Thermal modelling of semiconductor switches in three-level Neutral Point Clamped Medium Voltage DTC-inverter

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the thermal loading of medium voltage three-level NPC inverter’s semiconductor IGCT switches in different operation points. The objective is to reach both a fairly accurate off-line simulation program and also so simple a simulation model that its implementation into an embedded system could be reasonable in practice and a real time use should become feasible. Active loading limitation of the inverter can be realized with a thermal model which is practical in a real time use. Determining of the component heating has been divided into two parts; defining of component losses and establishing the structure of a thermal network. Basics of both parts are clarified. The simulation environment is Matlab-Simulink. Two different models are constructed – a more accurate one and a simplified one. Potential simplifications are clarified with the help of the first one. Simplifications are included in the latter model and the functionalities of both models are compared. When increasing the calculation time step a decreased number of considered components and time constants of the thermal network can be used in the simplified model. Heating of a switching component is dependent on its topological position and inverter’s operation point. The output frequency of the converter defines mainly which one of the switching components is – because of its losses and heating – the performance limiting component of the converter. Comparison of results given by different thermal models demonstrates that with larger time steps, describing of fast occurring switching losses becomes difficult. Generally articles and papers dealing with this subject are written for two-level inverters. Also inverters which apply direct torque control (DTC) are investigated rarely from the heating point of view. Hence, this thesis completes the former material.

La participation sociale au quotidien : une analyse de l’emploi du temps.

Notre recherche tente de comprendre l’évolution de la participation sociale et les nouvelles formes qu’elle prend dans la société canadienne contemporaine. La participation sociale constitue désormais un enjeu important dans les sociétés démocratiques, où la vie sociale est menacée par la logique marchande et où l’action de l’État sollicite de plus en plus l‘engagement social. Nous nous demandons ainsi comment la distribution du temps de participation sociale a évolué chez les Canadiens âgés de 25 à 49 ans, afin de saisir de quelle manière les individus concilient quotidiennement leur vie professionnelle, familiale et civique. Nous avons ainsi analysé la participation sociale à partir de la place qu’elle occupe dans l’organisation de l’emploi du temps quotidien, plutôt qu’à partir de ses déterminants. Au terme de nos analyses, nous pouvons poser deux conclusions majeures. D’abord, l’évolution entre 1992 et 1998, des activités formelles (bénévolat) et des activités informelles (entraide) se caractérise par la baisse du taux de participation. Par contre, il s’est également produit un allongement du temps de participation du bénévolat qui témoigne de l’existence d’un « noyau dur » de bénévoles. Ensuite, c’est la manière spécifique dont les individus organisent leur temps libre qui explique l’engagement social et le temps qui lui est consacré. Ceci nous fait conclure à l’influence réelle mais non totalement déterminante du temps de travail dans le fait de s’engager ou non et de consacrer de plus ou moins longues périodes à la pratique de ces activités.

