Mixed convection adjacent to non-isothermal vertical surfaces

Study of laminar boundary layer in mixed convection from vertical plates is carried out. The surface temperature along the vertical plate is assumed to vary arbitrarily with vertical distance. Perturbation technique is used to solve the governing boundary layer equations. The differentials of the wall temperature are used as perturbation elements, which are functions of vertical distance, to obtain universal functions. The universal functions are valid for any type of vertical wall temperature variation. Heat transfer rates and fluid velocity inside the boundary layer can be expressed and calculated using these universal functions. Heat transfer rates are obtained for the special cases of power-law variation of the wall temperature. The effect of the governing parameter (Gr(y)/Re-y(2)) and the power index of the power-law wall temperature variation on heat transfer rates is studied. For the purpose of validation, the mixed convection results obtained by the present technique pertaining to the special cases of isothermal vertical wall are compared with those obtained by similarity analysis reported in literature, and the agreement is found to be good. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tuning of the electro-mechanical behavior of the cellular carbon nanotube structures with nanoparticle dispersions

The mechanical and electrical characteristics of cellular network of the carbon nanotubes (CNT) impregnated with metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles were examined simultaneously by employing the nanoindentation technique. Experimental results show that the nanoparticle dispersion not only enhances the mechanical strength of the cellular CNT by two orders of magnitude but also imparts variable nonlinear electrical characteristics; the latter depends on the contact resistance between nanoparticles and CNT, which is shown to depend on the applied load while indentation. Impregnation with silver nanoparticles enhances the electrical conductance, the dispersion with copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles reduces the conductance of CNT network. In all cases, a power law behavior with suppression in the differential conductivity at zero bias was noted, indicating electron tunneling through the channels formed at the CNT-nanoparticle interfaces. These results open avenues for designing cellular CNT foams with desired electro-mechanical properties and coupling. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Análisis constitucional. Una introducción : cómo hacer cosas con la Constitución

La Corte Constitucional colombiana, a través de la interpretación del texto de la carta política, ha hecho invaluables aportes al desarrollo del derecho en nuestro país. Sin embargo, este proceso de definir las palabras de la Constitución requiere la utilización de preferencias valorativas y esto, como es natural, implica un grave riesgo para la seguridad jurídica: ¿hasta dónde puede llegar el intérprete, ¿cuáles son los límites que debe respetar?. Este riesgo incrementa si tenemos en cuenta que buena parte de la doctrina constitucional colombiana contemporánea, llamada por algunos neoconstitucionalismo, ha creado una nueva jerga erudita impenetrable llena de metáforas sofisticadas, razonamientos abstrusos, argumentos con una gran carga emotiva y citas herméticas que, en cierta medida, le han permitido encubrir sus ideas y valoraciones y, de este modo, evitar que sean sensatamente escudriñadas. En un sistema como el colombiano, erigido sobre el principio de frenos y contrapesos entre los distintos poderes del Estado, si el poder político se ejerce a través de la justicia constitucional, en un lenguaje incomprensible y presentado como un argumento de última instancia, todo el equilibrio se viene abajo y, muy pronto, el derecho se convierte en el principal instrumento del despotismo., de Daniel Mendonca, es un libro perfectamente honesto que presenta sus ideas con absoluta claridad y ayuda a trazar los límites entre la discrecionalidad y la arbitrariedad de la interpretación constitucional.

Taylor v Caldwell (1863)

A Landmark Case is one which stands out from other less remarkable cases. Landmark status is generally accorded because the case marks the beginning or the end of a course of legal development. Taylor v Caldwell is regarded as a landmark case because it marks the beginning of a legal development: the introduction of the doctrine of frustration into English contract law. This chapter explores the legal and historical background to the case to ascertain if it is a genuine landmark. A closer scrutiny reveals that while the legal significance of the case is exaggerated, the historical significance of the cases reveals an unknown irony: the case is a suitable landmark to the frustration of human endeavours. While the existence of the Surrey Music Hall was brief, it brought insanity, imprisonment, bankruptcy and death to its creators.

É possível a participação de capital estrangeiro em operadoras de planos privados de assistência à saúde com rede própria?

