Studies on the Survival of Sunetta Scripta in Different Salinities

Division of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Investigations on the Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on the Marine Bivalves Perna viridis (Linnaeus) and Sunetta scripta (Linne')

The thesis deals with different aspects connected with the distribution and toxicity of PHC in crude oils in the aquatic environment and marine molluscs. Information has been gathered and presented on the present status of research in the field based on a thorough review of recent literature. It is seen from the literature that the resident time of PHC becomes lesser and lesser when crude oil is discharged in large quantities into the coastal waters where excess oxygenation light penetration, temperature availability and strong tidal currents persist. This results in the reduction of the onslaught of oil pollution. This probably shows that taxic insult of crude oil in tropical shores will be relatively lesser than that occurring in temperate and boreal waters. However, there is no record of major episodal oil pollution comparable in quantum and extent to that of Torrey Canyon or Amoco Cadiz which prevents a more reliable analysis on the issue. Considerable controversy exists on the method of estimation of PHC in seawater. However, Ultra-violet fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely recommended as an analytical tool for the determination of total hydrocarbons. Similarly representation of values as chrysene equivalents has been recognised as the most reliable method of Quantum representation.

Physiological effects of copper (II) on sunetta scripta L.

In India industrial pollution has become a subject of increasing concern.Incidents of industrial pollution have been reported from many parts of the country. Cochin, the collection site of the present study, being the industrial capital of Kerela is also a harbour, is vulnerable to pollution by trace metal contaminants. In the recent times, pollutants of greatest concern in the aquatic environment are those which are persistent such as toxic heavy metals and the chlorinated hydrocarbons which include insecticides and pesticides.The animals collected from the clam bed situated on the northern side af Cochin bermouth are subject to wide fluctuations in salinity both seasonal and tidal. also; salinity is considered as an important parameter influencing the.-physiological functioning of an organism. Hence, the salinity tolerance of the animal is worked out. Considering the potential vulnerability of Cochin backwaters to heavy metal pollution, the impact of heavy metal copper (II) on the bivalve Sunetta sripta was conceived. Static bioassays were conducted for the determination of the sublethal concentrations of the metal as a preliminary step towards the toxicity studies. Oxygen consumption and filtration rate which are considered as reliable sublethal toxicity indices were employed for investigating the toxic effects of the metal. Bioaccumulation, a physiological phenomenon which can be of importance from the public health point of view, and also in the assessment of environmental quality is also dealt with.

Studies On The Biology Of The Clam Sunetta Scripta (Linne), From The Subtidal Waters Of Cochin

Enhancement and culture of bivalves presents an opportunity to maximise and even increase production of many growing areas. Clam culture is less intensive both for capital and labour, involves simple farming and management techniques and is considered an efficient means of protein production. Clams are efficient converters of primary production and growth rate is fast with maximum production in 5-6 months. with culture, production is less influenced by poor recruitment. Stable production facilitates market development. Rivalves are being increasingly used in bio-medical research. Culture practices would ensure uninterrupted supplies of experimental material. Paucity of biological data restricts the development of efficient management and culture techniques of bivalves. This study was undertaken with a view to provide information on some aspects of biology of the bivalve S_. scripta which have hitherto been uninvestigated.

Littera Scripta Manet: formas y funciones del archivo en el Imperio de los Austrias. Simancas, Roma, Quito y Cuenca (Estudios)

El artículo explora el papel de los archivos en el Imperio de los Austrias, durante la edad protomoderna, en ambos lados del Atlántico. Con ese propósito se analizan las diferentes tareas que incumbían a los archivos en el siglo XVI y XVII. Se examinan el archivo de la ciudad de Cuenca (actual Ecuador) en el ámbito municipal, el de la Audiencia de Quito en el ámbito regional, el archivo de Simancas (Castilla) en el nivel real y, por último, el archivo en la embajada española en Roma. También se ofrecen reflexiones sobre el carácter y las particularidades de los repositorios documentales, prestando especial atención a la escritura como medio de gobierno.

