Having your cake and eating it too: Can regulatory agencies be both independent and accountable?

Independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) were created in various sectors and on different governmental levels to implement liberalization policies. This paper investigates the link between IRAs' independence, which is said to promote regulatory credibility and the use of technical expertise, and their accountability, which is related to the need for controlling and legitimizing independent regulators. The literature on the regulatory state anticipates a positive relation between the independence and accountability of IRAs, but systematic empirical evidence is still lacking. To tackle this question, this paper measures and compares the independence and the accountability of IRAs in three differentially liberalized sectors in Switzerland (telecommunications, electricity and railways). With the application of Social Network Analysis, this piece of research shows that IRAs can be de facto independent and accountable at the same time, but the two features do not necessarily co-evolve in the same direction.

Sulphur geochemistry of interstitial waters and squeeze cake samples of ODP Leg 181 sites

Seventy-nine interstitial water samples from six sites (Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1119-1124) from the southwestern Pacific Ocean have been analyzed for stable isotopes of dissolved sulfate (34S), along with major and minor ions. Sulfate from the interstitial fluids (34S values between +20.7 and +57.5 vs. the Vienna-Canyon Diablo troilite standard) was enriched in 34S with respect to modern seawater (34S +20.6), indicating that differing amounts of microbial sulfate reduction took place at all investigated sites. Microbial sulfate reduction was found at all sites, the intensity depending on the availability of organic matter, which is controlled by paleosedimentation conditions (e.g., sedimentation rate and presence of turbidites). In addition, total reduced inorganic sulfur (essentially pyrite) as a product of microbial sulfate reduction was quantified in selected sediments from Site 1119.

Evaluation of dewatering devices for producing high-solids sludge cake /

Mode of access: Internet.

Every-day cookery for every family : containing nearly 1,000 receipts adapted to moderate incomes and comprising the best and most economical methods of roasting, boiling, broiling, and stewing all kinds of meats, fish, poultry, game and vegetables : simple inexpensive instructions for making pies, puddings, tarts and all other pastry : how to pickle and preserve fruits and vegetables : suitable cookery for invalids and children : food in season and how to choose it : the best ways to make domestic wines and syrups : and ample receipts for bread, cake, soups, gravies, sauces, desserts, jellies, brandied fruits, soaps, perfumes, etc., etc. : and ample directions for carving /

"Domestic wines and liquors": p. 226-236.

The complete bread, cake, and cracker baker : in two parts.

Publisher's advertisements at end.

Rapid determination of aluminum in plutonium peroxide cake /

A carrier distillation spectrochemical method has been successfully adapted to direct reading spectrometry. Direct reading techniques have been developed for the rapid analyses of aluminum in plutonium peroxide to demonstrate the capability of direct reading for process impurity control.

Fancy cake baking /

Mode of access: Internet.

A collation of cakes yesterday and today, in which is included a true and accurate notation of early English and colonial American receipts, showing the beginning and progress of the gentle art of cake making to the present time,

Bibliography: p. [2] at end.

The Jonny-cake papers of "Shepherd Tom," together with Reminiscences of Narragansett schools of former days,

Includes index.