Temps, culture et communication : pour une critique de la statistique culturelle

Comment fonder théoriquement des indicateurs culturels? Issue de problèmes méthodologiques reliés à l’étude des rapports entre le temps de travail et le temps libre, cette question émerge à la suite du constat du déficit théorique de la statistique culturelle. En effet, l’étude du temps libre, comme du temps de travail, nécessite de questionner les fondements de cette répartition, en même temps qu’elle exige d’analyser concrètement les pratiques sociales reliées à ces catégories. Or, les ana-lyses sur l’emploi du temps libre sont souvent fondées sur des statistiques à propos des activités culturelles, statistiques dont la portée explicative est singulièrement limitée. Bien que des statistiques sur certaines de ces activités existent au moins depuis le début du XXe siècle, c’est à partir des années 1970 que les besoins de connaissance reliés à la mise en œuvre des politiques culturelles stimulent la production de statistiques plus nombreuses et plus détaillées. Afin de donner des significations à cette masse de statistiques, il est nécessaire de délimiter les frontières de ce qui est culture et communication parmi toutes les autres activités sociales. L’élaboration de cadres conceptuels de la culture par l’UNESCO et d’autres agences statistiques tente de répondre à cette exigence, tandis que les projets d’indicateurs avancés cherchent à donner un sens à l’information statistique. Ces tentatives se caractérisent toutefois par la faiblesse de leur assise théorique, problème qui se manifeste de manière aiguë dans la définition d’indicateurs qui ont nécessairement une portée normative. La résolution de cette impasse de la statistique culturelle passe au moins par une clarification des concepts reliés à la notion de culture. À cette fin, la méthodologie de la recherche repose sur une analyse critique de certains documents fondamentaux qui ont conduit à la création du cadre conceptuel pour la statistique culturelle de l’UNESCO, ainsi que sur des textes phares de Fernand Dumont, Pierre Bourdieu et Jürgen Habermas, choisis pour leur capacité à penser les activités culturelles dans l’ensemble social selon leur temporalité. La notion de temporalité est elle-même examinée sous l’angle de plusieurs approches théoriques. Il ressort de cet examen que la différenciation du temps en temps abstrait et temps concret permet d’entrevoir que les pratiques culturelles pourraient être mesurées non seulement selon la quantité de temps social qui leur est dévolue, mais aussi comme un temps qui a une valeur marchande. Les acquis de l’analyse critique des cadres conceptuels de la statistique culturelle et des textes de Dumont, Bourdieu et Habermas servent de points d’appui pour l’élaboration d’un projet d’indicateurs culturels pour le compte de l’Observatoire de la culture et des communications du Québec (OCCQ). Ce système d’indicateurs a été élaboré selon une grille qui définit ce qu’est un indicateur culturel, son objectif et sa signification. Les indicateurs ont été choisis au cours d’un processus de consultation mené par l’OCCQ auprès des agents gouvernementaux concernés et des représentants des associations professionnelles des secteurs de la culture et des communications du Québec.

The household revolution: childcare, housework, and female labor force participation

Over the twentieth century, the allocation of womens' time changed dramatically. This paper explores the implications for the allocation of married womens' time stemming from: (1) the household revolution associated with the introduction of a variety of labor-saving devices in the home; (2) the remarkable increase in the relative wage of women; and (3) changes in childcare requirements associated with changes in fertility patterns. To do so, we construct a life-cycle model with home production and childcare constraints. The parameters of the childcare production function are estimated using micro evidence from U.S. time use data. We find that the increase in the relative wage of women is the most important explanation of the increase in married womens' market work time over the twentieth century. Changes in fertility had large effects up to 1980, but little effect thereafter. The declining price of durables has an appreciable effect only since 1980, an effect that is consistent with a broader interpretation of durable goods reflecting the marketization of home production.

Using screen splitting in MS Word 2010

When working on a long Word document it can be very useful to be able to look at two parts of the file at the same time, use the Screen Split tool to do just this. For best viewing Download the video.

Using the Screen Split tool in MS Word 2011

When working on a long Word document it can be very useful to be able to look at two parts of the file at the same time, use the Screen Split tool to do just this. For best viewing Download the video.

Abordajes teóricos en la comprensión de la influencia de los recursos económicos en la actividad física

Estudio cualitativo que analiza los abordajes teóricos utilizados por diferentes autores en la comprensión de la influencia de los recursos económicos en la actividad física desde los modelos de determinantes y determinación social.

Measurement Quality in Indicators of Compositions: a Compositional Multitrait-Multimethod Approach

Compositional data, also called multiplicative ipsative data, are common in survey research instruments in areas such as time use, budget expenditure and social networks. Compositional data are usually expressed as proportions of a total, whose sum can only be 1. Owing to their constrained nature, statistical analysis in general, and estimation of measurement quality with a confirmatory factor analysis model for multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) designs in particular are challenging tasks. Compositional data are highly non-normal, as they range within the 0-1 interval. One component can only increase if some other(s) decrease, which results in spurious negative correlations among components which cannot be accounted for by the MTMM model parameters. In this article we show how researchers can use the correlated uniqueness model for MTMM designs in order to evaluate measurement quality of compositional indicators. We suggest using the additive log ratio transformation of the data, discuss several approaches to deal with zero components and explain how the interpretation of MTMM designs di ers from the application to standard unconstrained data. We show an illustration of the method on data of social network composition expressed in percentages of partner, family, friends and other members in which we conclude that the faceto-face collection mode is generally superior to the telephone mode, although primacy e ects are higher in the face-to-face mode. Compositions of strong ties (such as partner) are measured with higher quality than those of weaker ties (such as other network members)

The elasticity of demand is about occupancy, not prices: building European demand curves based on occupancy elasticity

The peak congestion of the European grid may create significant impacts on system costs because of the need for higher marginal cost generation, higher cost system balancing and increasing grid reinforcement investment. The use of time of use rates, incentives, real time pricing and other programmes, usually defined as Demand Side Management (DSM), could bring about significant reductions in prices, limit carbon emissions from dirty power plants, and improve the integration of renewable sources of energy. Unlike previous studies on elasticity of residential electricity demand under flat tariffs, the aim of this study is not to investigate the known relatively inelastic relationship between demand and prices. Rather, the aim is to assess how occupancy levels vary in different European countries. This reflects the reality of demand loads, which are predominantly determined by the timing of human activities (e.g. travelling to work, taking children to school) rather than prices. To this end, two types of occupancy elasticity are estimated: baseline occupancy elasticity and peak occupancy elasticity. These represent the intrinsic elasticity associated with human activities of single residential end-users in 15 European countries. This study makes use of occupancy time-series data from the Harmonised European Time Use Survey database to build European occupancy curves; identify peak occupancy periods; draw time use demand curves for video and TV watching activity; and estimate national occupancy elasticity levels of single-occupant households. Findings on occupancy elasticities provide an indication of possible DSM strategies based on occupancy levels and not prices.

Demand side management for the European Supergrid: occupancy variances of European single-person households

The prospect of a European Supergrid calls for research on aggregate electricity peak demand and Europe-wide Demand Side Management. No attempt has been made as yet to represent a time-related demand curve of residential electricity consumption at the European level. This article assesses how active occupancy levels of single-person households vary in single-person household in 15 European countries. It makes use of occupancy time-series data from the Harmonised European Time Use Survey database to build European occupancy curves; identify peak occupancy periods; construct time-related electricity demand curves for TV and video watching activities and assess occupancy variances of single-person households.

Sibling caringscapes: time–space practices of caring within youth-headed households in Tanzania and Uganda

This paper investigates the time–space practices of young people caring for their siblings in youthheaded households affected by AIDS in Tanzania and Uganda. Based on qualitative exploratory research with young people heading households, their siblings, NGO workers and community members, the article develops the notion of sibling ‘caringscapes’ to analyse young people’s everyday practices and caring pathways through time and space. Participatory time-use data reveals that older siblings of both genders regularly undertake substantial caring tasks at the very high end of the caregiving continuum. Drawing on rhythmanalysis, the paper explores how young people negotiate emotional geographies and temporalities of caring. The competing rhythms of bodies, schooling, work and seasonal agricultural production can result in ‘arrhythmia’ and time scarcity, which has detrimental effects on young people’s health, education,future employment prospects and mobility. Young people’s lifecourse transitions are shaped to a large extent by their caring responsibilities, resulting in some young people remaining in a liminal position for considerable periods, unable to make ‘successful’ transitions to adulthood. Despite structural constraints,however, young people are able to exercise some autonomy over their caring pathways and lifecourse transitions. The research sheds light on the ways that individuals embody the practices, routines and rhythms of everyday life and exercise agency within highly restricted broader landscapes of care.

