Efectos sociales y urbanísticos generados por la implantación del sistema de transporte masivo “Transbarca” en la ciudad de Barquisimeto, Estado Lara, Venezuela

El propósito principal de éste trabajo tiene que ver con los procesos de modelado del espacio social, utilizando como campo de estudio los efectos sobre la morfología urbana generados por la implantación del sistema de transporte Masivo Transbarca en la ciudad venezolana de Barquisimeto. La investigación se apoya en buena medida en las teorías de la morfología social elaboradas por el sociólogo E. Durkheim y desarrolladas sobre todo en el campo del urbanismo por M. Halbwachs. En ellas se vincula la morfología social con su sustrato material, la forma urbana, desde una perspectiva sociológica. De igual manera se consideran categorías conceptuales como fragmentación y segregación, según otros enfoques (M. Castells y Reales). El trabajo se desarrolla según una metodología empírica, realizando análisis cuantitativos de los fenómenos que se consideran indicativos (el mercado de vivienda, por ejemplo) y comprobando su relación con la cualificación del espacio urbano donde destacan los procesos de remodelación de la centralidad que resultan de la implantación del Transporte Masivo. Desde esta perspectiva, la solución al transporte colectivo adquiere una dimensión que trasciende su papel como pieza fundamental para el buen funcionamiento de la ciudad moderna en crecimiento, con independencia de que sea capaz de ofrecer una solución a ese desafío, para convertirse en un instrumento de ordenación de la ciudad que afecta a la morfología social y urbana, que supone profundas alteraciones del centro urbano propiamente dicho, que implica una redistribución de los grupos sociales en el espacio reformado de la ciudad: un proceso de remodelación y transformación del espacio funcional y social, presentado como una solución a los problemas de movilidad. También en Venezuela, como en otras partes, la evolución de la morfología social está relacionada con profundos cambios ocurridos en los sustratos físico-estructurales de las ciudades, que a su vez se vinculan con la dinámica de los procesos de globalización que nutren la dinámica interna de construcción y reconstrucción de esos espacios. SUMMARY The main purpose of this work deals with modeling processes of social space, using as a field of study the effects on urban morphology generated by the implementation of the transport system Transbarca Mass in the Venezuelan city of Barquisimeto. The research was based largely on theories of social morphology developed by sociologist E. Durkheim and developed primarily in the field of urban M. Halbwachs. They linked the social morphology with its substrate material, urban form, from a sociological perspective. Similarly conceptual categories are considered as fragmentation and segregation, as other approaches (M. Castells and Royals). The work is developed as an empirical methodology, performing quantitative analysis of the phenomena that are considered indicative (the housing market, for example) and checking its relation to the qualification of urban space which include remodeling processes resulting from the centrality the implementation of mass transportation. From this perspective, collective transport solution acquires a dimension that transcends its role as a cornerstone for the functioning of the modern city growing, regardless of who is able to offer a solution to this challenge, to become an instrument of City management affecting the social and urban morphology, reflecting profound alterations in the city center itself, which implies a redistribution of social groups in the city renovated space: a process of renovation and transformation of social and functional space presented as a solution to mobility problems. Also in Venezuela, as elsewhere, the development of social morphology is associated with profound changes in the physical and structural substrates of cities, which in turn are linked to the dynamics of globalization processes that nourish the internal dynamics construction and reconstruction of these areas.

La ciudad y el viento : la morfología urbana y su relación con el uso estancial del espacio público abierto en territorios con vientos fuertes y climas fríos : el caso de la ciudad de Punta Arenas, región de Magallanes, Chile

