980 resultados para Triton-X-114


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The quenching of fluorescence of the free-base tetraphenylporphyrin, H2TPP, and its metal derivatives, MgTPP and ZnTPP by diverse iron(III) complexes, [Fe(CN)6]3−, Fe(acac)3, [Fe(mnt)2]−, Fe(Salen)Cl, [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2−·, FeTPPCl and [Fe(Cp)2]+ has been studied both in homogeneous medium (CH3CN) and micellar media, SDS., CTAB and Triton X-100. The quenching efficiencies are analysed in terms of diffusional encounters and it has been possible to separate static quenching components. The quenching constants are dependent on the nature of the ligating atoms around iron(III) and also on the extent of π-conjugation of the ligands. The quenching mechanism has been investigated using steady-state irradiation experiments. Evidence for oxidative quenching by iron(III) complexes was obtained, though the spin multiplicities of the excited electronic states of iron(III) complexes permit both energy and electron transfer mechanisms for quenching of the singlet excited state of the porphyrins.

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Cell-free extracts with high 14?-hydroxylase activity were prepared from induced vegetative cell cultures of Mucor piriformis by grinding in potassium phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.0) containing glucose (0.25 M), KCl (1 mM), glutathione (1.0 mM) and glycerol (10%). Although the ideal pH for preparing the cell-free extract from vegetative cells was 8.0, the pH optimum of the hydroxylase was found to be 7.6. Microsomes (2.0 mg) prepared from the crude cell-free extract hydroxylated progesterone to 14?-hydroxyprogesterone in not, vert, similar60% yields in 30 min in the presence of NADPH and O2. Microsomes prepared from the uninduced cells did not contain any 14?-hydroxylase activity. The hydroxylase activity was inhibited to a significant extent by CO and p-chloromercuribenzoate whereas moderate inhibition was noticed in the presence of SKF-525A, metyrapone and N-methylmaleimideindicating the possible involvement of the cytochromeP-450 system in the reaction. The membrane bound hydroxylase was solubilized using Triton X-100 and the solubilized fraction contained nearly 35% of the original hydroxylase activity.

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A biota marinha está exposta a uma elevada quantidade de substâncias tóxicas que podem causar graves problemas ao ambiente. As esponjas (Porifera) e os mexilhões (Mollusca) por serem sésseis e filtradores são utilizados como bioindicadores de poluição. A experimentação com aquários permite a realização de ensaios controlados, acompanhamento da resposta a diversos poluentes, concentrações e tempo de exposição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: I). avaliar a imunocompetência através da expressão de proteínas do sistema imune Fator Inflamatório de Enxerto AIF -1 e pP38 por teste de ELISA (do inglês, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) em esponjas expostas a poluentes, II) acompanhar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas: Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766), Chondrilla aff. nucula Schimidt, 1862, Dysidea robusta Vilanova e Muricy 2001, Polymastia janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973) e Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) após exposição a lipopolisacarídeo (LPS) de E. Coli III) avaliar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas espécies C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis após exposição a dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) IV) avaliar a mortalidade de mexilhões quando expostos ao dispersante Triton X-100 e esgoto doméstico in natura. Os resultados indicam que as esponjas A. fulva, C. aff. nucula, D. robusta e P. janeirensis expostas a 20 μg/mL de LPS por 30 minutos, uma, três, 24 e 48 horas apresentaram aumento de expressão da proteína AIF-1 em relação ao controle, com diferentes tempos de resposta para cada espécie. A esponja H. heliophila exposta a 30 μg/mL de LPS apresentou diferença significativa na expressão de AIF-1 em relação ao controle na exposição por 30 min, uma, quatro, 24 e 48 horas. Contudo, não houve diferença significativa na expressão de outra proteína, a quinase pP38, nesses ensaios. As esponjas C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis foram expostas a 0,25 mg/L de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) por 24 e 48 horas. C. aff. nucula apresentou aumento da expressão de AIF -1 quando comparada ao controle em 24 e 48 horas, mas para P. janeirensis não houve diferença significativa. Os mexilhões Perna perna foram expostos a poluentes de duas maneiras a detergente Triton X-100 0,10 g/L por três, seis, 12 e 18 horas que induziu diferença significativa na mortalidade em seis, 12 e 18 horas em comparação com o controle e a a esgoto doméstico in natura diluído na proporção de 1:50 não houve mortalidade no tratamento ou no controle. A variação da expressão da proteína AIF-1 observada nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas confirma a utilização dessa proteína como eficiente biomarcador de estresse. Os mexilhões foram bons bioindicadores da poluição por detergente.

