Evolution of microhardness and microstructure in a cast Al–7 % Si alloy during high-pressure torsion

Disks of a cast Al-7 % Si alloy were processed through high-pressure torsion (HPT) for 1/4, 1/2, 1, 5, and 10 revolutions under a pressure of 6.0 GPa and at temperatures of 298 and 445 K. The hardness of the samples after processing was significantly higher than in the cast sample, and the hardness profiles across the samples became more uniform with increasing numbers of turns. Processing at higher temperature gave lower hardness values. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of HPT processing on various microstructural aspects of the cast Al-7 % Si alloy such as the grain size, the Taylor factor, and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries. The results demonstrate that there is a correlation between trends in the microhardness values and the observed microstructures.

Evolution of texture and microstructure during hot torsion of a magnesium alloy

A systematic study of the evolution of the microstructure and crystallographic texture during free end torsion of a single phase magnesium alloy Mg-3Al-0.3Mn (AM30) was carried out. The torsion tests were done at a temperature of 250 degrees C to different strain levels in order to examine the progressive evolution of the microstructure and texture. A detailed microstructural analysis was performed using the electron back-scattered diffraction technique. The observed microstructural features indicated the occurrence of continuous dynamic recovery and recrystallization, starting with the formation of subgrains and ending with recrystallized grains with high angle boundaries. Texture and microstructure evolution were analysed by decoupling the effects of imposed shear and of dynamic recrystallization. Microstructure was partitioned to separate the deformed grains from the recovered/recrystallized grains. The texture of the deformed part could be reproduced by viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal simulations. Recovered/recrystallized grains were formed as a result of rotation of these grains so as to reach a low plastic energy state. (C) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A finite element method for the Saint-Venant torsion and bending problems for prismatic beams

In this work, we present a finite element formulation for the Saint-Venant torsion and bending problems for prismatic beams. The torsion problem formulation is based on the warping function, and can handle multiply-connected regions (including thin-walled structures), compound and anisotropic bars. Similarly, the bending formulation, which is based on linearized elasticity theory, can handle multiply-connected domains including thin-walled sections. The torsional rigidity and shear centers can be found as special cases of these formulations. Numerical results are presented to show the good coarse-mesh accuracy of both the formulations for both the displacement and stress fields. The stiffness matrices and load vectors (which are similar to those for a variable body force in a conventional structural mechanics problem) in both formulations involve only domain integrals, which makes them simple to implement and computationally efficient. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DEFINING alpha-HELIX GEOMETRY BY C-alpha ATOM TRACE vs (phi-psi) TORSION ANGLES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

A regular secondary structure is described by a well defined set of values for the backbone dihedral angles (phi,psi and omega) in a polypeptide chain. However in real protein structures small local variations give rise to distortions from the ideal structures, which can lead to considerable variation in higher order organization. Protein structure analysis and accurate assignment of various structural elements, especially their terminii, are important first step in protein structure prediction and design. Various algorithms are available for assigning secondary structure elements in proteins but some lacunae still exist. In this study, results of a recently developed in-house program ASSP have been compared with those from STRIDE, in identification of alpha-helical regions in both globular and membrane proteins. It is found that, while a combination of hydrogen bond patterns and backbone torsional angles (phi-psi) are generally used to define secondary structure elements, the geometry of the C-alpha atom trace by itself is sufficient to define the parameters of helical structures in proteins. It is also possible to differentiate the various helical structures by their C-alpha trace and identify the deviations occurring both at mid-positions as well as at the terminii of alpha-helices, which often lead to occurrence of 3(10) and pi-helical fragments in both globular and membrane proteins.

