961 resultados para U-A(1)-problem


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氧化乐果是当今世界农业生产上施用的主要农药之一,为粮食增产提供了重要保障。但大量施用带来的环境污染、农产品品质降低等问题愈来愈受到人们的关注,因此开展其土壤生态毒理效应研究在理论和实践上具有重要意义。【方法】采用室内模拟方法,分析了不同氧化乐果污染浓度(0.0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0ga.i.·kg-1)下,土壤中影响碳、氮、磷循环的三大水解酶(转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶)活性。【结果】氧化乐果可显著抑制土壤脲酶活性,关系达到显著或极著负相关;土壤脲酶活性可作为监测土壤污染程度的指标之一;模型U=A/(1+B×C)的较好拟合揭示出氧化乐果对土壤脲酶机理为完全抑制作用;从土壤脲酶角度计算获得土壤受氧化乐果轻微、中度和严重污染的临界含量分别为0.32、2.88和11.43ga.i.·kg-1;而在供试氧化乐果浓度下,转化酶和碱性磷酸酶的最大变幅分别不超过18.61%和8.36%,揭示出转化酶和碱性磷酸酶对氧化乐果不敏感。【结论】在表征土壤氧化乐果的污染程度方面土壤脲酶最适;土壤酶与农药之间关系受到酶种类、农药品种、土壤性质等因素的影响。

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When water seeps upwards through a saturated soil layer, the soil layer may become instability and water films occur and develop. Water film serves as a natural sliding surface because of its very small friction. Accordingly, debris flow may happen. To investigate this phenomenon, a pseudo-three-phase media is presented first. Then discontinuity method is used to analyze the expansion velocity of water film. Finally, perturbation method is used to analyze the case that a water flow is forced to seep upwards through the soil layer while the movement of the skeleton may be neglected relative to that of water. The theoretical evolutions of pore pressure gradient, effective stress, water velocity, the porosity and the eroded fine grains are obtained. It can be seen clearly that with the erosion and re-deposited of fine grains, permeability at some positions in the soil layer becomes smaller and smaller and, the pore pressure gradient becomes bigger and bigger, while the effective stress becomes smaller and smaller. When the effective stress equals zero, e.f. liquefaction, the water film occurs. It is shown also that once a water film occurs, it will be expanded in a speed of (U)(t)/(1 - E >).

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针对兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环的发展目标,为了满足高能量密度(涉及重离子驱动惯性约束核聚变新能源)等物理研究的需要,使用三维电磁场计算程序MAFIA研究了一种新型的适用于CSR的纵向束团压缩腔。此纵向束团压缩腔采用高磁导率软磁合金材料进行加载,相比于铁氧体加载的高频腔,可以得到高的电场梯度。以250MeV/u的238U72+离子为例进行了模拟计算,得出了此纵向束团压缩腔的工作频率为1.15MHz,峰值工作电压为80kV,由两个1/4波长同轴谐振腔组成,每个谐振腔峰值工作电压为40kV,能够满足在CSR上进行纵向束团压缩的要求。

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兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环HIRFL-CSR,是一个多用途、多功能的双冷却储存环同步加速器系统,由主环CSRm和实验环CSRe构成,并以兰州重离子级联回旋加速器HIRFL作注入器。CSR利用高频变谐波的方法,将重离子束的能量从7~25 MeV/u同步加速到200~1 000 MeV/u,同时利用重离子储存环中空心电子束冷却技术将束流品质提高1个数量级,并通过储存环的快引出及慢引出,提供多种类的重离子束以及放射性次级束(RIBs),以开展范围更广精度更高的物理实验。该装置于2007年投入运行,已取得了重要的运行结果,如实现了剥离注入与多圈注入、空心电子束对重离子束的冷却与累积、变谐波宽能区同步加速、等时性环型谱仪、RIBs的产生收集与ToF高分辨质量测量以及高能重离子束的变能慢引出等。

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通过利用能量为100MeV/u C12的重离子束对酿酒酵母进行辐照处理,再经筛选得到1株产酒能力高的菌株,结果表明,突变株表现出较好的遗传性状,对温度的耐受性也有所提高,利用诱变菌株进行发酵,酒精度达到10.3°。

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利用不同能量、不同剂量的1 6 O8+ 离子辐照春麦。处理方式为离子贯穿种子 (75MeV u)以及离子注入胚和胚乳等种子的不同部位。然后分析其幼苗的可溶性蛋白质 (solubleprotein) ,根据其分子量大小不同 ,将其划分为五个区段并计算各组分的相对含量 ,结果表明 :1 同对照相比 ,随着辐照剂量的增加 ,所有辐照材料 (包括贯穿和注入 )第二区段 (分子量较高区段 )蛋白质组分的相对含量下降 ;而第五区段 (分子量最小区段 )蛋白质组分的相对含量升高。 2 种子的贯穿处理 ,同时也引起第一区段 (分子量最高区段 )和第三区段蛋白质组分相对含量的下降以及第四区段的升高 ;其中第三、四区段的变化明显区别于注入效应。 3 注入胚和胚乳的区别在于后者第一区段蛋白质组分相对含量的较大下降和第五区段的较大提高。 4 小剂量辐照的材料 ,可溶性蛋白质组分的变化异常 ,可能与低剂量辐射兴奋效应有关。在讨论中提出了注入胚的即时效应与注入胚乳的后期效应。