Este estudo objetiva averiguar a possibilidade de participação direta ou indireta de capital estrangeiro em operadoras de planos privados de assistência à saúde, no Brasil, que possuem rede própria. Utilizando técnicas interpretativas da hermenêutica jurídica, como o método histórico evolutivo, sistemático e teleológico, busca-se entender a inteligência exegética do artigo 199, §3o, da Constituição Federal. Considerando-se que este dispositivo constitucional vedou a participação direta ou indireta de capital estrangeiro na assistência à saúde, salvo nos casos previstos em lei, o estudo revela em que hipóteses a vedação foi excepcionada e se a exceção infraconstitucional abrange as operadoras de plano de saúde que possuem rede própria. Ademais, o estudo analisa o posicionamento da Agência Nacional de Saúde (ANS), na aquisição da Amil Participações S.A, pela operadora norte-americana United Health Group Incorporated. A análise desta operação se torna de muita relevância ao estudo, pois envolve a maior operadora de planos de saúde com rede própria do país, além de ter a presença da maior importância de capitais estrangeiros na assistência à saúde na história do Brasil.

Criação da matéria em cosmologias com velocidade da luz variável e eletrônico não-linear

In this work we obtain the cosmological solutions and investigate the thermodynamics of matter creation in two diferent contexts. In the first we propose a cosmological model with a time varying speed of light c. We consider two diferent time dependence of c for a at Friedmann-Robertson- Walker (FRW) universe. We write the energy conservation law arising from Einstein equations and study how particles are created as c decreases with cosmic epoch. The variation of c is coupled to a cosmological Λ term and both singular and non-singular solutions are possible. We calculate the "adiabatic" particle creation rate and the total number of particles as a function of time and find the constrains imposed by the second law of thermodynamics upon the models. In the second scenario, we study the nonlinearity of the electrodynamics as a source of matter creation in the cosmological models with at FRW geometry. We write the energy conservation law arising from Einstein field equations with cosmological term Λ, solve the field equations and study how particles are created as the magnetic field B changes with cosmic epoch. We obtain solutions for the adiabatic particle creation rate, the total number of particles and the scale factor as a function of time in three cases: Λ = 0, Λ = constant and Λ α H2 (cosmological term proportional to the Hubble parameter). In all cases, the second law of thermodynamics demands that the universe is not contracting (H ≥ 0). The first two solutions are non-singular and exhibit in ationary periods. The third case studied allows an always in ationary universe for a suficiently large cosmological term

Políticas feministas do aborto

Os debates e as ações feministas em prol da liberalização do aborto no Brasil foram marcados por avanços, recuos e, sobretudo, por inúmeras negociações políticas. da omissão da palavra aborto, em meados dos anos 70, à opção política pela descriminalização e pela realização dos casos previstos por lei, observa-se uma vocação política do feminismo brasileiro para a negociação. Conclui-se que essas negociações tiveram mais êxito em nível político do que social, pois não lograram alcançar e sensibilizar camadas mais amplas da população.

The Commonwealth law reports : cases determined in the High Court of Australia.

Vol. 4 issued in 2 parts.

Palliative care, double effect and the law in Australia

Care and decision-making at the end of life that promotes comfort and dignity is widely endorsed by public policy and the law. In ethical analysis of palliative care interventions that are argued potentially to hasten death, these may be deemed to be ethically permissible by the application of the doctrine of double effect, if the doctor’s intention is to relieve pain and not cause death. In part because of the significance of ethics in the development of law in the medical sphere, this doctrine is also likely to be recognized as part of Australia’s common law, although hitherto there have been no cases concerning palliative care brought before a court in Australia to test this. Three Australian States have, nonetheless, created legislative defences that are different from the common law with the intent of clarifying the law, promoting palliative care, and distinguishing it from euthanasia. However, these defences have the potential to provide less protection for doctors administering palliative care. In addition to requiring a doctor to have an appropriate intent, the defences insist on adherence to particular medical practice standards and perhaps require patient consent. Doctors providing end-of-life care in these States need to be aware of these legislative changes. Acting in accordance with the common law doctrine of double effect may not provide legal protection. Similar changes are likely to occur in other States and Territories as there is a trend towards enacting legislative defences that deal with the provision of palliative care.