Alien fishes in lakes of the Doce river basin (Brazil): Range, new occurrences and conservation of native communities

The present study shows the distribution of alien fish species in tropical lakes in the middle Doce river basin, southeastern Brazil, obtained from a rapid assessment program. The causes for their introductions were sport-fishing improvement in some specific lakes and aquaculture in the studied basin. Presently, these species have a wide distribution occurring in 41 of the 54 lakes studied, representing an actual threat to regional native fish community. The natural connection among lakes and streams during the rainy season and the dispersal mediated by local people are the main invasion agents for alien fishes. The success of these invaders is probably due to absence of pre-existing effective competitors or top-predators in the invaded communities. We consider that the eradication of alien fishes by means of the available management tools may be very difficult due to the large number of lakes invaded and to the wide spectrum of lake conditions and resources exploited by these alien species. We recommend the use of environmental education as a tool to stop the human-mediated dispersion of aliens and to improve conservation of native fish community in lakes where these alien species are not present yet. © 2004 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG.

Ecologia da ictiofauna e análise ecossistêmica das áreas de influência direta da UHE Coaracy Nunes, Ferreira Gomes - AP

O reservatório da UHE Coaracy Nunes no rio Araguari esta localizado entre os municípios de Ferreira Gomes e Porto Grande no estado do Amapá-Brasil, distando 200 km do Oceano Atlântico. A usina Coaracy Nunes foi a primeira hidrelétrica a ser construída na Amazônia brasileira, tendo suas obras iniciadas em 1967. O rio Araguari e o principal rio do estado do Amapá e representa fonte de geração de renda através da pesca, atividades agropecuárias em sua várzea, navegação, mineração, geração de energia e lazer. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações impostas pela construção do reservatório da UHE Coaracy Nunes, através das assembleias de peixes de quatro áreas de influencia direta desta usina. Para isso, no período de maio de 2009 a julho de 2010, foram realizadas coletas bimensais, de peixes, com redes de malhas padronizadas variando de 1,0 a 10,0 cm entre nos adjacentes e outras técnicas auxiliares. A partir destas coletas, no capitulo 1 foi verificado a composição, abundancia (CPUEn) e biomassa (CPUEp) relativas da ictiofauna, eficiência amostral (curva do coletor, curva de rarefação e Jacknife) e descritores ecológicos de comunidades (riqueza, diversidade, equitabilidade e dominância) das assembleias das quatro áreas. Foram efetuadas analises de variância (ANOVA: bifatorial), Kruskal-Wallis, teste-T e Mann-Whitney para verificar se havia diferenças significativas dos descritores entre as áreas e períodos sazonais. Estas análises foram corroboradas por analises multivariadas de agrupamento (cluster), ordenamento (MDS), Anosim e Simper. No capitulo 2, os estados ecológicos das quatro áreas foram verificados utilizando como indicadores: curvas espécie abundancia, curvas K-dominância e curvas ABC, assim como modelos espécie-abundancia serie geométrica, log serie, log normal e broken stick, e modelo de regressão linear de espectros de tamanho. No capitulo 3, a estrutura trófica foi estimada a partir da categorização das espécies de cada área em 5 guildas: piscívora, onívora, detritívora, carnívora e herbívora. A abundancia, biomassa e índices ecológicos destas guildas foram estimados e verificados suas variações espaço-temporais, por analises de variância (ANOVA: bifatorial e Kruskal-Wallis) e teste t. No capitulo 4, a dieta das espécies mais abundantes das assembleias de cada área foi verificada e suas variações espaço-temporais detectadas por analise de variância (ANOVA: bifatorial e Kruskal-Wallis). Também foram estimados a amplitude e sobreposição de nicho das espécies mais abundantes, assim como a existência de competição entre as espécies através de modelagem nula. No capitulo 5 foi realizada a avaliação ecossistêmica das quatro áreas através de modelos de fluxo de biomassa na rede trófica do ecossistema, usando como instrumento de modelação o software Ecopath. Essas análises tinham por objetivo descrever as variações dos atributos ecológicos que quantificam as propriedades de maturidade, estabilidade e resiliência ecossistêmica que pudessem refletir os estados ecológicos dessas áreas. O modelo incluiu compartimentos funcionais desde produtores primários ate predadores de topo. No geral, todas as análises indicaram sensíveis alterações na ictiofauna atribuídas a implantação da UHE