador por conta própria indicando dos fatores adotados no estudo quais mais contribuem e os que indicam pouca contribuição dentro deste contexto. Em conclusões acena para uma tendência onde o individamento através do uso de crédito tende a gerar um maior crescimento até um determinado ponto e a partir desta inflecção tende a dificultar a atividade bem como acena dificultar a formalização.(AU)

Asking, giving, receiving:friendship as survival strategy among Accra's street children

This article considers friendship among street children in Accra. Drawing upon the findings of a three-year qualitative research project, the article argues that friendship is a neglected element of research yet cooperation, mutuality and exchange between friends are essential to street children's survival. Living within the extremities of the urban informal sector, the article considers the existence of a strong ethos of 'help' between friends and how street children go about the (re) creation of friendship around those aspects of their lives essential for their daily survival. © The Author(s) 2010.

Importancia del sector informal en los futuros asentamientos urbanos: la metrópolis dual = Importance of the informal sector in future urban settlements: the dual metropolis

Incluye Bibliografía

Informal access to urban land. Housing policies devoted to vulnerable sectors implemented in Cordoba-Argentina

The urban growth in Latino American cities, in a neoliberal context, has led to several population groups to having no possibilities to the access to urban land. Informal and irregular urban settlements increase, requiring attention from local governments, with actions and strategies in order to achieve both the regularization of such situation and further prevention. In the city of Córdoba different informal and irregular operations have taken place promoted by different actors. Furthermore, policies focused on regularization which have been promoted, have few intervention mechanisms, a fact that becomes critical, especially for the urban problems it causes. The main aim of this article is to present a classification over different modes of urban land acquirement taking place out of both urban and civil legislations. Afterwards, different informal settlement typologies are described, as well as the policies focused on them, together with their respective effects and impacts.

The urban littoral frontier : land reclamation in the history of human settlements

The urban waterfront may be regarded as the littoral frontier of human settlement. Typically, over the years, it advances, sometimes retreats, where terrestrial and aquatic processes interact and frequently contest this margin of occupation. Because most towns and cities are sited beside water bodies, many of these urban centers on or close to the sea, their physical expansion is constrained by the existence of aquatic areas in one or more directions from the core. It is usually much easier for new urban development to occur along or inland from the waterfront. Where other physical constraints, such as rugged hills or mountains, make expansion difficult or expensive, building at greater densities or construction on steep slopes is a common response. This kind of development, though technically feasible, is usually more expensive than construction on level or gently sloping land, however. Moreover, there are many reasons for developing along the shore or riverfront in preference to using sites further inland. The high cost of developing existing dry land that presents serious construction difficulties is one reason for creating new land from adjacent areas that are permanently or periodically under water. Another reason is the relatively high value of artificially created land close to the urban centre when compared with the value of existing developable space at a greater distance inland. The creation of space for development is not the only motivation for urban expansion into aquatic areas. Commonly, urban places on the margins of the sea, estuaries, rivers or great lakes are, or were once, ports where shipping played an important role in the economy. The demand for deep waterfronts to allow ships to berth and for adjacent space to accommodate various port facilities has encouraged the advance of the urban land area across marginal shallows in ports around the world. The space and locational demands of port related industry and commerce, too, have contributed to this process. Often closely related to these developments is the generation of waste, including domestic refuse, unwanted industrial by-products, site formation and demolition debris and harbor dredgings. From ancient times, the foreshore has been used as a disposal area for waste from nearby settlements, a practice that continues on a huge scale today. Land formed in this way has long been used for urban development, despite problems that can arise from the nature of the dumped material and the way in which it is deposited. Disposal of waste material is a major factor in the creation of new urban land. Pollution of the foreshore and other water margin wetlands in this way encouraged the idea that the reclamation of these areas may be desirable on public health grounds. With reference to examples from various parts of the world, the historical development of the urban littoral frontier and its effects on the morphology and character of towns and cities are illustrated and discussed. The threat of rising sea levels and the heritage value of many waterfront areas are other considerations that are addressed.

Sustainability and urban settlements: urban metabolism as a framework for achieving sustainable development

Urban settlements, with their role as economic and governance nerve centres, are rapidly expanding in size and in consumption of resources, and consequently have significant impacts on the environment. The transition to an ‘eco-city’ - an urban settlement that adopts the goals and principles in the urban metabolism model - needs to occur to meet the challenges posed by a multitude of pressures including population growth, climate change and resource depletion. Thus, the adoption and integration of ‘sustainable development’ into the management of urban growth is one of the most critical governance issues for urban settlements. A framework in which sustainable development can be achieved is through the lenses of the established theoretical concept of ‘urban metabolism’. The key facet of the proposed ‘Integrated Urban Metabolism Framework’ is the provision of a platform whereby different fields can appreciate, absorb and learn from other areas, to increase the understanding of where each and every one of the pieces fit together in order to create a larger, holistic approach to the currently stagnant problem of unsustainable development.

The Contemporary Urban Condition: Understanding the Globalizing City as Informal, Contested, and Anchored.

In attempting to expand the vocabulary of urban description and understanding, and to offer a new composite conceptual framework for a more integrated urban planning and policy, this essay addresses the informal, contested, and anchored dimensions of the urban in turn; second, it seeks to increasingly link the three within the new global context; and finally, it attempts to draw these strands together in a proposed reconceptualization of the contemporary city within a world where the global is urbanizing and the urban is globalizing.