971 resultados para Tratamento térmico e tratamento químico


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This a study on the achievement of alumina membranes by the method of anodizing. From this method got up a layer of aluminum oxide on the anodic metal, who presented the basic properties necessary for the application as a support for the production and acquisition of nanomaterials, such as porosity nano and resistance to high temperature, and other properties, as resistance to corrosion, and chemical, high ranking of the structure and pore size of the pores. The latter, ranging from 10 to 100nm depended on the electrolyte used, which in this study was the H2SO4. To remove all remaining aluminum, it is a bath of dissolution with HCl and CuCl where the residual aluminum has been withdrawn, and the deep pores were opened after chemical treatment with NaOH. After the dissolution, the membranes were calcined at temperatures of 300, 600 and 900° C, and sintered at temperatures of 1200 and 1300º C to win mechanical strength, porosity and observe the desired crystallization. Then went through analyses of composition through X-ray diffraction and morphology of the microstructure through a scanning electron microscope. The method was effective for obtaining alumine membranes applied in the processes of production of materials in nano

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The objective of this research is the fabrication of a composite reinforced with dyed sisal fiber and polyester matrix for application in the fields such as, fashion, clothing, interior textiles; fashion accessories are some of the examples. For the fabrication of the composite, the sisal fibers were subjected to processes such as: chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the removal of impurities; bleaching for removing the yellowish color of the natural fiber and dyeing with direct dyes to confer the colors blue, green and orange. The search for new technologies ecologically correct has become a major concern in recent decades. Studies show that composite polymer reinforced by natural fibers is suitable for a large number of applications, and its use is advantageous in terms of economic and ecological. The dyed fibers were cut to a length of 30 mm, is used in the confection of webs. For this purpose, a web preparer by immersion, developed in the Laboratory of Chemical Textile of UFRN. The composite sheets measuring 300 x 300 x3 mm were molded by compression, with unsaturated orthophthalic polyester as matrix, and the samples in sizes 150 x 25 x 3 mm were cut with the aid of a laser machine, to be subjected to traction and flexion. The mechanical properties of traction and flexion in three points were performed in the Laboratory of metal and mechanical tests of Materials Engineering of UFRN. The resulting samples from the tests were evaluated in scanning electron microscope (SEM) at CTGas RN. On the basis of the analysis of the results from the mechanical tests, it was observed that the composite had good mechanical behavior, both in traction as in flexion. Furthermore, it was observed that in the water absorption test, the samples had a different percentage among themselves, this occurred due to the variation of density found in the fibre webs. The images of the SEM showed the failures from the manufacturing process and the adhesion of fibre/matrix. When the samples were prepared with the dyed fibers to be applied in fashion, the results were positive, and it can be concluded that the main objective of this work was achieved

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It´s been motivating motivated by the current rulers as an energy solution the use of the biodiesel as source of energy, that doesn't damage the environment and promotes the development of the areas where the base plant are grown. The process of production of the biodiesel, starting from the castor oil plant and its derivers, generates a known product as castor oil plant pie that has been used as fertilizer. Once disintoxicated, it can serve as animal ration, because it contains high content of proteins, presenting larger joined value. The disintoxication process, can be obtained through the process of drying the pie with the construction and use of models of dryers capable to elevate the temperature of the castor oil plant pie to approximately 60ºC.In this temperature the product tends to eliminate the ricina, with the aid of an aqueous solution of hydroxide of calcium, or still reach higher temperatures to make the disintoxication without a chemical treatment. It was made a bibliographical research about known processes of disintoxication of the castor oil plant pie from the autoclave use to the drying direct exposure to the sun. Starting from the state of the art and identification of the object, it was chosen solar dryers to eliminate the ricina. It was applied two types of solar dryers: the one of solar direct exposure, and the one with concentrador. The castor oil plant pie was separated in samples, with measurement of its initial mass, codified and placed in the dryers. The results were presented in graphs and tables forms, with the values of temperatures noticed. It was noticed the variations of temperature and the relationships analyzed related with the ricina content eliminated from the pie. The analysis of the ricina content was accomplished by Embrapa - Campina Grande, by eletroforese method. The analysis of the result of considering the content of ricina of the samples. It was observed that, we obtained lower rate of ricina in samples that had larger drying time and average value temperature above 60ºC. Comparing with the ones submitted to higher temperatures and in a shorter period of time. It was possible to evaluate the efficiency of the dryers in the desintoxication process of the samples, as well as the type of more appropriate dryer for the drying pie process. Finally, it was concluded that the solar dryer with concentrador presents higher values temperatures than the direct exposure one. So, it´s being more opportune applied in the castor oil plant pie drying process. However, more than one hour for drying time is needed

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In this work a biodegradable composite using the carnauba straw s powder as reinforcement on chitosan matrix polymeric were manufactured. Firstly, were carried out the chemistry characterization of the carnauba straw s powder before and after treatments with NaOH and hexane. Goering and Van Soest method (1970), flotation test, moisture absorption, FTIR, TG/DTG, DSC and SEM have also being carried out. Composites were developed with variations in granulometry and in powder concentrations. They were characterized by TG/DTG, SEM and mechanicals properties. The results of chemical composition showed that the carnauba straw s powder is composed of 41% of cellulose; 28,9% of hemicellulose and 14% of lignin.The flotation test have indicated that the chemical treatment with NaOH decreased the powder s hidrophilicity.The thermal analysis showed increased of thermal stability of material after treatments. The results of FTIR and SEM revealed the removal of soluble materials from the powder (hemicelluloses and lignin), the material became rougher and clean. The composites obtained showed that the mechanicals properties of the composites were decreased in respect at chitosan films, and the composites with the powder at 150 Mesh showed less variation in the modulus values. The speed test of 10 mm/min showed the better reproducibility of the results and is in agreement to the standard ASTM D638. The SEM analysis of fracture showed the low adhesion between the fiber/matrix. The increase of volume of powder in the composite caused a decrease in values of stress and strain for the samples with untreated powder and treated with hexane. The composite with 50% of the powder s treated in NaOH didn t have significant variation in the values of stress and strain as compared with the composites with 10% of the powder, showing that the increase in the volume of fiber didn t affect the stress and strain of the composite. Thereby, it is concluded that the manufacture of polymeric composites of chitosan using carnauba straw s powder can be done, without need for pre-treatment of reinforcement, become the couple of carnauba straw s powder-chitosan a good alternative for biodegradable composites