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用Triton X--100增溶菠菜叶绿体,分离到高放氧活性的PSII颗粒。对增溶过程中的缓冲液pH Triton与叶绿素比例、Na~+ 浓度等因素进行分析,结果表明各因素相互间作用不大;pH的最佳范围为6.7~7.1。制备的PS-II颗粒放氧活性达210μmoles/mgchl.hr、DCIP→MV的光还原活性约为54μmoles O_2/mgchl.hr. P700与叶绿素比例为1/1900。放氧活性相当稳定,在0℃水浴保存的活性半衰期为80小时左右。该PSII颗粒的多肽分子量主要分布在68、56、46、34、28.5、25、20和17KD区域,其中25KD多肽占总蛋白质含量的40%经上。上述PSII颗粒经胆酸钠或Tris处理后,放氧活性和DPC→DCIP的希尔反应活性都有不同程度的下降,同时有一些蛋白质被抽提。胆酸钠抽提到的组分是65、58和15KD多肽;Tris则对34KD多肽的抽提作用最为显著。本文初步讨论了这些多肽与PSII氧化侧的关系。文中缩写:Tris-三羟甲基氨基甲烷;EDTA-乙二胺四乙酸;Tricine-一三(羟甲基)甲基甘氨酸;HEPES--N-2-羟乙基呱嗪-N-2-乙磺酸;DTT-二硫苏糖醇,DMBQ:2,5-二甲基对苯醌;DCIP-一二氯酚靛酚;ASC-抗环血酸;DPC-NN二苯氨基脲;MV-甲基紫精;SDS-十二烷基磺酸钠;Chl-叶绿素;LHCP-捕光色素蛋白复合体;PS-光系统;RuBP-二磷酸核酮糖;CF-叶绿体偶联因子;DCMU-二氯苯基二甲脲;Cyt-细胞色素。

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从不同基因型的小麦京411和小偃54中分离纯化了PSI颗粒并研究了PSI颗粒的一些光合特性: 1. 测定了两种基因型小麦PSI颗粒的室温吸收光谱、低温荧光光谱,并进行了SDS-PAGE多肽分析。吸收光谱显示了红区680nm和蓝区439nm的两个最大吸收峰,低温荧光光谱显示了PSI特征的位于735nm左右的发射峰,同时SDS-PAGE也显示我们的制备物包括PsaA、PsaB、LHCI以及一些其它小分子量蛋白亚基。这些都表明我们从不同基因型小麦中获得了比较理想的PSI颗粒制备物。 2. 测定了京411类囊体膜和PSI颗粒的脂类组成和脂肪酸成分,发现PSI颗粒中也存在着类囊体膜中的五种膜脂,即:MGDG、DGDG、PG、SQDG、PC,但PSI颗粒的MGDG含量比类囊体膜高,而DGDG含量较类囊体低。PSI颗粒和类囊体膜的脂肪酸组成也有差异。 3. 运用光谱学手段,研究两种基因型小麦PSI颗粒光破坏过程的异同。发现在经过强光破坏后,两种小麦PSI颗粒都发生叶绿素漂白现象,在各种状态叶绿素中,683nm状态的Chl a对强光最为敏感,受到光破坏的程度最大,而649nm Chl b和667nm Chl a分子变化较小。结合吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱我们提出了PSI中可能存在的能量传递途径。比较两种小麦PSI颗粒光破坏在低温荧光光谱上的不同,我们初步认为,小偃54可能通过将能量较多地分配给予长波长Chl而一定程度的避免过多能量向P700反应中心传递,从而起到对P700的保护作用。 4. 研究了不同表面活性剂SDS和Triton X-100对PSI颗粒色素结合状态和能量传递的影响。发现表面活性剂对色素状态和PSI中的能量传递都有很大的影响。并且Triton X-100的作用较SDS强烈。紫外荧光显示PSI蛋白结构也发生了显著变化。

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高等植物光系统II的捕光天线蛋白(LHC II)在光能的吸收、传递和调节激发能在两个光系统之间的分配以及维持类囊体膜的垛叠等方面都起着重要的作用,因而得到了广泛的研究。目前普遍认为LHC II在植物体内是以三聚体的形式存在并行使功能的,但也有研究者发现了单体和寡聚体等多种形式的LHC II。本论文以菠菜为研究对象,采用改进的方法从类囊体膜中提取纯化了LHC II三聚体,对膜脂和色素在三聚体形成和蛋白空间结构中的影响,以及不同聚集态LHC II组成、结构和功能的差异进行了较系统的研究。此外,还将Lhcb2基因反向插入到烟草中,利用转基因植物来研究其生理功能。获得了如下结果: 1,采用改进的方法从菠菜类囊体膜中分离纯化了LHC II。与改进前比,其流程可以缩短2小时且产率也有明显的提高。