El presente trabajo ahonda en el conocimiento del viento urbano. La investigación pasa revista a la historia de la relación del viento y la ciudad y revisa tres pares de disciplinas implicadas en comprender mejor dicha relación: la arquitectura y el urbanismo, la meteorología y la climatología y, por último, la ingeniería aeroespacial y la aerodinámica civil. Se estudian el comportamiento y la fluidez del viento al desplazarse por cuerpos romos no fuselados (los edificios y la trama urbana), así como sus efectos dentro de la ciudad. Asimismo, se examinan las metodologías existentes para comprenderlo, medirlo y analizarlo, desde los estudios de proporción y modelamiento en túneles de viento hasta las simulaciones virtuales y las dinámicas de fluidos CFD. Posteriormente se reconoce un caso de estudio que permite analizar el viento como un factor aislado, pero desde los parámetros morfológicos de una ciudad en la que se generan patrones aerodinámicos muy característicos: Punta Arenas, la ciudad más austral del mundo, donde los vientos corren casi siempre desde la misma dirección, el “oeste”, a más de 33,3 m/s, lo que equivale a 120 Km/h. La hipótesis de la investigación es que la morfología del casco histórico de Punta Arenas genera patrones aerodinámicos que condicionan el bienestar en los espacios públicos. El objetivo general de la investigación es estudiar los efectos aerodinámicos presentes en la morfología urbana para mejorar la permanencia en los espacios públicos, proponiendo estrategias para el desarrollo morfológico y volumétrico de los cuerpos edificados. En el desarrollo del caso de estudio se reconocen, al interior del cañón urbano, las temperaturas, los índices de asoleamiento y sus conos de sombra, la dirección del viento y la visualización del vórtice al interior del cañón urbano, para determinar cómo estos factores impactan en el espacio público. Las conclusiones indican que los patrones aerodinámicos presentes en la morfología urbana conducen el viento hacia los espacios públicos que se encuentran o desprotegidos del viento o con excesiva turbulencias, por tanto, los patrones aerodinámicos inciden en el uso estancial de los espacios públicos, generando problemas mecánicos al peatón e incidiendo en la sensación térmica en dichos espacios. Ello permite confirmar que es posible modificar y mejorar el uso de los espacios públicos si somos capaces de modelar la morfología urbana con el fin de reorientar los patrones aerodinámicos que afectan significativamente a dichos espacios. ABSTRACT This work deepens into the knowledge of urban wind. The study reviews the history of the relationship between the wind and the city and reviews three pairs of disciplines involved in understanding better these relationship: Architecture and Urbanism, Meteorology and Climatology and, finally, Aerospace and Civil Aerodynamics. The behavior and flow of wind through blunt bodies not fairings (the buildings and the urban fabric) and its effects within the city are studied. Also, existing methodologies to understand, measure and analyze the wind are examined, from the studios of proportion and modeling in wind tunnels to virtual simulations and fluid dynamics CFD. Subsequently, a case study to analyze the wind as an isolated factor is recognized, but from the morphological parameters of a city where very characteristic aerodynamic patterns are generated: Punta Arenas, the southernmost city in the world, where the winds run almost always from the same direction, the "West", at more than 33.3 m/s, which is equivalent to 120 km/h. The research hypothesis is that the morphology of the historic center of Punta Arenas generates aerodynamic patterns that determine the well-being in public spaces. The overall objective of the research is to study the aerodynamic effects present in the urban morphology to improve retention in public spaces, proposing strategies for morphological and volumetric development of the built bodies. In developing the case study are recognized, within the urban canyon, temperatures, rates of sunlight and shadow cones, wind direction and visualization of the vortex into the urban canyon, to determine how these factors impact in public space. The findings indicate that the aerodynamic patterns in urban morphology lead wind to public spaces that are unprotected or find themselves in a condition of excessive wind or turbulence; therefore, aerodynamic patterns affect the use of public spaces, generating mechanical problems for pedestrians and affecting the thermal sensation in such spaces. This confirms that it is possible to modify and improve the use of public spaces if we are able to model the urban morphology in order to reorient the aerodynamic patterns that significantly affect those spaces.

Morphology in autism spectrum disorders:local processing bias and language

We conducted a detailed study of a case of linguistic talent in the context of autism spectrum disorder, specifically Asperger syndrome. I.A. displays language strengths at the level of morphology and syntax. Yet, despite this grammar advantage, processing of figurative language and inferencing based on context presents a problem for him. The morphology advantage for I.A. is consistent with the weak central coherence (WCC) account of autism. From this account, the presence of a local processing bias is evident in the ways in which autistic individuals solve common problems, such as assessing similarities between objects and finding common patterns, and may therefore provide an advantage in some cognitive tasks compared to typical individuals. We extend the WCC account to language and provide evidence for a connection between the local processing bias and the acquisition of morphology and grammar.