Coaracy Nunes, que se refletem nos três níveis de organização: ecossistema, comunidade (assembleia) e guilda. Os resultados indicaram a captura de 1.977 peixes distribuídos em 2 classes, 9 ordens, 23 famílias, 73 gêneros e 108 espécies. As curvas de acumulação de espécies e curvas de rarefação individualizadas demonstraram que houve suficiência amostral nas áreas Reservatório e Lacustre. Os resultados mostraram que a área Jusante foi mais rica, diversa e equitativa em relação as demais e que a sazonalidade não influenciou na variação destes índices. A abundancia relativa (CPUEn) foi superior nas áreas Reservatório e Lacustre e a biomassa relativa (CPUEb) foi superior na área Jusante, não havendo diferenças sazonais para esses descritores em todas as áreas. As analises de agrupamento (cluster) e ordenamento (MDS) da ictiofauna permitiram identificar a formação de três assembleias distintas: Jusante, Montante e uma assembleia que compreende as áreas Reservatório e Lacustre, ratificando a similaridade dessas duas áreas. Os resultados das curvas whitakeplot, ABC e K-dominância, assim como o ajuste satisfatório do modelo broken stick e os padrões das curvas de espectro de tamanho para a assembleia da área a jusante indicam que esta área foi a mais equilibrada em termos ecológicos. Nas áreas Lacustre e Reservatório, os resultados tanto do ajuste ao modelo serie geométrica, quanto os resultados das curvas whitake-plot, ABC e K-dominância e o espectro de tamanho, assim como os resultados das curvas e ajustes ao modelo série e menor espectro de tamanho para a assembleia da área Reservatório, refletem que os peixes destas áreas, em sua maioria, são indivíduos pequenos com elevada dominância e baixa equitabilidade, caracterizando comunidades típicas de áreas impactadas. A estrutura trófica das assembleias de peixes das áreas represadas (Reservatório e Lacustre) foram formatadas em função do barramento do rio, que isolou e fragmentou o ambiente, determinando sua modificação física, impondo o estabelecimento de uma ictiofauna de espécies pré-adaptadas as condições ambientais de represamento, diferente, em parte, da estrutura da ictiofauna fluvial pre-barramento, destacando as piscívoras, onívoras e detritívoras, que foram as mais ricas e abundantes em função da disponibilidade, nas duas áreas, dos recursos alimentares de sua preferencia. Os resultados demonstraram que as dietas das assembleias de todas as áreas foram similares quanto ao predomínio do consumo de peixes e detritos, seguidos de alimento vegetal aloctone, revelando um padrão com poucos nichos amplos e uma concentração maior de espécies com nichos mais estreitos. Contudo, o padrão de baixa amplitude trófica foi evidenciado pelo predomínio da guilda piscívora, somada as guildas detritívora e herbívora. A sazonalidade pouco influenciou na alimentação da maioria das espécies em todas as áreas. Os padrões comparativos da dieta entre as áreas Montante e Jusante com as áreas Reservatório e Lacustre indicam que a maioria das espécies das áreas represadas pertenciam as guildas piscívora, onívora e detritívora antes do barramento do rio, que colonizaram estes ambientes, influenciadas, principalmente, pela abundancia dos recursos alimentares de suas preferencias e das condições físicas ambientais favoráveis. Interações competitivas foram evidenciadas pelos modelos nulos, sugerindo que a competição também foi um fator importante na estruturação das assembleias. Ecossistemicamente, os quatro modelos de fluxo de biomassa representam ecossistemas com elevada produção primaria oriunda da floresta riparia e algas filamentosas, que são utilizadas parcialmente. A cadeia trófica baseada em detrito apresentou ser mais importante que a que tem como base a produção primaria nas áreas Reservatório e Lacustre. A maioria dos fluxos ocorre nos compartimentos de níveis tróficos baixos. As propriedades ecossistêmicas da área Jusante indicam que este ambiente se encontra mais desenvolvido e maduro em relação aos outros, caracterizado por resiliência e entropia altas. As áreas represadas (Reservatório e Lacustre) apresentaram atributos ecossistêmicos que lhe conferiram características de menos resiliente e menos maduro que as áreas de rio. A área Montante apresentou um padrão intermediário de resiliência, estabilidade e maturidade. Esses resultados evidenciam que apos quarenta anos da construção da barragem do reservatório de Coaracy Nunes, a fragmentação do ambiente proporcionou alterações ecossistêmicas negativas, refletidas nas assembleias de peixes das áreas acima do barramento e na analise ecossistêmica, evidenciando que a área jusante apresenta características de ambiente em bom estado ecológico, com baixa alteração de origem antrópica e capaz de suportar distúrbios.