SDS变性电泳和Triton X-100非变性电泳的检测结果表明,此样品纯度较高,是由三条分子量分别为29KD、28KD和26KD的多肽组成的异质三聚体。同时样品的吸收光谱和荧光光谱分析结果也与前人的报道一致。 2,分析了LHC II三聚体中的膜脂和脂肪酸组成及含量。与PSII相比,LHC II含有相同的四种膜脂:MGDG、DGDG、PG和SQDG。但LHC II中PG的含量是PSII的两倍,说明PSII中的PG主要富集在外周天线区域。同时PG中含有特异的反式十六碳一烯酸,且含量很高。用专一消化PG上Sn-2位脂肪酸链的磷脂酶A2(PLA2)处理LHC II三聚体,然后再加入PG重组的方法证明了含十六碳一烯酸的PG在三聚体结构的维持中起着至关重要的作用。去掉PG后, LHC II三聚体的结构受到了影响,部分解聚成了单体,同时其光谱特性也发生了变化,表现为叶绿素b分子的吸收峰及其激发的荧光发射峰都明显下降。回加PG则可使解聚的单体又重新聚集成三聚体。 3,分别用电洗脱和蔗糖密度梯度离心两种方法分离了LHC II三聚体、二聚体和单体。两者比较,电洗脱对样品的破坏较大,而蔗糖密度梯度离心更加温和,对蛋白上结合的色素影响不大。系统研究了不同聚集态LHC II的组成和光谱特性后发现,三种聚集态的LHC II有相同的多肽组成,并且都结合着5种色素,但是色素的含量差异较大。二聚体和单体中,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素分子的含量比三聚体的低很多,此外,单体叶绿素a分子的含量也明显减少。对三种聚集态LHC II的各种光谱特性进行分析的结果表明,由于叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素分子含量较少,二聚体和单体中叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的吸收均有所下降,而且从类胡萝卜素到叶绿素b以及从叶绿素b到叶绿素a的能量传递效率都低于LHC II三聚体,总体表现为三聚体 > 二聚体 > 单体。此外,不同单体之间叶绿素a到叶绿素a的能量传递也被破坏。推测三种聚集态LHC II在吸能、传能和结构上的差异,可能是植物适应不同外界环境的一种调控机制。 4,模拟体内过程,在体外将大肠杆菌中表达的Lhcb2蛋白和色素进行重组,以此来研究色素与蛋白组装过程中蛋白二级结构和色素结合状态的变化。结果表明色素在脱辅基蛋白的体外重折叠中至关重要。在与色素重组的过程中,蛋白二级结构中-螺旋含量逐渐上升并最终接近天然水平,而无规卷曲逐渐减少。从光谱的变化可以看出,色素分子与蛋白的结合经历了一个由无序到有序的过程,色素蛋白复合物的光谱信号由弱变强,重组得到的样品与天然LHC II十分相似。 5,为了更好地研究LHC II异质三聚体中单体可能具有的独特生理功能,建立了Lhcb2基因的反义抑制植物表达载体pBI-antiLhcb2,用根癌农杆菌介导法转化烟草,获得了转基因植株。酶切和PCR鉴定证明,Lhcb2基因已经成功地插入到烟草里。进一步的分子鉴定和生理生化功能分析还在进行中。

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光合作用是地球上最重要的化学反应,它主要发生在叶绿体的类囊体膜上。光能是整个光合作用反应的驱动力,因此光能的捕获和传递过程将会直接影响整个生物体的光合作用表现。在高等植物中,光系统II(PSII)的大量捕光色素蛋白复合体(LHCIIb)作为最主要的、含量最多的光能捕获和传递器官,在光合作用过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。经过数十年的研究,认为LHCIIb主要的功能有以下四个方面:捕获和传递光能、光保护和过剩能量耗散、调节光能在两个光系统中分配和维持类囊体膜的结构。同时对其空间结构也在2.72Å的水平上进行了解析,发现每个单体含有14个叶绿素分子(Chl),其中8个叶绿素 a(Chl a)和6个叶绿素 b(Chl b),2个黄体素(Lut),一个新黄质(Neo)和一个紫黄质(Vio),3个跨膜α-螺旋和2个双亲α-螺旋。尽管目前对其空间结构和基本功能有了初步的了解,但以往研究均是对LHCIIb的三个色素蛋白复合体(Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3)的混合研究,而关于Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3各自的氨基酸组成、色素组成、各种光谱性质和稳定性研究还处于起步阶段。对Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3各自的特性研究可以使我们更加深刻地理解LHCIIb的结构和功能。 本论文首先利用RT-PCR技术从豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)中提取了编码大量捕光色素蛋白复合体的三个脱辅基蛋白基因,分析了它们编码蛋白的氨基酸序列,并系统地研究了三个蛋白与其他物种中的三个蛋白之间的亲缘关系;然后在体外进行了成功的表达和与色素重组,进而对重组LHCIIb的色素组成及光谱特征进行了系统地对比和研究。实验结果表明,Lhcb1和Lhcb3的保守性高于Lhcb2,且Lhcb3最高,Lhcb1和Lhcb2的蛋白序列相似程度高于Lhcb3;Lhcb1同质三聚体的Neo含量和α-螺旋含量高于Lhcb1单体,Lhcb2单体和Lhcb3单体的α-螺旋含量高于Lhcb1单体;与Lhcb1单体和Lhcb2单体相比,Lhcb1同质三聚体和Lhcb3单体的荧光发射光谱明显红移,与核心复合物的光谱特征更加接近,这一区别可能更加有利于能量向核心传递;吸收光谱中表明,Lhcb1和Lhcb2存在两个Chl a吸收峰,根据分析超快吸收得到的模型(Amerongen & Grondelle,2001),这两个吸收峰可能代表Chl a的两个吸收中心。 在对LHCIIb各种基本特性研究的基础之上,本论文使用三氟乙酸(TFA)、离液剂尿素、离子性去污剂SDS、非离子型去污剂Triton X-100对Lhcb1单体进行了处理,使用不同温度对Lhcb1单体和同质三聚体、Lhcb2单体和Lhcb3单体进行处理。研究了它们在不同条件下的稳定性,主要结果如下: 1) 低浓度的尿素不能使Lhcb1变性,但可以影响色素之间的能量传递效率和相互作用。尽管SDS可以使Lhcb1解体,但解体后的蛋白仍旧保留了部分α-螺旋结构。TFA和非离子型去污剂Triton X-100可以使Lhcb1完全解体,并且可以完全破坏蛋白α-螺旋结构,TFA主要是通过影响色素结构和增加蛋白内部的分子间排斥力来破坏Lhcb1,而Triton X-100主要是通过破坏疏水作用力来破坏Lhcb1。高温可以使LHCIIb解体,但不能使蛋白二级结构完全消失。 2) 尿素、温度和Triton X-100均不引起色素本身的破坏,SDS和三氟乙酸使氢置换叶绿素卟啉环所螯合的镁离子,产生去镁叶绿素,造成色素本身结构的严重破坏。 3) 随着温度的升高,色素蛋白复合体的结构和功能会遭到破坏。在Lhcb1和Lhcb2中首先被破坏的是长波长吸收的Chl a。 4) .就功能而言,Lhcb1同质三聚体最为稳定,其次为:Lhcb1单体 > Lhcb3单体 > Lhcb2单体;.就结构而言,Lhcb1单体和Lhcb1同质三聚体相似,稍微较Lhcb2和Lhcb3稳定。 5) 不同处理方式均发现色素蛋白复合体的变性过程依次为:以Chl a为主的相互作用消失,其后依次为以Chl b为主的相互作用消失,以类胡萝卜素为主的相互作用,最后消失的是蛋白的二级结构。在结构受到破坏的同时,能量传递最先受到影响。 6) 解体过程并不是折叠过程的逆过程。

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光系统I(photosystem I,PSI)是光合膜上参与光合作用原初反应过程的主要膜蛋白超分子复合体之一。高等植物的PSI是由核心复合体(14个亚基)和捕光色素蛋白复合体I(light-harvesting complex I, LHCI,含4个Lhca蛋白)组成的超分子复合体,它的主要功能是调节光诱导的从囊腔侧的质体兰素(plastocyanin,PC)向基质侧的铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin,Fd)的电子传递。研究PSI的结构与功能对于揭示植物光合作用高效吸能、传能的分子机理具有重要意义。在本文中,我们首先建立了分离制备PSI及其亚组分的方法(Qin et al., 2007),并在此基础上对PSI在强光破坏的过程中结构与功能的变化进行了比较深入的研究。本论文的主要研究结果如下: 1.快速、高效分离纯化PSI及其亚组分方法的建立。 国际上传统的PSI分离方法(Bassi and Simpson, 1987; Croce et al., 1998; Påsllon et al.1995; Schmid et al. 2002),耗时长较长(分离PSI颗粒一般需要多于20h的蔗糖超速离心过程,而分离PSI的亚组分则需要25-60h的蔗糖超速离心过程)、得率较低,这不便于PSI方面的研究,为此我们首先改进了传统的分离纯化方法。