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Este trabalho foi desenvolvido nos anos agrícolas de 1979/80 a 1982/83 em diferentes localidades no Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da eliminação do desbaste na cultura do algodoeiro Gossypium hirsutum L. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 12 e 24 sementes/m, submetidas ao deslintamento mecânico, deslintamento mecânico + tratamento com fungicidas e deslintamento químico + tratamento com fungicidas. Para a avaliação dos resultados foram feitas duas análises conjuntas, com base na emergência das plantas: emergência normal e emergência tardia, estudando-se as características: emergência, produção, estande final, peso de capulho e semente, porcentagem e índice de fibra. Os resultados mostraram que em condições edafoclimáticas adversas à germinação ocorreu baixa emergência, causando, com isso, menor população de plantas, e, conseqüentemente, prejuízos à produção de algodão. Com maior estande ocorreram menores pesos de capulho e de sementes, e menor porcentagem e índice de fibra. Constatou-se que existe a viabilidade de eliminação da prática do desbaste por meio do tratamento das sementes com fungicidas aliado ao deslintamento químico, desde que o plantio seja efetuado em boas condições de ambiente à germinação.

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Verificou-se, mediante análises de composição química e ensaio de digestibilidade com ovinos, o efeito dos tratamentos químico (amonização com uréia) e biológico (inoculação com o fungo Pleurotus ostreatus) sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de Brachiaria decumbens. Ambos os tratamentos duraram 42 dias; após esse período, o feno foi seco e moído para fornecimento aos animais. As dietas experimentais foram: feno não tratado (FNT); feno não tratado + uréia (FNT + U); feno inoculado com fungo + uréia (FTB + U); e feno amonizado + feno não tratado (FTQ + FNT). As dietas FNT + U, FTB + U e FTQ + FNT foram isonitrogenadas. Tanto o tratamento químico como o biológico causaram mudanças na composição química do feno. A amonização elevou os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e reduziu os teores de hemicelulose (HEM) e a proporção de hemicelulose na parede celular (HEM-FDN). Já o tratamento biológico tendeu a aumentar o teor de PB; elevou os teores de FDA, lignina (LIG), a proporção de celulose na parede celular (CEL-FDN) e a proporção de lignina na parede celular (LIG-FDN); e reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), HEM e HEM-FDN. Entretanto, diminuiu a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), FDN, celulose (CEL) e FDA, mas aumentou o consumo, provavelmente em decorrência do menor teor de FDN e menor tamanho médio de partículas, o que causou maior velocidade de passagem. Os tratamentos biológico e químico são alternativas importantes no incremento do valor nutritivo de materiais lignocelulósicos, todavia, os resultados obtidos neste ensaio não foram satisfatórios.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar o pré-tratamento químico mais apropriado para a secagem de uvas cv. Rubi para a produção de passas. Foram obtidas curvas de secagem convectiva com ar a 50ºC, em um secador de bandejas, para uvas submetidas a pré-tratamentos químicos com diferentes concentrações de carbonato de potássio e azeite de oliva, e diferentes tempos de imersão, de acordo com planejamentos fatoriais. Também foram obtidas curvas de secagem convectiva, para uvas pré-tratadas em suspensões aquosas de lecitina de soja, em várias concentrações de lecitina e diferentes tempos de imersão. O modelo de Page foi ajustado às curvas de secagem experimental, e os tempos de secagem calculados mostraram que o melhor pré-tratamento consistiu na imersão das uvas por 2 minutos, em uma emulsão de 5% de azeite de oliva e 6% de K2CO3, a 50ºC, o que resultou em tempos de secagem próximos aos do pré-tratamento com 2,5% de azeite de oliva, mas com um menor consumo dessa substância. Além disso, a imersão das uvas em uma suspensão aquosa de 2% de lecitina de soja, a 50ºC, por 5 minutos, resultou em um tempo de secagem total apenas levemente superior ao do pré-tratamento mais efetivo.

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tratamento químico com ureia (3 ou 5% na MS) e amônia anidra (3% na MS) no feno de resíduo pós-colheita de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, contendo diferentes teores de umidade (15, 25 ou 30%). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições (camadas de fardos dentro das pilhas). O feno tratado com 3% de amônia anidra com 15% de umidade ocasionou redução de 84,3 para 79,1% nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e elevação de 37,3 para 55,5% na digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (MS) em relação ao grupo controle. A variação na umidade não alterou de maneira significativa a ação da amônia, cujos valores médios foram 77,6% de FDN e 57,3% de digestibilidade in vitro da MS. O feno com 5% de ureia reduziu os teores de FDN de 84,3 para 79,6% em relação ao feno não-tratado, o que tornou necessário o aumento da umidade para 30% para maior efeito sobre a digestibilidade da MS, que aumentou 12 unidades percentuais.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA