Fraunhoffer Diffraction Analysis of Satellite Cloud Imagery

The Fraunhoffer diffraction analysis of cloud-covered satellite imagery has shown that the diffraction pattern follows approximately cosine squared distribution. The overshooting tops of clouds and the shadows cast by them contribute much to the diffraction of light, particularly in the high-frequency range. Indeed, cloud-covered imagery can be distinguished from cloud-free imagery on the basis of rate of decay of the diffracted light power in the high-frequency band.

Growth responses of sugarcane to mycorrhizal spore density and phosphorus rate

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, commonly found in long-term cane-growing fields in northern Queensland, are linked with both negative and positive growth responses by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), depending on P supply. A glasshouse trial was established to examine whether AM density might also have an important influence on these growth responses. Mycorrhizal spores (Glomus clarum), isolated from a long-term cane block in northern Queensland, were introduced into a pasteurised low-P cane soil at 5 densities (0, 0.06, 0.25, 1, 4 spores/g soil) and with 4 P treatments (0, 8.2, 25, and 47 mg/kg). At 83 days after planting, sugarcane tops responded positively to P fertilizer, although responses attributable to spore density were rarely observed. In one case, addition of 4 spores/g led to a 53% yield response over those without AM at 8 mgP/kg, or a relative benefit of 17 mg P/kg. Root colonisation was reduced for plants with nil or 74 mg P/kg. For those without AM, P concentration in the topmost visible dewlap (TVD) leaf increased significantly with fertiliser P (0.07 v. 0.15%). However, P concentration increased further with the presence of AM spores. Irrespective of AM, the critical P concentration in the TVD leaf was 0.18%. This study confirms earlier reports that sugarcane is poorly responsive to AM. Spore density, up to 4 spores/g soil, appears unable to influence this responsiveness, either positively or negatively. Attempts to gain P benefits by increasing AM density through rotation seem unlikely to lead to yield increases by sugarcane. Conversely, sugarcane grown in fields with high spore densities and high plant-available P, such as long-term cane-growing soils, is unlikely to suffer a yield reduction from mycorrhizal fungi.

Effects of stage of defoliation on seed production and growth of Stylosanthes humilis.

Stylosanthes humilis swards grown at Brisbane in irrigated boxes were defoliated (about 60 per cent removal of tops) at floral initiation, first flower appearance, or advanced flowering stages ; seed yield was 45, 16, and 14 per cent respectively of seed yield in undefoliated swards. Decreased yields were primarily due to poor seed set of florets, were also associated with reduced inflorescence density and floret number per inflorescence, and occurred despite increases (in some defoliation treatments) in seed size, leaf growth rate, and differentiation of leaves and branches. Total seasonal plant growth was independent of defoliation treatment.

Canada Park Official Award Commemorative Medal

Obverse: Canada state emblem, a maple leaf, within the leaf there is a group of trees. Reverse: The area abounds in tree tops, all of them bending toward the center of the medal.

Prey of the silver-headed antechinus (Antechinus argentus), a new species of Australian dasyurid marsupial

The silver-headed antechinus (Antechinus argentus) is one of Australia’s most recently described mammals, and the single known population at Kroombit Tops in south-east Queensland is threatened. Nothing is known of the species’ ecology, so during 2014 we collected faecal pellets each month (March–September) from a population at the type locality to gather baseline data on diet composition. A total of 38 faecal pellets were collected from 12 individuals (eight females, four males) and microscopic analysis of pellets identified seven invertebrate orders, with 70% combined mean composition of beetles (Coleoptera: 38%) and cockroaches (Blattodea: 32%). Other orders that featured as prey were ants, crickets/grasshoppers, butterflies/moths, spiders, and true bugs. Given that faecal pellets could only be collected from a single habitat type (Eucalyptus montivaga high-altitude open forest) and location, this is best described as a generalist insectivorous diet that is characteristic of other previously studied congeners.

Electron Cyclotron Resonance in Strained Si and Si0.94Ge0.06 Channels on Relaxed Si0.62Ge0.38 Buffers Grown by Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition

We report the far-infrared measurements of the electron cyclotron resonance absorption in n-type Si/Si0. 62Ge0.38 and Si0.94Ge0.06 /Si0. 62Ge0.38 modulation- doped heterostructures grown by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition. The strained Si and Si0.94Ge0.06 channels were grown on relaxed Si0.62Ge0.38 buffer layers, which consist of 0.6 μm uniform Si0.62Ge0.38 layers and 0.5 μm compositionally graded relaxed SiGe layers from 0% Ge to 38 % Ge. The buffer layers were annealed at 800 °C for 1 hr to obtain complete relaxation. The samples had 100 Å spacers and 300 Å 2×1019 cm-3 n-type supply layers on the tops of the 75 Å channels. The far-infrared measurements of electron cyclotron resonance were performed at 4K with the magnetic field of 4 – 8 Tesla. The effective masses determined from the slope of center frequency of absorption peak vs applied magnetic field plot are 0.20 mo and 0.19 mo for the two dimensional electron gases in the Si and Si0.94Ge0.06 channels, respectively. The Si effective mass is very close to that of two dimensional electron gas in Si MOSFET (0.198mo). The electron effective mass of Si0.94Ge0.06 is reported for the first time and about 5 % lower than that of pure Si.

Vegetation Status in Uttara Kannada District

Uttara Kannada is the only district in Karnataka, which has a forested area of about 80% and falls in the region of the Western Ghats. It is considered to be a very resourceful in terms of abundant natural resources and constitutes an important district in Karnataka. The forest resources of the district are under pressure as a large portion of the forested area has been converted to non-forestry activities since independence owing to the increased demands from human and animal population resulting in degradation of the forest ecosystem. This has led to poor productivity and regenerative capacity which is evident in the form of barren hill tops, etc in Coastal taluks of Uttara Kannada, entailing regular monitoring of the forest resources very essential. The classification of forest is a prerequisite for managing forest resources. Geographical Information System (GIS), allows the spatial and temporal analysis of the features of interest, and helps in solving the problem of deforestation and associated environmental and ecological problems. Spatial and temporal tools such as GIS and remotely sensed data helps the planners and decision makers in evolving the sustainable strategies for management and conservation of natural resources. Uttara Kannada district was classified on the basis of the land-use using supervised hard classifiers. The land use categories identified were urban area, water bodies, agricultural land, forest cover, and waste land. Further classification was carried out on the basis of forest type. The types of forest categorised were semi-evergreen, evergreen, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, plantations and scrub, thorny and non-forested area. The identified classes were correlated with the ground data collected during field visits. The observed results were compared with the historic data and the changes in the forest cover were analysed. From the assessment made it was clear that there has been a considerable degree of forest loss in certain areas of the district. It was also observed that plantations and social forests have increased drastically over the last fifteen years, and natural forests have declined.

Vegetation Analysis in Uttara Kannada District Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques

Uttara Kannada is the only district in Karnataka, which has a forested area of about 80% and falls in the region of the Western Ghats. It is considered to be a very resourceful in terms of abundant natural resources and constitutes an important district in Karnataka. The forest resources of the district are under pressure as a large portion of the forested area has been converted to non-forestry activities since independence owing to the increased demands from human and animal population resulting in degradation of the forest ecosystem. This has led to poor productivity and regenerative capacity which is evident in the form of barren hill tops, etc in Coastal taluks of Uttara Kannada, entailing regular monitoring of the forest resources very essential. The classification of forest is a prerequisite for managing forest resources. Geographical Information System (GIS), allows the spatial and temporal analysis of the features of interest, and helps in solving the problem of deforestation and associated environmental and ecological problems. Spatial and temporal tools such as GIS and remotely sensed data helps the planners and decision makers in evolving the sustainable strategies for management and conservation of natural resources. Uttara Kannada district was classified on the basis of the land-use using supervised hard classifiers. The land use categories identified were urban area, water bodies, agricultural land, forest cover, and waste land. Further classification was carried out on the basis of forest type. The types of forest categorised were semi-evergreen, evergreen, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, plantations and scrub, thorny and non-forested area. The identified classes were correlated with the ground data collected during field visits. The observed results were compared with the historic data and the changes in the forest cover were analysed. From the assessment made it was clear that there has been a considerable degree of forest loss in certain areas of the district. It was also observed that plantations and social forests have increased drastically over the last fifteen years,and natural forests have declined.

A 10 tesla table-top controlled waveform magnet

Controlled waveform magnets (CWMs) are a class of pulsed magnets whose pulse shape with time can be programmed by the user. With a CWM, the user gains control not only over the magnitude of the field but also over its rate of change. In this work we present a table-top CWM, driven by a capacitor bank, capable of producing virtually any user-shaped magnetic field waveform up to 10 tesla. Insulated gate bipolar transistor chips have been paralleled to form the high current switch and paralleled chips of SiC Schottky diodes form the crowbar diode module. Sample controlled waveforms including flat-tops up to 10 tesla and some triangular magnetic field pulses have been successfully generated for 10-20 ms with a ripple < 1%. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3699316]

Estimation of Aboveground Phytomass of Plantations Using Digital Photogrammetry and High Resolution Remote Sensing Data

The study follows an approach to estimate phytomass using recent techniques of remote sensing and digital photogrammetry. It involved tree inventory of forest plantations in Bhakra forest range of Nainital district. Panchromatic stereo dataset of Cartosat-1 was evaluated for mean stand height retrieval. Texture analysis and tree-tops detection analyses were done on Quick-Bird PAN data. The composite texture image of mean, variance and contrast with a 5x5 pixel window was found best to separate tree crowns for assessment of crown areas. Tree tops count obtained by local maxima filtering was found to be 83.4 % efficient with an RMSE+/-13 for 35 sample plots. The predicted phytomass ranged from 27.01 to 35.08 t/ha in the case of Eucalyptus sp. while in the case of Tectona grandis from 26.52 to 156 t/ha. The correlation between observed and predicted phytomass in Eucalyptus sp. was 0.468 with an RMSE of 5.12. However, the phytomass predicted in Tectona grandis was fairly strong with R-2=0.65 and RMSE of 9.89 as there was no undergrowth and the crowns were clearly visible. Results of the study show the potential of Cartosat-1 derived DSM and Quick-Bird texture image for the estimation of stand height, stem diameter, tree count and phytomass of important timber species.

A summary of the inventory survey of Nigeria inland waters and preliminary estimates of their fish yield potentials

A summary of the inventory survey of Nigeria inland waters is presented. The survey reveals that Kano State tops the list in reservoir development with an existing water surface area of about 42,773 ha, while Anambra State has the least with about 38 hectares. No reservoir was recorded for Lagos and Rivers States. However, in aspects of existing fish ponds, a total of about 471 ha was recorded for Plateau State and about 5 ha for Niger State. Preliminary estimates of Nigeria's fish yield potentials based on established production records of comparable water bodies in the tropics, at different levels of management, show that the available water mass in the country, estimated at about 12.5 million hectares, could yield a minimum of about 334,214 metric tonnes (m.t.) of fish per annum with little or no management and a maximum of about 511,703 metric tonnes per annum with adequate management. Comparison of the potential yields from inland sources with the projected fish production in Nigeria (1981-1985) based on supply and demand statistics shows that potential yield from inland sources even at a low level of management is relatively higher than the projected inland production and more than double the observed production. The variation between the potential and the observed fish yields in the country has been attributed to the absolute lack of management strategies for our various inland waters. The paper elaborates on possible management strategies for various categories of inland waters as a prelude towards increased fish production in the country

Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in marine stratocumulus clouds

Marine stratocumulus clouds are generally optically thick and shallow, exerting a net cooling influence on climate. Changes in atmospheric aerosol levels alter cloud microphysics (e.g., droplet size) and cloud macrophysics (e.g., liquid water path, cloud thickness), thereby affecting cloud albedo and Earth’s radiative balance. To understand the aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions and to explore the dynamical effects, three-dimensional large-eddy simulations (LES) with detailed bin-resolved microphysics are performed to explore the diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus clouds under different aerosol levels and environmental conditions. It is shown that the marine stratocumulus cloud albedo is sensitive to aerosol perturbation under clean background conditions, and to environmental conditions such as large-scale divergence rate and free tropospheric humidity.

Based on the in-situ Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) during Jul. and Aug. 2011, and A-Train satellite observation of 589 individual ship tracks during Jun. 2006-Dec. 2009, an analysis of cloud albedo responses in ship tracks is presented. It is found that the albedo response in ship tracks depends on the mesoscale cloud structure, the free tropospheric humidity, and cloud top height. Under closed cell structure (i.e., cloud cells ringed by a perimeter of clear air), with sufficiently dry air above cloud tops and/or higher cloud top heights, the cloud albedo can become lower in ship tracks. Based on the satellite data, nearly 25% of ship tracks exhibited a decreased albedo. The cloud macrophysical responses are crucial in determining both the strength and the sign of the cloud albedo response to aerosols.