Aspectos da biologia e ecologia da Tartaruga Tigre D'Agua, Trachemys dorbigni, (Testudines - Emydidae) no extremo sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil

Populações de Trachemys dorbigni foram estudadas em duas áreas geográficas distintas. Estas áreas localizam-se na Estação Ecológica do Taim (Base Santa Marta) (UTM x=346185 y=6365666 22H) e na Lagoa Verde, no município de Rio Grande (UTM x=385820 y=644500 22H), ambas no sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A população da Lagoa Verde serviu de subsídio para a caracterização da estrutura populacional da espécie, enquanto que a da Estação Ecológica do Taim foi analisada quanto aos aspectos da biologia e ecologia reprodutiva. A caracterização da estrutura foi analisada utilizando-se 210 exemplares adultos (104 fêmeas e 106 machos). As fêmeas atingem comprimentos da carapaça maiores que os machos ( x CMC= 212,1mm ± 14,823; x CMC= 181,6mm ± 17,076), sendo significativamente diferente (F1,207=191,140; P<0,001). O surgimento dos dimorfismos sexuais secundários dos machos ocorre a partir de 130mm de comprimento da carapaça, e se caracterizam pelo maior tamanho da cauda e pela melanização. Os machos de T. dorbigni não apresentam dimorfismo quanto à concavidade do plastrão. A maturidade das fêmeas foi estimada entre 150 e 160mm. A espécie desova entre os meses de outubro e janeiro, depositando, em média, 12,1 ovos. Os ovos de T. dorbigni são brancos, pergaminosos e elípticos O comprimento médio dos ovos é 39,3mm ± 2,06, a largura é 25,8mm ± 1,07 e o peso é 14,9g ± 1,47. As fêmeas podem realizar até três posturas por temporada reprodutiva, havendo um intervalo de 15 a 20 dias entre cada evento. Apenas 31% da população de fêmeas desova anualmente. As fêmeas depositam seus ninhos a distâncias que podem variar de 0 a 560,3m ( x =69,2m; N=101) da água. As estimativas do deslocamento de fêmeas em terra foi de 132m/dia (Mín.=15m; Máx.=285m; N=8). Já o maior deslocamento na água foi 950m em um dia. A média geral da distância entre duas capturas consecutivas para fêmeas não transferidas foi de 545,0m, enquanto que para as transferidas foi 520,5m. Constatou-se uma acentuada capacidade de orientação nas fêmeas transferidas ( =59,089; P<0,01), sendo que 86% destas foram capazes de retornarem na direção do seu ponto de captura após sua transferência.

Análise da dieta de Trachemys dorbigni (duméril & Bibron, 1835) no sul do Rio Grande do Sul (Testudines : Emydidae)

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Obstrução intestinal e enterotomia em tigre d’água (Trachemys dorbignyi)

Intestinal obstruction occurs in chelonian mainly due parasitism and foreign bodies, as stones and sand. An intestinal compaction was described in a five year-old male d'orbigny's slider which was taken to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UNICASTELO, at Fernandopolis, SP, Brazil, presenting anorexia for a week, severe dehydration and stupor. Definitive diagnostic was performed by radiographic exam and great amount of intestinal radiopac substance was detected. The animal went through emergency celiotomy for removing the intestinal foreign bodies. Inhalatory anesthesia with isofluorane was used for anesthesia induction and manutention. After local antisepsy, a 4cm(2) oblique opening was conducted on plastron by using a vibratory saw. Peritoneum was cut, intestines exteriorized and enterotomy performed. During the surgery, the animal was radiographed to confirm the complete taken out of the foreign bodies. Mononylon 4-0 strand was applied for intestinal suture in two planes. The plastron piece that was taken out was replaced and set with epoxy resine and gaze on the surgical window, making it waterproof. In the postoperative time, animal was medicated with analgesics for two days and pentabiotics for five days. Oral creamy diet was used with oral tube from the second to tenth day, what provided a great clinicosurgical recovering.