新方法以高等植物菠菜叶片作为原材料,使用Triton X-100作为增溶剂,通过差速离心技术获得的粗制品,然后使用十二烷基麦芽糖苷(n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside, DDM)增溶PSI粗制品,之后采用100,000×g,垂直转头(Beckman VTi 50)0.1-1 mol/L蔗糖梯度离心3h获得纯度较高的PSI颗粒。然后使用DDM和3-(N, N-Dimethylpalmitylammonio) propanesulfonate (zw 3-16)两种增溶剂处理PSI,后经100,000×g,垂直转头(Beckman VTi 50)蔗糖梯度离心4h获得纯度较高的PSI core、LHCI-680、LHCI-730复合体。采用吸收光谱、荧光光谱技术研究了各样品的基本光谱学特性,采用HPLC分析了各样品的色素组成,结果显示平均每个Lhca蛋白结合1.5-1.6黄体素,1.0紫黄质, 0.8-1.1 β-胡萝卜素,该方法制备的LHCI比传统方法制备的LHCI减少了类胡萝卜素的丢失。这一工作为以后结构与功能的研究工作奠定了良好的基础。 2.PSI复合体及其亚组分的特性研究。 PSI颗粒具有一定的适应环境酸碱变化的能力,在我们的试验条件下PSI颗粒在pH 5-10相对稳定。PSI、LHCI很难通过加入Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+阳离子聚集沉淀。经绿胶鉴定我们制备的LHCI-680、LHCI-730是二聚体形式;而把PSI绿胶后再进行第二向十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)电泳,结果发现在稍强烈的绿胶增溶条件下,LHCI-730是以二聚体的形式存在,但是LHCI-680却是以单体的形式出现。这说明LHCI形成的二聚体,尤其是LHCI-680,较容易受到增溶处理而分离成单体形式,解释了以生化分离手段得到的LHCI-680的聚集形式是单体还是二聚体这个目前国际上还有有争议的问题。 3.PSI、LHCI光破坏的基本特点。 采用白光(2500 μmol•m-2•s-1)照射PSI颗粒,通过SDS-PAGE及室温吸收光谱检测光照过程中PSI复合体的变化,结果表明:去氧处理能够大大延缓PSI的光破坏,而PSI脱辅基蛋白不会发生光破坏,这说明PSI发生的光破坏可能与Chl与O2的相互作用有关。采用白光(1000 μmol•m-2•s-1、300 μmol•m-2•s-1)处理LHCI-680、LHCI-730,发现LHCI-680被破坏的速度明显快于LHCI-730被破坏的速度,这是首次在体外分离的水平上揭示了不同LHCI光破坏方面的差异。LHCI-680与LHCI-730在光破坏方面的差异可能与两种天线蛋白结合的类胡萝卜素的种类和数量不同有关,还可能与二者结合的长波长Chl的情况有关,但是具体的原因还有待于进一步的研究。 4.结合不同的捕光色素蛋白复合体(light-harvesting complex,LHC)对PSI光破坏的影响。 为了研究结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响,我们制备了PSI-LHCII、PSI、PSI core三种复合体。使用白光(2500 μmol•m-2•s-1)照射这三种复合体,并通过测定各复合体在光破坏过程中蛋白亚基、吸收光谱、PSI活性及P700含量的变化,对比三者光破坏的速度,结果发现PSI-LHCII在这三种复合体中光破坏速度最快,而PSI和PSI core两种复合体光破坏速度基本一致。我们推测在光照过程中部分光系统II捕光Chl a/b蛋白复合体II(light-harvesting complex II,LHCII)能够向PSI core传递能量,另外PSI-LHCII绿胶分析的结果表明发生了LHCII三聚体向单体的转变,这种强光下发生的LHCII聚合形式的转化可能是高光强下调节光能捕获的一种机制,由于植物体内具有较完整的保护系统,体内PSI-LHCII的光破坏可能与体外情况不同;另外LHCI与PSI core的解离可能发生在强光照射的早期,具有保护PSI core减少光破坏的积极作用。该部分的研究首次观察了结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响。