Effect of High-Pressure Torsion on Texture, Microstructure, and Raman Spectroscopy: Case Study of Fe- and Te-Substituted CoSb3

Fe0.05Co0.95Sb2.875Te0.125, a double-element-substituted skutterudite, was prepared by induction melting, annealing, and hot pressing (HP). The hot-pressed sample was subjected to high-pressure torsion (HPT) with 4 GPa pressure at 673 K. X-ray diffraction was performed before and after HPT processing of the sample; the skutterudite phase was observed as a main phase, but an additional impurity phase (CoSb2) was observed in the HPT-processed sample. Surface morphology was determined by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. In the HP sample, coarse grains with sizes in the range of approximately 100 nm to 300 nm were obtained. They changed to fine grains with a reduction in grain size to 75 nm to 125 nm after HPT due to severe plastic deformation. Crystallographic texture, as measured by x-ray diffraction, indicated strengthening of (112), (102) poles and weakening of the (123) pole of the HPT-processed sample. Raman-active vibrational modes showed a peak position shift towards the lower energy side, indicating softening of the modes after HPT. The distortion of the rectangular Sb-Sb rings leads to broadening of Sb-Sb vibrational modes due to local strain fluctuation. In the HPT process, a significant effect on the shorter Sb-Sb bond was observed as compared with the longer Sb-Sb bond.

Mapping Post-translational Modifications of Mammalian Testicular Specific Histone Variant TH2B in Tetraploid and Haploid Germ Cells and Their Implications on the Dynamics of Nucleosome Structure

Histones regulate a variety of chromatin templated events by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Although there are extensive reports on the PTMs of canonical histones, the information on the histone variants remains very scanty. Here, we report the identification of different PTMs, such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation of a major mammalian histone variant TH2B. Our mass spectrometric analysis has led to the identification of both conserved and unique modifications across tetraploid spermatocytes and haploid spermatids. We have also computationally derived the 3-dimensional model of a TH2B containing nucleosome in order to study the spatial orientation of the PTMs identified and their effect on nucleosome stability and DNA binding potential. From our nucleosome model, it is evident that substititution of specific amino acid residues in TH2B results in both differential histone-DNA and histone-histone contacts. Furthermore, we have also observed that acetylation on the N-terminal tail of TH2B weakens the interactions with the DNA. These results provide direct evidence that, similar to somatic H2B, the testis specific histone TH2B also undergoes multiple PTMs, suggesting the possibility of chromatin regulation by such covalent modifications in mammalian male germ cells.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of copper subjected to high pressure torsion

Experiments were conducted on copper subjected to High Pressure Torsion to investigate the evolution of microstructure and microhardness with shear strain, gamma. Observations have been carried out in the longitudinal section for a proper demonstration of the structure morphology. An elongated dislocation cell/subgrain structure was observed at relatively low strain level. With increasing strain, the elongated subgrains transformed into elongated grains and finally into equiaxed grains with high angle grain boundaries. Measurements showed the hardness increases with increasing gamma then tends to saturations when gamma >5. The variation tendency of microhardness with gamma can be simulated by Voce-type equation.

Torsion fracture behavior of drawn pearlitic steel wires with different heat treatments

In this paper, torsion fracture behavior of drawn pearlitic steel wires with different heat treatments was investigated. Samples with different heat treatments was investigated. Samples with different heat treatment conditions were subjected to torsion and tensile tests. The shear strain along the torsion sample after fracture was measured. Fracture surface of wires was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy. In addition, the method of Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used to characterize the thermodynamic process in the heat treatment. A numerical simulation via finite element method on temperature field evolution for the wire during heat treatment process was performed. The results show that both strain aging and recovery process occur in the material within the temperature range between room temperature and 435 degrees C. It was shown that the ductility measured by the number of twists drops at short heating times and recovers after further heating in the lead bath of 435 degrees C. On the other hand, the strenght of the wire increases at short heating times and decreases after further heating. The microstructure inhomogeneity due to short period of heat treatment, coupled with the gradient characteristics of shear deformation during torsion results in localized shear deformation of the wire. In this situation, shear cracks nucleate between lamella and the wire breaks with low number of twists.

Energy inequalities and error estimates for axisymmetric torsion of thin elastic shells of revolution

The problem motivating this investigation is that of pure axisymmetric torsion of an elastic shell of revolution. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the three-dimensional linear theory of elastic equilibrium for homogeneous, isotropic solids. The objective is the rigorous estimation of errors involved in the use of approximations based on thin shell theory.