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气体探测器有成本低廉、制备简单、性能可靠和方便使用等特点。研制了一种5层板结构的延迟线平行板雪崩电离室(PPAC),用于兰州放射性束流线(RIBLL)上开展的实验。在57.6MeV/u的6He束流条件下测试了这种探测器对高能轻粒子的适用性,得到了位置分辨为1.8mm(FWHM),时间分辨为2.6ns,以及可靠的探测效率。

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With the commissioning of HIRFL-CSR, HIRFL can provide heavy ion beams with energy covering the range of several MeV/u to 1 GeV/u. In this talk, the experiments on nuclear physics at different energies to be carried out with different experimental setups at HIRFL will be introduced.

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放射治疗肿瘤是利用各种放射线所携带的能量及其生物效应治疗肿瘤的一种方法。论文简要介绍了癌症的危害性和目前基本的治疗方法,回顾了国际上放射治疗肿瘤的发展历程和近年来的新动向,说明了国内放射治疗肿瘤工作的现状以及近几年的发展。为了促进国内癌症治疗的进一步发展,研究设计了国内第一台离子治癌专用装置。它由一台注入器(回旋加速器)、一台主加速器 (同步加速器)和若干治疗终端组成,能够把质子束加速到250MeV或者把碳离子束加速到430MeV/u,用于治疗人体内任意深度的肿瘤。 论文的重点是同步加速器的磁聚焦结构、注入和引出系统的设计。 商业化运行的治癌专用离子同步加速器通常采用紧凑性结构,要求操作简单,运行稳定可靠。论文根据治癌专用离子同步加速器的这些要求,研究设计了磁聚焦结构。 由于直线加速器的高流强特性,目前已有的国外离子治癌专用装置,几乎全部使用直线加速器作为同步加速器的注入器,同时采用多圈注入方式。考虑到直线加速器高的投入,借鉴大科学工程CSR束流累积的经验,论文以回旋加速器为注入器,采用剥离注入模式设计了治癌同步加速器的注入系统。另外,还对剥离注入期间离子束发射度、动量分散等参数的变化进行了较为详细的研究。 离子束治癌一般要求小剂量连续照射(1-10s),因此治癌专用离子同步加速器均采用三阶共振引出方式。论文详细阐述了三阶共振引出的基本理论与设计方法,在此基础上设计了离子束引出系统。通过磁聚焦结构、注入及引出设计的整体优化,提出了磁铁好场区和真空室孔径的参数。 最后,论文对慢引出的两种激发方式进行了理论探讨,并对纵向激发元件——磁电感应器(Betatron-core)的电流、阻抗和电压等参数的变化,以及电源纹波对引出束均匀性的影响进行了较为详细的分析计算

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本论文以在微生物油脂生产中较具潜力的粘红酵母为材料,利用兰州近代物理研究所重离子研究装置(HIRFL)产生的80 MeV/u碳离子束对产油菌株粘红酵母进行辐照诱变, 采用含有脂肪酸合成酶抑制剂cerulenin的培养基进行高产油脂突变株的初选, 并通过磷酸香草醛反应和氯仿甲醇抽提法对初筛菌株油脂含量进行分析,复选出油脂产量和质量都有较大提高的突变菌株,并对其产油条件进行优化,以期获得一些其它诱变方法难以获得的高产油脂微生物突变株,大力开发离子束辐照技术在解决能源危机中的应用。通过本论文的实验研究,得到了以下初步结果 : 1.液体培养基中,粘红酵母菌在接种后的40h-80h处于对数生长期,此时菌体的生长繁殖比较旺盛,活力最佳,为辐照诱变的最适时期。辐照后,不同来源的菌株对重离子辐射的敏感性有所不同,然而其存活趋势却大致相当。菌体的存活率都呈现出随辐照剂量的增加先减小后增加,再减小的马鞍型剂量-效应曲线。 2.cerulenin对酵母细胞的生长具有较好的抑制作用,浓度为8.96×10-6 mol/L时,抑制率达98%以上,可作为高产油脂粘红酵母菌的筛选浓度。通过磷酸香草醛反应法和氯仿-甲醇抽提法对初筛菌体油脂含量进行定量分析,结果表明初筛菌株的正突变率达66%以上。该方法快速方便,是一种较为理想的高产油脂酵母菌的筛选方法。通过这些方法,筛选出了2株油脂含量明显高于对照的突变株。 3.经实验发现,菌体培养物与磷酸香草醛试剂反应后在530nm的光吸收与氯仿-甲醇抽提法所测得的菌体油脂含量成正比,其标准曲线方程为y=38.2257x+0.67314,R2为0.995,从而建立起一种方便快捷的油脂定量测量方法,有望实现自动化分析。 4.通过对影响粘红酵母菌生长和油脂合成的几个主要因素(葡萄糖浓度、碳氮比、接种量、培养时间、温度、PH值)的初步探讨研究,得出了粘红酵母突变株的最佳产脂条件为: 葡萄糖浓度10%,碳氮比40:1,接种量10%,温度28℃,PH=5.0,培养时间为6天