To understand the aerosol indirect effects on global marine warm clouds, multisensory satellite observations, including CloudSat, MODIS, CALIPSO, AMSR-E, ECMWF, CERES, and NCEP, have been applied to study the sensitivity of cloud properties to aerosol levels and to large scale environmental conditions. With an estimate of anthropogenic aerosol fraction, the global aerosol indirect radiative forcing has been assessed.

As the coupling among aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and meteorological conditions in the marine boundary layer is complex, the integration of LES modeling, in-situ aircraft measurements, and global multisensory satellite data analyses improves our understanding of this complex system.

Avaliação comparativa da alteração dimensional de diferentes materiais utilizados para a confecção de troquéis

Neste trabalho experimental, objetivou-se avaliar comparativamente a alteração dimensional de três diferentes materiais utilizados na confecção de troqueis: gesso tipo IV Fuji Rock (GC), resina epóxica industrial Sikadur 32 (Sika) e resina epóxica Tri-Epoxy Die Material (Tri-Dynamics). Foram confeccionados dois modelos-padrão em aço inoxidável. Um desses modelos foi confeccionado de modo a simular um preparo para coroa total em um pré-molar. O outro modelo foi confeccionado 2,0mm maior em todas as dimensões em relação ao primeiro de modo a proporcionar um alívio uniforme para a base leve do material de moldagem. Trinta troquéis foram obtidos a partir de moldes em silicona de adição (Aquasil Dentsply) utilizada com a técnica de dois passos. Os troqueis foram divididos em grupos de dez para cada material. As alterações foram mensuradas através das medições da altura e dos diâmetros da base e do topo dos troqueis obtidos, com o auxílio de um Projetor de Perfis Deltronic DV-114 com leitura em software. As medidas obtidas foram dispostas em tabelas e analisadas estatisticamente. Após avaliação pode-se concluir que houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre todos os grupos testados. Os troquéis de gesso tipo IV Fuji Rock (GC) contraíram nas medições da altura e do diâmetro do topo, e expandiram nas medições do diâmetro da base, apresentando diferença estatisticamente significativa em todas as comparações com o grupo controle (metal). Os troquéis de resina epóxica Tri-Epoxy (Tri-Dynamics) contraíram nas medições da altura e do diâmetro do topo, e expandiram nas medições diâmetro da base, apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante somente no diâmetro do topo nas comparações com o grupo controle (metal). Os troquéis de resina epóxica Sikadur 32 (Sika) contraíram nas medições da altura e do diâmetro do topo, e expandiram nas medições do diâmetro das base, apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante em todas as comparações com o grupo controle (metal).

Estudo de espécie nativa da restinga para plantio em telhados de construção de interesse social.

O alto crescimento populacional tem desencadeado uma elevada ocupação das áreas urbanas com a expansão de edificações e estradas causando alterações no meio ambiente com a consequente minimização das áreas verdes e da infiltração de água no solo. Estes fenômenos acarretam problemas como enxurradas, inundações, aumento da temperatura local e diminuição da biodiversidade com inúmeros efeitos adversos, tanto econômicos quanto ambientais e sociais. Uma das alternativas para minimizar estes problemas é a construção de telhados verdes, que tem como uma das principais funções retardar o escoamento devido ao aumento da infiltração e retenção da água das chuvas atenuando o efeito avassalador das enchentes e das zonas de calor, principalmente em climas muito quentes, além de colaborar para recuperação de ecossistemas, através do replantio de mudas. Este projeto faz parte de um conjunto de ações integradas de cidadania e inclusão social na região hidrográfica da baixada de Jacarepaguá, especificamente envolvendo a Comunidade da Vila Cascatinha, em Vargem Grande, a fim de gerar subsídios para políticas públicas em áreas de assentamentos informais, integrado ao projeto HIDROCIDADES (CNPq, FAPERJ, FINEP), que visa a conservação da água em meios urbanos e periurbanos associado à cidadania, inclusão social e melhoria da qualidade de vida nas grandes cidades. Este trabalho utiliza uma tecnologia adaptada dos telhados verdes para edificação popular (telhado de fibrocimento) muito comum no Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar uma espécie com potencial de geração de renda (visando o social) de ecossistema regionais como restinga, em edificação; analisar o crescimento e biomassa da espécie de restinga cultivada em telhados; e avaliar qualidades das mídias em função do plantio em análise de armazenamento (retenção) de água no solo. A partir da metodologia empregada na implantação dos telhados verdes em habitações populares, os resultados obtidos são desenvolvimento da espécie Ipomoea pes caprae Brasiliensis, em três tipos de mídias de crescimento e também eficiência dessas mídias no escoamento superficial. Observou-se retenção de 69,24L de água para o bagaço de cana de açúcar e 64,7L para a fibra de coco. E foi observado também um retardo da ocorrência do pico de até 14 minutos no telhado vegetado em relação ao telhado controle (convencional).