Saudosa Maloca, Maloca querida: um estudo morfológico da relação forma/usos do espaço em moradias autoconstruídas e construídas pelo poder público após um ano de ocupação

This study intends to enhance the existing knowledge concerning the patterns of the uses of space for low cost housing in Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, by way of comparative morphological studies in spatial arrangements and articulations regarding three distinct, however inter-related, sets of social housing: (1) a development comprising 21 self-built houses erected on public routes and illegal plots within a tract of land originally designed to be an industrial development: (2) architect-designed houses built by the public authority in order to accommodate the previous 21 (plus a few additions) families occupying the self-built dwellings, and (3) modifications performed by dwellers on a total of those 24 houses built by the public authority after an occupation period of one year. The predominant uses of each room within the self-built and modified houses were represented in ground plan, based on empirical observation, surveys with dwellers and the use of analytical procedures of morphologic analysis of nature predominantly geometric (specific) and topology (space syntax analysis). A scale of priorities was identified in relation to the uses of each room, its geometrical arrangement (adjacency, front/back relations etc), and underlying structures (connectivity, depth and spatial integration) in order to establish congruencies and non-congruencies between a social-cultural order embedded in the self-built domestic space and the design logic contained in the houses offered by official agencies. The comparative analysis points towards the convivial existence of two tendencies: one that seems to reinforce a design logic inasmuch as the additions and modifications performed by the dwellers do not alter but even emphasize the original configuration of the designed houses, and another one in which those patterns are subverted in accordance with a logic which, to a lesser or greater degree, coincides with that of the self-built dwellings

O coração e o dragão: perspectivas da vida urbana em uma cidade fragmentada

This research aims to study dimensions of urban life in the contemporaneous city. It is an effort to understand the functioning of the contemporary city as an artifact that somehow affects social relations. The study focuses on the limits and possibilities of urbanity in the city today, understanding urbanity as a set of factors that favor wealth, diversity and spontaneity of public life. The research aims to show that cities today tend to criate fragmented urban life into at least one of the three urbanity dimensions: spatial dimension, social and temporal dimension. The study involves the analysis of two public spaces in Fortaleza (Praça do Ferreira and the open urban public spaces of the Centro Cultural Dragão do Mar), using Space Syntax Analysis methods and for Post Occupancy Evaluation procedures. Research shows that temporal dimension of urbanity is limited in the public spaces studied. In Praça do Ferreira, spatial and social dimensions are present, but their effects are limited by the temporal dimension. The Dragão do Mar, on the other hand, the spatial and social dimensions of urban life are more limited and more concentrated in time

Revealing Cultural Ecosystem Services through Instagram Images : The Potential of Social Media Volunteered Geographic Information for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning and Governance

With the prevalence of smartphones, new ways of engaging citizens and stakeholders in urban planning and govern-ance are emerging. The technologies in smartphones allow citizens to act as sensors of their environment, producing and sharing rich spatial data useful for new types of collaborative governance set-ups. Data derived from Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can support accessible, transparent, democratic, inclusive, and locally-based governance situations of interest to planners, citizens, politicians, and scientists. However, there are still uncertainties about how to actually conduct this in practice. This study explores how social media VGI can be used to document spatial tendencies regarding citizens’ uses and perceptions of urban nature with relevance for urban green space governance. Via the hashtag #sharingcph, created by the City of Copenhagen in 2014, VGI data consisting of geo-referenced images were collected from Instagram, categorised according to their content and analysed according to their spatial distribution patterns. The results show specific spatial distributions of the images and main hotspots. Many possibilities and much potential of using VGI for generating, sharing, visualising and communicating knowledge about citizens’ spatial uses and preferences exist, but as a tool to support scientific and democratic interaction, VGI data is challenged by practical, technical and ethical concerns. More research is needed in order to better understand the usefulness and application of this rich data source to governance.