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:从HIV.1ⅡIB病毒RNA经RT—PCR得到HIV一1蛋白酶编码序列,克隆到pet28a质粒中构建HIV一1蛋白酶 表达载体。阳性克隆转染E.coli BL21 DE3,经IPTG诱导,蛋白酶以包涵体的形式表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白量 的40%。包涵体经Triton X.100洗涤后溶解于8M尿素,溶解后的蛋白溶液经sephacyl s一200 H.R分子筛柱纯化后 纯度达到90%以上,收集蛋白酶峰稀释复性并通过超滤进行浓缩。经检测,纯化的蛋白酶具有较高的活性。用荧 光标记的蛋白酶底物检测不同浓度indinavir对蛋白酶活性的影响,表明该方法可以用于蛋白酶抑制剂的筛选。

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暴露鱼腥藻7120(Anabaena 7120)细胞于膜扰乱剂EDTA或Tris(pH 8.0,37℃,5—10分钟),导致细胞释放外膜脂多糖和蛋白成分。Tris处理后,细胞对结晶紫和洗涤剂(SDS,Triton X-100)的敏感性增加,整细胞碱性磷酸酶活性增强,暗示外膜结构被修饰,透过性增大;与此同时,被处理细胞固氮酶活性在空气氧中大大降低,而在厌氧条件下活性不受影响。将细胞释放物质与处理后的细胞重组时,可明显恢复固氮活性,表明外膜结构与固氮防氧保护有密切关系。EDTA处理的细胞,虽然释放的脂多糖和蛋

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Total alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were measured in municipal wastewater, and a shallow Chinese freshwater lake receiving it. Activities of Dissolved alkaline phosphatase ( ADAP) in overlying and interstitial water were also analyzed monthly at three sites for several years. The lake was enriched with SRP and alkaline phosphatase by discharge of the wastewater, indicating that the inclusion of APA for estimating water pollution was reasonable. Annual data showed that APA in coarser fraction was significantly higher at the site receiving more wastewaters, both in surface and overlying water, suggesting that resuspension of enzyme most likely occurred in the basin heavily discharged. ADAP was an order of magnitude higher in the wastewater than those in lake waters, and was generally higher in interstitial water, a feature more striking at the site receiving more discharges. Besides, it was irrespectively inhibited by Na2WO4, L-cysteine and EDTA-Na, but stimulated by Cu2+, Zn2+, CTAB and Triton X-100 in interstitial, overlying and surface waters. This similarity of responding patterns to the stressors indicated an analogy between dissolved alkaline phosphatase in water column and that in interstitial water, supporting the hypothesis that the polluted sediments act as source of dissolved alkaline phosphatase in eutrophic lakes.