Mapeamento sísmico de intrusões ígneas na bacia do Amazonas e suas implicações para um modelo não-convencional de geração de hidrocarbonetos

A maioria das bacias paleozóicas brasileiras apresenta matéria orgânica termicamente pouco evoluída nos intervalos correspondentes ao Devoniano. O modelo mais adequado para se entender a geração, migração e acumulação de HC estaria relacionado às fases de intrusão de diabásio. No caso da Bacia do Amazonas, embora tenha havido condições de soterramento suficientes para a geração de hidrocarbonetos, não se deve descartar o modelo não convencional de geração como uma das formas possíveis de dar origem as acumulações comerciais de óleo e gás. Acredita-se que o intervalo mais apropriado para a geração de hidrocarbonetos (HC) inclua apenas as rochas depositadas no intervalo Frasniano, embora as rochas associadas ao intervalo Llandoveriano, também, devam ser observadas com atenção. Com o intuito de compreender melhor o papel da atividade magmática na evolução da Bacia do Amazonas, foi realizado o mapeamento sísmico de soleiras de diabásio e análise de dados geoquímicos de pirólise Rock-Eval e COT. Assim, foi possível avaliar a geração/migração de hidrocarbonetos e a variação dos parâmetros geotérmicos na Bacia do Amazonas, causados pela intrusão das soleiras de diabásio. A análise sismoestratigráfica baseou-se na interpretação de 20 linhas sísmicas 2D pós-stack, na qual foram reconhecidos e mapeados horizontes sísmicos (topos de formações e corpos ígneos intrusivos), utilizando dados de poços e dados da literatura para correlação. As intrusões de soleiras estão presentes nas sucessões de folhelhos/siltitos e anidritas das formações Andirá e Nova Olinda, respectivamente. Observou-se que as soleiras de diabásio podem estar intimamente relacionadas a diques sistematicamente orientados, tendo estes diques a função de alimentadores das soleiras. Extensas soleiras planares com segmentos transgressivos ocorrem nos níveis estratigráficos mais rasos da Bacia do Amazonas, e em maiores volumes nas formações Andirá e Nova Olinda. Em algumas regiões as soleiras desenvolvem morfologias marcantes em forma de pires. Esses corpos possuem espessuras que podem chegar a 500m. Comumente, a geometria em lençol denotada pelo paralelismo dos refletores está presente em toda extensão do mapeamento da bacia. Também foram observadas estruturas em domo. O efeito térmico imposto pelas intrusões dos corpos ígneos, diques e soleiras foi de grande importância, pois sem ele não haveria calor para a transformação da matéria orgânica. Através da análise de pirólise Rock-Eval e teor de carbono orgânico, foi possível avaliar e correlacionar os parâmetros como S2 (potencial de geração), IH (índice de hidrogênio), S1 (hidrocarbonetos livres) e Tmax (evolução térmica) com a profundidade. Foram utilizados dados de 04 poços na qual dois deles foram compilados a partir de artigos e teses publicados. As rochas potencialmente geradoras de petróleo são aquelas que apresentam COT igual ou superior a 1%. Dos quatro poços analisados, dois deles apresentam COT > 1% para a Formação Barreirinhas, mostrando que as rochas sedimentares são potencialmente geradoras de HC. Altos valores Tmax podem ser justificados pelo efeito térmico causado por intrusões de diabásio. Os resultados de índice de hidrogênio (IH) apresentaram valores abaixo de 200mgHC/g COT, indicando o potencial gerador desta bacia para gás.