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The molar heat capacities of the two biphenyl liquid crystals, 3BmFF and 3BmFFXF3, with a purity of 99.7 mol% have been precisely measured by a fully automated precision adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range between T = 80 and 350 K. Nematic phase-liquid phase transitions were found between T = 297 K and 300 K with a peak temperature of T-peak = (298.071 +/- 0.089) K for 3BmFF, and between T = 316 and 319 K with a peak temperature of T-peak = (315.543 +/- 0.043) K for 3BmFFXF3. The molar enthalpy (Delta(trs)H(m)) and entropy (Delta(trs)S(m)) corresponding to these phase transitions have been determined by means of the analysis of the heat capacity curves, which are (15.261 +/- 0.023) U mol(-1) and (51.202 +/- 0.076) J K-1 mol(-1) for 3BmFF, (31.624 +/- 0.066) kJ mol(-1) and (100.249 +/- 0.212) J K-1 mol(-1) for 3BmFFXF3, respectively. The real melting points (TI) and the ideal melting points (TO) with no impurities of the two compounds have been obtained from the fractional melting method to be (298.056 +/- 0.018) K and (298.165 +/- 0.038) K for 3BmFF, (315.585 +/- 0.043) K and (315.661 +/- 0.044) K for 3BmFFXF3, respectively. In addition, the transitions of these two biphenyl liquid crystals from nematic phase to liquid phase have further been investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique; the repeatability and reliability for these phase transitions were verified. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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穿透雨量是林内有效雨量的主要组成部分 ,其量能占 90 %以上。由于林冠空间分布的不均匀性 ,难以对林内穿透雨量进行精确地测量。从林冠截留降雨的作用机理出发 ,在做出几个假设的基础上 ,用数学方法建立了林内穿透雨量模型 ,即 :当 P0 ,U>0 )当 P≥ U时 ,R=P- W其中 U=W( b+ 1 ) ,式中 b,W,U为模型参数 ,R为林内穿透雨量 ,P为大气降雨量 ,α为林分郁闭度。结合两个有实测资料的针叶树林分 ,又进一步介绍了模型参数的确定方法。同时将模型的计算结果与实测数据进行了对比 ,两者吻合性很好 ,验证效果是比较理想的。模型概念清晰 ,参数物理意义明确。在风速和雨强不太大的情况下 ,本模型适用于任何林分的穿透雨量的计算。然而 ,为了应用于无实测资料地区 ,尚须进一步研究模型参数与林分特征的关系。

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Studies of the extraction kinetics of cerium(IV) from H2SO4-HF solutions with Cyanex 923 in n-heptane have been carried out using a constant interfacial area cell with laminar flow. The experimental hydrodynamic conditions were chosen so that the contribution of diffusion to the measured rate of reaction was minimized. The data were analyzed in terms of pseudo-first order constants. The results were compared with those of the system without HF. It was concluded that the addition of HF reduces the activation energy for the forward rate from 46.2 to 36.5 U mol(-1) while it has an opposite effect on the activation energy for the reverse process(the activation energy increased from 23.3 to 90.8 U mol(-1)). Thus, HF can accelerate the rate of cerium(IV) extraction. At the same time, the extraction rate is controlled by a mixed chemical reaction-diffusion rather than by a chemical reaction alone. A rate equation has also been obtained.

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Uranium isotopes were measured in waters and suspended particulate matters (SPM) of the main channel of Yellow River, China that were sampled during four field trips between August 2005 and July 2006. The results show that the concentration of dissolved U (2.04-7.83 mu g/l) and the activity ratio of U-234/U-238 (1.36-1.67) are much higher than the average U concentrations and activity ratios of global major rivers. Mass balance calculations using the results of simulated experiments and measurement data show that the section of the Yellow River between Lanzhou and Sanmenxia has its dissolved U derived from two sources: suspended sediments (68%) and groundwater/runoff from loess deposits (32%). Both sources are related to the heavy erosion of the Chinese Loess Plateau. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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依据祁连山海北高寒湿地植物生长期观测的太阳总辐射(E_g)和反射辐射(E_r)资料, 分析了高寒湿地Eg和地表反射率(A)的日及季节变化特征. 结果表明:祁连山海北高寒湿地, 有较强的Eg, 但A较低. 年内1~12月E_g的平均日总量达17.3 MJ•m~(-2), 其中植物生长期的5~9月平均日总量为20.0MJ•m~(-2), 表现出4~7月高, 冷季低的变化特征. A的日、季节变化均表现 "U"型变化过程. 2004年1~12月A的年平均值为0.32, 植物生长季的5~9月平均值为0.18, 植物非生长季的10月~翌年4月平均值为0.43. 其中1月最高(0.70), 7月最低(0.16).