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Penaeid shrimp is the natural host of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) that can cause high mortality in the infected hosts. Attempts to obtain sufficient amounts of purified intact WSSV for characterization have been unsuccessful. Using crayfish, Cambarus clarkii as a proliferation system, a large amount of infectious WSSV was reproduced and intact WSSV viral particles were purified with a new isolation medium by ultra-centrifugation. Purified WSSV particles were very sensitive to organic solvents and the detergent, Triton X-100. The size of the rod-shape, somewhat elliptical, intact WSSV was 110-130 x 260-350 mm with a long, tail-like envelope extension. The naked viral nucleocapsid was about 80 x 350 nm, and it possessed 15 spiral and cylindrical helices composed of 14 globular capsomers along its long axis, and a 'ring' structure at one terminus. Distinct WSSV genome DNA patterns were obtained when the purified genomic dsDNA of WSSV was digested with five different restriction enzymes (HindIII, XhoI, B(BamHI, SalI, and SacI). In addition, at least 13 major and distinct protein bands could be observed when purified intact WSSV viruses were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie Brilliant R-250 staining. The estimated molecular weights of these proteins were 190, 84, 75, 69, 68, 58, 52, 44, 28, 27.5, 23, 19, and 16 kD, respectively. Both the 44 and 190 kD proteins were easily removed if the hemolymph from the: WSSV infected crayfish was transiently treated with 1%, Triton X-100 before it was subjected to gradient centrifugation, indicating that both of them are located on the surface of the viral envelope. These characteristics are consistent with WSSV isolated from the penaeid shrimp. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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稀土元素的荧光光度分析是一类重要的分析方法,是元素荧光分析的一个重要方面。而在稀土元素总量中测定某一个单独的稀土元素,且是一种必然的要求。目前人们也在知方百计地寻找各种方法以提高荧光法的灵敏度、选择性及稳定性基于此本文做了如下三个方面的工作:一、7-碘-8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸=溶化十六烷三甲铵荧光光度法测定痕量谱。。荥光法测定镨的报道十分罕见,8-羟基喹啉及共衍生物是带用的荧光试剂之一。它们已被广泛应用于铝、鎵、铟、锌、镉、锆、镧、钇等元素的荧光测定中,应用表面活性剂的胶束荧光体系带具有增铬、增数、增稳,提高选择性,改善实验条件的特点。在此基础上并建立了一些高灵敏度、高选择性的荧光分析方法。但用8-羟基喹啉衍生物测定镨的荧光法研究还未见报道。本文研究了镥-7-碘-8-羟茎喹啉-5-磺酸-表面活性剂的三元荧光体系,试验并确定了配合物形成的条件,不同表面活性剂对此体系的增敏作用表明:溴化十六烷茎二甲铵(CTMAB)的增敏效果最好,测定镥的最低浓度可达8.8ng/ml,试验了其它共存离子的影响,通过萃取色谱分离后,本方法可较好的用于测定天然混合稀坤的镥。二、偏最小二乘法(PLS)荧光光度法同时测定锌、铽、镨。通过直接激发便稀土离子产生荧光进行荧光分析的方法称直接荧光法(或无试剂荧光法)用这种方法对锌、铽、镨分别测定已有报道,但在用直接荧光法同时测定锌、铽、镨时彼此互相干扰,为解决这个问题,本文将PLS法应用荧光光度法直接同时测定铈、铽、镨、各取了三个水平9个标准样,在355-560nm之间选择27个发射波长点测量荧光强度。并引入不相容因子来检验结果的可靠性,此法用于龙南稀土样品中铈、铽、镨的同时测定,获得了满意的结果。三、Eu~(3+)-2-喀吩甲酰三氟丙酮-N_(263)-Triton X-100体系荧光分光光度测定痕量的铕本文首次提出了Eu~(3+)-TTA-N——(263)-Triton X-100体系的荧光光度法测定铕,试验了该荧光体系的检测下限可述,0.9ng/ml,并可允许存在一定量的其它共存稀土元素,较好地应用直接测定包头混合稀土氧化物中的痕量铕。

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本论文研究了利用三孢布拉氏霉(Blakeslea trispora)发酵产β-胡萝卜素的培养条件。主要包括:发酵培养基的确定,发酵条件的优化。还考察了发酵菌丝体中β-胡萝卜素的提取方法及薄层层析等。 首先研究了培养基成分对三孢布拉氏霉发酵产β-胡萝卜素的影响。确立了玉米淀粉作为碳源,黄豆粉(热榨)作为氮源,棉籽油作为植物油的发酵培养基配方,其成分为:玉米淀粉 3%,黄豆粉(热榨) 2%,棉籽油 3%,KH2PO4 0.2%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2%,维生素B1 0.002%,pH值6.0。 其次,通过比较不同的发酵影响因子,分别得到最适的条件:如三孢布拉氏霉正负菌接种比例为1.3:0.7,培养基pH值为7.0(灭菌后),发酵促进因子为Triton X-100。并采用正交试验法,确定其最佳发酵条件为正负菌接种比例1.3/0.7,发酵培养基pH为7.0,在培养基中添加表面活性基Triton X-100 0.08%。使该菌株产β-胡萝卜素的量达到0.73g/L,较初始发酵条件提高了3.3倍。 研究中还找到一个简便有效的对β-胡萝卜素的提取方法,选用盐酸-热处理法进行细胞破壁,并选用沸程为60~90℃的石油醚进行萃取。 用三孢布拉霉菌丝体内类胡萝卜索的石油醚提取液点样于硅胶G板,以丙酮:石油醚(5:95)为展开剂能将β-胡萝卜素与其它类胡萝卜索分离。该方法简便快速,并有一定实用价值。 The fermentative conditions of β-carotene by Blakeslea trispora have been investigated. These conditions include fermentation medium, the optimization of some fermentation factor. The extracting methods and the TLC of carotenoids were also researched. Firstly, the effects of composition of fermentation medium on the yield of β-carotene were studied. the results showed that the best fermentation medium was corn starch 3%,soybean power 2%,cottonseed oil 3%,KH2PO4 0.2%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2%,vitamin B1 0.002%,pH value 6.0. Secondly, through compared some factors, such as different proportion of plus and minus strains, pH value, nonionic surfactants, respective best values have been obtained. The best proportion of plus and minus strains is 1.3:0.7, pH value of fermentation medium (sterilized) is 7.0, fermentation accelerant which acts as surfactants is Triton x-100. Farther on, the fermentative conditions were optimized through orthogonal experiment, the optimization showed that proportion of plus and minus strains is 1.3:0.7,pH value is 7.0, content of Triton x-100 is 0.08%. And the yield of β-carotene reached 0.73g/L, which was up to 3.3 times through the fermentation. In the extracting study, it has showed hydrochloric acid-heat treatment is a simple, convenient and effective extracting methods is which was used to destroy the cell wall, and the extracting organic solvent is petroleum ether whose boiling range is 60~90 ℃. In the TLC experiments, extracting contents in the petroleum ether were spotted in the silicagel plate, and the mixed liquor of acetone and petroleum ether (5:95) is developping agent, which can distinguish β-carotene from other carotenoids. It is a simple and quick technique.