The underlying boundary value problem is one of Neumann type for a second order elliptic operator. A systematic procedure for constructing pointwise estimates for the solution and its first derivatives is given for a general class of second-order elliptic boundary-value problems which includes the torsion problem as a special case.

The method used here rests on the construction of “energy inequalities” and on the subsequent deduction of pointwise estimates from the energy inequalities. This method removes certain drawbacks characteristic of pointwise estimates derived in some investigations of related areas.

Special interest is directed towards thin shells of constant thickness. The method enables us to estimate the error involved in a stress analysis in which the exact solution is replaced by an approximate one, and thus provides us with a means of assessing the quality of approximate solutions for axisymmetric torsion of thin shells.

Finally, the results of the present study are applied to the stress analysis of a circular cylindrical shell, and the quality of stress estimates derived here and those from a previous related publication are discussed.

Efeitos metabólicos e testicular da administração em longo prazo de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas em ratos adultos

A obesidade e suas complicações metabólicas afetam o sistema endócrino e vários órgãos, tais como os testículos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ingestão de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas (rica em ácidos graxos saturados e/ou poliinsaturados) na massa corporal, no metabolismo de carboidratos e na morfologia testicular em ratos aos sete meses de idade. 39 ratos machos Wistar (três meses de idade) foram divididos em 4 grupos: SC (standard chow; n = 9), HF-S (dieta hiperlipídica rica em ácidos graxos saturados; n = 10), HF-P (dieta hiperlipídica rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados; n = 10), HF-SP (dieta hiperlipídica rica em ácidos graxos saturados e poliinsaturados; n = 10). A massa corporal foi monitorada semanalmente, até o final do experimento. Ao sacrifício (sete meses de idade), amostras de sangue foram coletadas e os testículos foram dissecados, pesados e processados para análises histomorfométrica, imunohistoquímica e bioquímica. Os depósitos de gordura genital foram dissecados e pesados. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e pós-teste de Bonferroni, considerando p < 0,05. As dietas hiperlipídicas promoveram aumento na massa corporal dos animais quando comparado ao grupo SC (p < 0,0001). Corroborando com esse resultado, os depósitos de gordura genital dos grupos hiperlipídicos (HF-S, HF-P e HF-SP) apresentaram aumento de 67%, 91% e 90% (p = 0,0004) em relação ao grupo SC, respectivamente. Quanto aos parâmetros séricos, os animais dos grupos HF-S e HF-SP apresentaram hiperglicemia (p = 0,0060), hiperinsulinemia (p = 0,0030), hipercolesterolemia (p = 0,0021). Todos os grupos hiperlipídicos apresentaram hiperleptinemia (p = 0,0019). Os níveis de triglicerídeos e testosterona não diferiram entre os grupos. Em relação ao testículo, os grupos SC, HF-P e HF-SP apresentaram maior altura do epitélio seminífero quando comparado ao grupo HF-S (p = 0,0003). No que diz respeito ao diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, verificou-se uma diminuição no grupo HF-SP, em comparação ao grupo SC (p = 0,0010). A proliferação celular foi reduzida no grupo HF-S comparado ao grupo SC (p = 0,0450). Não foram observadas diferenças na massa testicular e na concentração de colágeno. Diante do exposto, a administração de dieta HF, independentemente da qualidade do lipídio, promoveu o sobrepeso em ratos adultos. No entanto, a dieta rica em ácidos graxos saturados (banha de porco) promoveu alterações no metabolismo dos carboidratos e na morfologia testicular, com redução no diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, na altura do epitélio seminífero e na proliferação das células da linhagem espermatogênica. Estas alterações estão possivelmente relacionadas à distúrbios na espermatogênese.