Caminhos que estruturam cidades: redes técnicas de transporte sobre trilhos e a conformação intra-urbana de Natal

The railroad, from 1870 and on, becomes an usual complaining in the press s and politician elite s speeches, especially because of Natal s geographic isolation. The implantation of two railroads in the capital territory Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, afterwards part of Great Western Railway Company network, and Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte had serious implications in the urban environment. While railroad s structures were already consolidated, other transportation mechanisms were being implanted in the first decades of the 20th century, such as trams lines, which, by the way, was a transport modal that also used rails as a dislocation meaning. Considering these questions, we may ask: how come railroads and tramways demands, roads and buildings had influenced the internal organization of Natal? We work with the general hypothesis that the influence of technical networks, composed by tramways and railroads, over Natal s urban space happened in a diversified way, sometimes consolidating social aspects in certain areas, sometimes improving the occupation of others. The impact over the city s territory also happens in a diversified way between the buildings/railroad s complexes and the pathways. The different scale of the train in comparison to the trams velocity, size, noise level, flow, among others is also a cause to the different consequences in urban environment. The main objective of this work is to understand the role of circulation technical networks in the construction process of urban space in Natal, as a way to contribute to the urban historiography about the subject. The time frame adopted, between 1881 and 1937, marks the time path of railroads and tramways in Rio Grande do Norte: 1881 is the year of railroad s first section inauguration from Natal to São José do Mipibu as well of the railroad complex in the Republic Square in Natal; the year of 1937 marks the beginning of tramways declination process in the city. At this time railroads and tramways had to face more intensively the competition of motor vehicles. The theory reference adopted is based on concepts and analysis of authors, such as Flávio Villaça and Roberto Lobato Corrêa references to the concepts of urban structure , localization and accessibility and Gabriel Dupuy to explain the concept of urban technical networks . These references reveal the conflict of different realities in the urban universe interests and values which is an important factor about the construction of urban space. The information sources used were from two distinctive natures: primary, journals of the time studied and official government reports, and secondary, based on other works about the subject. It was also used by this study iconographic source, especially images from the data base of the research group História da Cidade, do Território e do Urbanismo .

Alfama : Análise da paisagem urbana como expressão do património subunidade de estudo: Zona Ribeirinha, da Rua da Alfândega a Rua do Jardim do Tabaco

Esta investigação tem como contexto o bairro de Alfama, centrando-se em uma área específica situada na zona ribeirinha com início na Rua da Alfândega e se estendendo até a Rua do Jardim do Tabaco. É uma zona com relevante potencial turístico, mas com pouco dinamismo apesar dos vários atrativos que lá existem. O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a paisagem urbana na subunidade de estudo citada acima de forma a descobrirmos através da leitura do espaço urbano uma identidade patrimonial para desta maneira propormos a sua valorização. Para facilitar o estudo dividimos a área em cinco trechos e através da observação in loco esboçarmos sua situação ao nível de morfologia urbana, das características espaciais, dos usos e do modo de apropriação do espaço pelas pessoas e pelas atividades, o estado de conservação do edificado, o mobiliário urbano e todas as características do seu entorno. Para a análise da paisagem fizemos um levantamento fotográfico digital e uma avaliação visual do percurso procurando enquadrar-se na leitura da paisagem estudada pelos autores Kevin Lynch e Gordon Cullen. O estudo também passa por uma avaliação dos seus aspectos significativos, ou seja, os registres de memórias que são pontos fortes da paisagem urbana. São aspectos que identificam o local e definem a sua legibilidade. Em paralelo elaboramos uma análise SWOT que contribuiu para entendermos o complexo de desafios que se colocam ao nosso universo de estudo e justificar o contributo desta dissertação através de propostas concretas de valorização. ABSTRACT; The context of this research is Alfama district, focusing on a specific area located on the waterfront starting at Alfândega Street and extending until Jardim do Tabaco Street. lt is an area with a relevant tourism potential, however with a small dynamic despite its many attractions. The research aim to study the urban landscape in the sub-unit mentioned above in order to uncover, through an urban reading, a patrimonial identity seeking its recovery. To facilitate the research, the area was divided into five sections and, by in loco observation, we outlined its position into a urban morphology rank, space characteristics, uses and appropriation of space by individuals and activities, conservation condition of the building, urban furniture and all the features of its surroundings. With regards the landscape study, was done a digital inventory and a visual evaluation of the route in quest of to fit it in the landscape studies by the authors Kevin Lynch and Gordon Cullen. The research also goes through an appraisal of its significant aspects, in other words, the memories records that are the strengths of the urban landscape. These are aspects that identify the location and define its readability. ln parallel we had developed a SWOT analysis which helped to understand the complex challenges in this universe of studies and justify the contribution of this thesis with concrete recovery proposals.