‘Nudging’ energy users: regulatory measures to address the risk of aggregate peak demand in European electricity markets

For decades regulators in the energy sector have focused on facilitating the maximisation of energy supply in order to meet demand through liberalisation and removal of market barriers. The debate on climate change has emphasised a new type of risk in the balance between energy demand and supply: excessively high energy demand brings about significantly negative environmental and economic impacts. This is because if a vast number of users is consuming electricity at the same time, energy suppliers have to activate dirty old power plants with higher greenhouse gas emissions and higher system costs. The creation of a Europe-wide electricity market requires a systematic investigation into the risk of aggregate peak demand. This paper draws on the e-Living Time-Use Survey database to assess the risk of aggregate peak residential electricity demand for European energy markets. Findings highlight in which countries and for what activities the risk of aggregate peak demand is greater. The discussion highlights which approaches energy regulators have started considering to convince users about the risks of consuming too much energy during peak times. These include ‘nudging’ approaches such as the roll-out of smart meters, incentives for shifting the timing of energy consumption, differentiated time-of-use tariffs, regulatory financial incentives and consumption data sharing at the community level.

Analysis and modeling of active occupancy of the residential sector in Spain: an indicator of residential electricity consumption

The growing energy consumption in the residential sector represents about 30% of global demand. This calls for Demand Side Management solutions propelling change in behaviors of end consumers, with the aim to reduce overall consumption as well as shift it to periods in which demand is lower and where the cost of generating energy is lower. Demand Side Management solutions require detailed knowledge about the patterns of energy consumption. The profile of electricity demand in the residential sector is highly correlated with the time of active occupancy of the dwellings; therefore in this study the occupancy patterns in Spanish properties was determined using the 2009–2010 Time Use Survey (TUS), conducted by the National Statistical Institute of Spain. The survey identifies three peaks in active occupancy, which coincide with morning, noon and evening. This information has been used to input into a stochastic model which generates active occupancy profiles of dwellings, with the aim to simulate domestic electricity consumption. TUS data were also used to identify which appliance-related activities could be considered for Demand Side Management solutions during the three peaks of occupancy.

The timing and societal synchronisation of energy demand

It is increasingly important to know about when energy is used in the home, at work and on the move. Issues of time and timing have not featured strongly in energy policy analysis and in modelling, much of which has focused on estimating and reducing total average annual demand per capita. If smarter ways of balancing supply and demand are to take hold, and if we are to make better use of decarbonised forms of supply, it is essential to understand and intervene in patterns of societal synchronisation. This calls for detailed knowledge of when, and on what occasions many people engage in the same activities at the same time, of how such patterns are changing, and of how might they be shaped. In addition, the impact of smart meters and controls partly depends on whether there is, in fact scope for shifting the timing of what people do, and for changing the rhythm of the day. Is the scheduling of daily life an arena that policy can influence, and if so how? The DEMAND Centre has been linking time use, energy consumption and travel diary data as a means of addressing these questions and in this working paper we present some of the issues and results arising from that exercise.

Activities related with electricity consumption in the Spanish residential sector: variations between days of the week, Autonomous Communities and size of towns

Nowadays the electricity consumption in the residential sector attracts policy and research efforts, in order to propose saving strategies and to attain a better balance between production and consumption, by integrating renewable energy production and proposing suitable demand side management methods. To achieve these objectives it is essential to have real information about household electricity demand profiles in dwellings, highly correlated, among other aspects, with the active occupancy of the homes and to the personal activities carried out in homes by their occupants. Due to the limited information related to these aspects, in this paper, behavioral factors of the Spanish household residents, related to the electricity consumption, have been determined and analyzed, based on data from the Spanish Time Use Surveys, differentiating among the Autonomous Communities and the size of municipalities, or the type of days, weekdays or weekends. Activities involving a larger number of houses are those related to Personal Care, Food Preparation and Washing Dishes. The activity of greater realization at homes is Watching TV, which together with Using PC, results in a high energy demand in an aggregate level. Results obtained enable identify prospective targets for load control and for efficiency energy reduction recommendations to residential consumers.