Caractérisation bioinformatique des nouvelles protéines mitochondriales chez les moules d’eau douce (Bivalvia : Unionoida).

Malgré que le contenu des génomes mitochondriaux animaux soit dit bien conservé, des nouveaux gènes mitochondriaux ont été identifiés chez plusieurs espèces, surtout des invertébrés. Par exemple, les bivalves exhibant la double transmission uniparentale de leurs génomes mitochondriaux possèdent des nouveaux gènes spécifiques au sexe (M-ORF dans l’ADN de type M, F-ORF dans l’ADN de type F) qui ont été caractérisés in silico chez trois espèces de l’ordre Mytiloida, une espèce de Veneroida et une espèce de Unionoida par une précédente étude. Même si les séquences varient beaucoup entre ces trois ordres, cette étude à montré que des hélices transmembranaires ainsi que des peptides signaux sont conservés pour toutes les séquences. L’étude a aussi montré que les nouveaux gènes pourraient avoir des rôles dans la signalisation cellulaire, le cycle cellulaire et la réponse immunitaire et qu’ils pourraient être le résultat de l’endogénisation de l’ADN viral. Le projet présenté ici a pour but de mieux caractériser ces nouveaux gènes et leur origine potentielle, en plus d’étudier le H-ORF particulier aux hermaphrodites, en ciblant les espèces des unionidés. Les résultats montrent que les hélices transmembranaires et peptides signaux sont conservés chez les unionidés, les protéines semblent être associées à la membrane et être capables de lier des acides nucléiques et protéines, et les fonctions potentielles sont conservées. Les M-ORFs semblent avoir un rôle dans le transport et des processus cellulaires tels que la signalisation, le cycle cellulaire et la division, et l’organisation du cytosquelette. Les F-ORFs semblent être impliqués dans le trafic et transport cellulaire et la réponse immunitaire. Finalement, les H-ORFs semblent être des glycoprotéines structurales avec des rôles dans la signalisation, le transport et la transcription. Les résultats de ce projet pourraient supporter une origine virale ou mitochondriale pour ces gènes.

Mitochondrial inheritance during a parasexual cycle in {\it Fusarium oxysporum\/} forma specialis {\it cubense\/}

Fusarium oxysporum is a diverse, asexual fungal species composed of both saprophytic and pathogenic members. The destructive phytopathogens are classified into formae speciales based on the host species and into vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) based on the ability of two individuals to form heterokaryons. Parasexuality, a non-sexual mode of genetic exchange unique to some fungi has been demonstrated in the laboratory in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). The goals of this dissertation were threefold: to ascertain whether mitochondrial (mt) markers can distinguish race differences in FOC; to determine genetic relatedness of VCGs in FOC based on a mt marker; and to discover the mode of mt inheritance during a parasexual cycle.^ Band patterns produced by electrophoresis of Hae III digested genomic DNA indicated that VCG differences, not race, could be discerned by mtDNA analysis. Primers were designed to amplify a mt intergenic locus which served as a molecular marker to screen 55 strains of FOC in 16 VCGs using both single strand conformational polymorphism and DNA sequencing. Based on homogeneity of the locus, strains were assigned to seven mitotypes, a classification unit which I introduced and found informative for grouping related VCGs.^ To determine the mode of mt inheritance during a parasexual cycle, strains in different mitotypes were paired. Mitochondrial inheritance in all hybrid progeny was found to be uniparental. I speculated that if a parasexual cycle occurs in nature there would be greater variation in the nuclear genome than the mt. This could produce multiple VCGs within a mitotype, a phenomenon observed in FOC. Based on these data, I concluded that parasexuality in nature may contribute to the diversity observed in Fusarium oxysporum. ^

Horizontal genetic transfer in asexual fungi

Four aspects of horizontal genetic transfer during heterokaryon formation were examined in the asexual pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc): (1) variability based on method of heterokaryon formation; (2) differences in nuclear and mitochondrial inheritance; (3) the occurrence of recombination without nuclear fusion; (4) the occurrence of horizontal genetic transfer between distantly related isolates. The use of non-pathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum as biocontrol agents warrants a closer examination at the reproductive life cycle of this fungus, particularly if drug resistance or pathogenicity genes can be transmitted horizontally. Experiments were divided into three phases. Phase I looked at heterokaryon formation by hyphal anastomosis and protoplast fusion. Phase II was a time course of heterokaryon formation to look at patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial inheritance. Phase III examined the genetic relatedness of the different vegetative compatibility groups using a multilocus analysis approach. Heterokaryon formation was evident within and between vegetative compatibility groups. Observation of non-parental genotypes after heterokaryon formation confirmed that, although a rare event, horizontal genetic transfer occurred during heterokaryon formation. Uniparental mitochondria inheritance was observed in heterokaryons formed either by hyphal anastomosis or protoplast fusion. Drug resistance was expressed during heterokaryon formation, even across greater genetic distances than those distances imposed by vegetative compatibility. Phylogenies inferred from different molecular markers were incongruent at a significant level, challenging the clonal origins of Foc. Mating type genes were identified in this asexual pathogen Polymorphisms were detected within a Vegetative Compatibility Group (VCG) suggesting non-clonal inheritance and/or sexual recombination in Foc. This research was funded in part by a NIH-NIGMS (National Institutes of Health-National Institute of General Medical Sciences) Grant through the MBRS (Minority Biomedical Research Support), the Department of Biological Sciences and the Tropical Biology Program at FIU. ^

mtDNA and Y‐chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: Different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations

Two Bolivian samples belonging to the two main Andean linguistic groups (Aymaras and Quechuas) were studied for mtDNA and Y-chromosome uniparental markers to evaluate sex-specific differences and give new insights into the demographic processes of the Andean region. mtDNA-coding polymorphisms, HVI-HVII control regions, 17 Y-STRs, and three SNPs were typed in two well-defined populations with adequate size samples. The two Bolivian samples showed more genetic differences for the mtDNA than for the Y-chromosome. For the mtDNA, 81% of Aymaras and 61% of Quechuas presented haplogroup B2. Native American Y-chromosomes were found in 97% of Aymaras (89% hg Q1a3a and 11% hg Q1a3*) and 78% of Quechuas (100% hg Q1a3a). Our data revealed high diversity values in the two populations, in agreement with other Andean studies. The comparisons with the available literature for both sets of markers indicated that the central Andean area is relatively homogeneous. For mtDNA, the Aymaras seemed to have been more isolated throughout time, maintaining their genetic characteristics, while the Quechuas have been more permeable to the incorporation of female foreigners and Peruvian influences. On the other hand, male mobility would have been widespread across the Andean region according to the homogeneity found in the area. Particular genetic characteristics presented by both samples support a past common origin of the Altiplano populations in the ancient Aymara territory, with independent, although related histories, with Peruvian (Quechuas) populations.