Os limites da gentrificação na vila planalto

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2015.

Saudosa Maloca, Maloca querida: um estudo morfológico da relação forma/usos do espaço em moradias autoconstruídas e construídas pelo poder público após um ano de ocupação

This study intends to enhance the existing knowledge concerning the patterns of the uses of space for low cost housing in Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, by way of comparative morphological studies in spatial arrangements and articulations regarding three distinct, however inter-related, sets of social housing: (1) a development comprising 21 self-built houses erected on public routes and illegal plots within a tract of land originally designed to be an industrial development: (2) architect-designed houses built by the public authority in order to accommodate the previous 21 (plus a few additions) families occupying the self-built dwellings, and (3) modifications performed by dwellers on a total of those 24 houses built by the public authority after an occupation period of one year. The predominant uses of each room within the self-built and modified houses were represented in ground plan, based on empirical observation, surveys with dwellers and the use of analytical procedures of morphologic analysis of nature predominantly geometric (specific) and topology (space syntax analysis). A scale of priorities was identified in relation to the uses of each room, its geometrical arrangement (adjacency, front/back relations etc), and underlying structures (connectivity, depth and spatial integration) in order to establish congruencies and non-congruencies between a social-cultural order embedded in the self-built domestic space and the design logic contained in the houses offered by official agencies. The comparative analysis points towards the convivial existence of two tendencies: one that seems to reinforce a design logic inasmuch as the additions and modifications performed by the dwellers do not alter but even emphasize the original configuration of the designed houses, and another one in which those patterns are subverted in accordance with a logic which, to a lesser or greater degree, coincides with that of the self-built dwellings

O coração e o dragão: perspectivas da vida urbana em uma cidade fragmentada

This research aims to study dimensions of urban life in the contemporaneous city. It is an effort to understand the functioning of the contemporary city as an artifact that somehow affects social relations. The study focuses on the limits and possibilities of urbanity in the city today, understanding urbanity as a set of factors that favor wealth, diversity and spontaneity of public life. The research aims to show that cities today tend to criate fragmented urban life into at least one of the three urbanity dimensions: spatial dimension, social and temporal dimension. The study involves the analysis of two public spaces in Fortaleza (Praça do Ferreira and the open urban public spaces of the Centro Cultural Dragão do Mar), using Space Syntax Analysis methods and for Post Occupancy Evaluation procedures. Research shows that temporal dimension of urbanity is limited in the public spaces studied. In Praça do Ferreira, spatial and social dimensions are present, but their effects are limited by the temporal dimension. The Dragão do Mar, on the other hand, the spatial and social dimensions of urban life are more limited and more concentrated in time

Caminhos que estruturam cidades: redes técnicas de transporte sobre trilhos e a conformação intra-urbana de Natal

The railroad, from 1870 and on, becomes an usual complaining in the press s and politician elite s speeches, especially because of Natal s geographic isolation. The implantation of two railroads in the capital territory Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, afterwards part of Great Western Railway Company network, and Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte had serious implications in the urban environment. While railroad s structures were already consolidated, other transportation mechanisms were being implanted in the first decades of the 20th century, such as trams lines, which, by the way, was a transport modal that also used rails as a dislocation meaning. Considering these questions, we may ask: how come railroads and tramways demands, roads and buildings had influenced the internal organization of Natal? We work with the general hypothesis that the influence of technical networks, composed by tramways and railroads, over Natal s urban space happened in a diversified way, sometimes consolidating social aspects in certain areas, sometimes improving the occupation of others. The impact over the city s territory also happens in a diversified way between the buildings/railroad s complexes and the pathways. The different scale of the train in comparison to the trams velocity, size, noise level, flow, among others is also a cause to the different consequences in urban environment. The main objective of this work is to understand the role of circulation technical networks in the construction process of urban space in Natal, as a way to contribute to the urban historiography about the subject. The time frame adopted, between 1881 and 1937, marks the time path of railroads and tramways in Rio Grande do Norte: 1881 is the year of railroad s first section inauguration from Natal to São José do Mipibu as well of the railroad complex in the Republic Square in Natal; the year of 1937 marks the beginning of tramways declination process in the city. At this time railroads and tramways had to face more intensively the competition of motor vehicles. The theory reference adopted is based on concepts and analysis of authors, such as Flávio Villaça and Roberto Lobato Corrêa references to the concepts of urban structure , localization and accessibility and Gabriel Dupuy to explain the concept of urban technical networks . These references reveal the conflict of different realities in the urban universe interests and values which is an important factor about the construction of urban space. The information sources used were from two distinctive natures: primary, journals of the time studied and official government reports, and secondary, based on other works about the subject. It was also used by this study iconographic source, especially images from the data base of the research group História da Cidade, do Território e do Urbanismo .