Análise estrutural dos apêndices testiculares em pacientes com criptorquia

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a incidência, a estrutura dos apêndices testiculares (AT) em pacientes com criptorquia, comparando a sua incidência com as anomalias epididimárias e a patência do processo vaginal. Estudamos 55 pacientes (72 testículos) portadores de criptorquia e 8 testículos como controle (6 hidroceles e 2 torções). Analisamos as relações entre o testículo e o epidídimo, a patência do processo vaginal e a incidência e histologia dos ATs. Fibras musculares lisas (SMC), tecido conectivo (CT) e fibras do sistema elástico (ESF) foram estudados por métodos imuno-histoquímicos. Dos 72 testículos com criptorquia 20 (27.77%) apresentavam anomalias epididimárias, 41(56.9%) tinham processo vaginal patente e 44 (61.1%) tinham apêndices testiculares. Dos 44 testículos portadores de criptorquia com apêndices, 30 (68.18%) apresentavam o processo vaginal patente e 11 (25%) apresentavam anomalias epididimárias. O epitélio não apresentou alteração aparente nos apêndices de pacientes com criptorquia e no grupo controle. Análise estereológica documentou a prevalência de ESF (média de 1.48%); prevalência de vasos (média de 10,11%) e uma diminuição (p=0.14) da SMC nos AT de pacientes com criptorquia (média = 4.93%). O colágeno III prevaleceu nos AT de pacientes com criptorquia. Não houve alteração na incidência de anomalias anatômicas associadas aos testículos portadores de AT. Os apêndices testiculares apresentaram uma alteração estrutural significativa nos pacientes com criptorquia, o que indica que os AT apresentam uma remodelação estrutural significativa nos pacientes com criptorquia.

Avaliação da morfologia testicular e dos parâmetros espermáticos em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos e tratados com enalapril

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é um problema de saúde pública, geralmente associada a outras doenças, como obesidade, diabetes, doença renal, aterosclerose, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e identificado como um dos fatores de risco mais prevalentes para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Orgãos-alvo, como coração, rins, cérebro e olhos, são comumente afetados em pacientes hipertensos. No entanto, o dano testicular causado pela hipertensão não foi claramente definido. A hipertensão é um fator de risco bem estabelecido para a disfunção erétil, mas sua relação com o dano testicular e a fertilidade masculina não é claramente compreendida. Este estudo avalia a morfologia testicular e alguns parâmetros espermáticos de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), virgem de tratamento e tratados com enalapril. Ratos SHR foram distribuídos em dois grupos, um grupo hipertenso (H), e um grupo tratado com enalapril (HE). Ratos Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) foram utilizados como controles. A pressão arterial sistólica foi medida semanalmente, até o final do experimento. A concentração de espermatozóides, motilidade e viabilidade foram determinadas em amostras coletadas da cauda do epidídimo. Métodos estereológicos foram usados para analisar objetivamente a morfologia testicular macroscopicamente e microscopicamente. Todos os dados foram analisados por ANOVA com pós-teste de Tukey, considerando p <0,05. Ao final do experimento a pressão arterial sistólica no grupo HE (153,9 mmHg 21,03 ) foi semelhante a dos animais pertencentes ao grupo WKY (153,4 24,41) e menor que a dos animais H (205,1 24,9). A concentração espermática do grupo H (1,31 x 107 sptz/ml 0,27) foi inferior à do grupo WKY (2,11 x 107 sptz/ml 0,34), entretanto o controle da pressão arterial com o enalapril melhorou este parâmetro e a concentração espermática do grupo HE (2,46 x 107 sptz/ml 0,54) foi semelhante a do WKY. A densidade volumétrica vascular também foi alterada no grupo de hipertensos, enquanto que os animais do grupo HE foram semelhantes aos controles. O epitélio seminífero dos animais HE apresentou a maior densidade volumétrica, indicando um possível efeito protetor indireto do enalapril na espermatogênese. Neste modelo animal, a HAS promoveu alterações morfológicas no testículo, com conseqüências sobre a produção de espermatozóides. O controle da pressão arterial com o enalapril protegeu o testículo destas alterações, restabelecendo a produção normal dos espermatozóides.