Equipamentos colectivos como componentes de novas centralidades

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura com Especialização em Urbanismo, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.

Entre habitação e cidade

Tese de Doutoramento em Urbanismo, apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa, para obtenção do grau de Doutor.

Las ilhas de Porto : un análisis socio-morfo-tipológico

La “ilha” es un tipo de vivienda clandestina para las clases trabajadoras que surge en la segunda mitad del S.XIX, fruto de la necesidad habitacional de una gran cantidad de población que abandonaba el rural en busca de empleo, en la emergente industria de Oporto. Estas viviendas de bajo coste, fueron declaradas insalubres y elementos a eliminar a partir del s. XX, existiendo numerosos planes para demolerlas. Puede ser la hora de cambiar la forma de pensar, definiendo una política de revitalización de los espacios urbanos, paralela a la búsqueda de nuevas formas de ver las “ilhas” y la ciudad de Oporto. El trabajo comienza con la idea de preguntar si la noción de “ilha” tiene algún significado en la ciudad. Saber qué hacen las “ilhas” - si es que lo hacen - que pueda ser útil a la ciudad de Oporto y cómo lo hacen. En respuesta a la problemática identificada se establecen dos objetivos. El primero se centra en Clasificar matrices morfo-tipológicas de las “ilhas” en la parroquia del Bonfim, para así conocer las diferentes formas y tipologías de las “ilhas”, seleccionando tres casos de estudio. Con los datos extraídos poder abordar el segundo objetivo que propone Definir principios para la valorización del carácter distintivo de las “ilhas” en el contexto urbano portuense. La investigación se estructura en siete capítulos, la fundamentación teórica como reflexión del urbanismo reciente, sobre las diferentes vertientes del urbanismo moderno y como éstas han afectado a las “ilhas” y a la ciudad de Oporto. Destaca la morfología urbana como ciencia que estudia la ciudad y el estado del arte que ha ayudado a poner de relieve las investigaciones realizadas sobre el tema en la actualidad. El siguiente capítulo explica la especificidad del urbanismo portugués y como a partir de éste surgen las “ilhas”, una nueva tipología de Oporto. Posteriormente con base en el análisis documental se escoge la parroquia del Bonfim para delimitar el ámbito, analizando tres casos de estudio con los datos necesarios para la obtención de respuestas y desenvolvimiento de las conclusiones finales. La metodología utilizada está dividida en dos fases: una primera fase corresponde con un marco muestral de las “Ilhas” del Bonfim (estudio mayormente cuantitativo) donde se clasifican todas las comunidades “ilha” que componen la parroquia. Y una segunda fase, estudio cualitativo, donde se analizan de manera individual tres casos de estudio, que se seleccionaran según criterios definidos, para después realizar un análisis comparativo. En conclusión, las “ilhas” se integran en una estructura social que las caracteriza, marcada por la arquitectura y apropiación del espacio que simbolizan estos núcleos habitacionales. Son ejemplo de la utilización del espacio público como espacio de convivencia, frente a multitud de unidades habitacionales con espacios públicos descuidados, sin uso, abandonados, espacios donde las personas no se identifican con el lugar convertidas en sobrantes entre los edificios o territorios vacios. Las “ilhas” muestran unos principios básicos para el diseño y la relevancia de un buen sistema de espacios públicos que permitan vivir mejor.