Interações tróficas entre espécies pelágicas do Atlântico Sudoeste: utilizando isótopos estáveis e inferência bayesiana

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

An Additional Baurusuchid from the Cretaceous of Brazil with Evidence of Interspecific Predation among Crocodyliformes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Use of chemical tracers in assessing the diet and foraging regions of eastern North Pacific killer whales

Top predators in the marine environment integrate chemical signals acquired from their prey that reflect both the species consumed and the regions from which the prey were taken. These chemical tracers—stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen; persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations, patterns and ratios; and fatty acid profiles—were measured in blubber biopsy samples from North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca) (n = 84) and were used to provide further insight into their diet, particularly for the offshore group, about which little dietary information is available. The offshore killer whales were shown to consume prey species that were distinctly different from those of sympatric resident and transient killer whales. In addition, it was confirmed that the offshores forage as far south as California. Thus, these results provide evidence that the offshores belong to a third killer whale ecotype. Resident killer whale populations showed a gradient in stable isotope profiles from west (central Aleutians) to east (Gulf of Alaska) that, in part, can be attributed to a shift from off-shelf to continental shelf-based prey. Finally, stable isotope ratio results, supported by field observations, showed that the diet in spring and summer of eastern Aleutian Island transient killer whales is apparently not composed exclusively of Steller sea lions.

Use of chemical tracers in assessing the diet and foraging regions of eastern North Pacific killer whales

Top predators in the marine environment integrate chemical signals acquired from their prey that reflect both the species consumed and the regions from which the prey were taken. These chemical tracers—stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen; persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations, patterns and ratios; and fatty acid profiles—were measured in blubber biopsy samples from North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca) (n = 84) and were used to provide further insight into their diet, particularly for the offshore group, about which little dietary information is available. The offshore killer whales were shown to consume prey species that were distinctly different from those of sympatric resident and transient killer whales. In addition, it was confirmed that the offshores forage as far south as California. Thus, these results provide evidence that the offshores belong to a third killer whale ecotype. Resident killer whale populations showed a gradient in stable isotope profiles from west (central Aleutians) to east (Gulf of Alaska) that, in part, can be attributed to a shift from off-shelf to continental shelf-based prey. Finally, stable isotope ratio results, supported by field observations, showed that the diet in spring and summer of eastern Aleutian Island transient killer whales is apparently not composed exclusively of Steller sea lions.

How deforestation pattern in the Amazon influences vertebrate richness and community composition

The effects of habitat configuration on species persistence are predicted to be most apparent when remaining habitat cover is below 30%. We tested this prediction by comparing vertebrate communities in 21 landscapes located in the southern Amazonia, including 7 control landscapes (similar to 100% of forest cover) and 14 fragmented landscapes (4 x 4 km). The fragmented landscapes retained similar proportions of forest (similar to 25%), but had contrasting configurations, resulting from two different deforestation patterns: the "fish-bone pattern" common in small properties, and the large-property pattern generally used by large ranchers. Vertebrates were surveyed in all landscapes in February-July 2009 with interviews (n = 150). We found a significant difference in reported species richness among the fish-bone, large-property, and control areas (mean = 29.3, 38.8 and 43.5 respectively). Control areas and large-properties tended to have a higher number of specialist species (mean = 13.7, and 11.7, respectively), when compared with the fish-bone pattern (5.1). Vertebrate community composition in the control and large-properties was more similar to one another than to those of the fish-bone landscapes. The number of fragments was the main factor affecting the persistence of species, being negatively associated with specialist species richness. Species richness was also positively related with the size of the largest fragment structurally connected to the studied landscapes (i.e., a regional scale effect). Our results demonstrated that the large-property pattern, which results in less fragmented landscapes, can maintain a more diverse community of large vertebrates, including top predators, which are considered fundamental for maintaining ecosystem integrity. These results support the hypothesis that landscape configuration contributes to the persistence and/or extirpation of species.

Eco-Evolutionary Spatial Dynamics. Rapid Evolution and Isolation Explain Food Web Persistence

One of the current challenges in evolutionary ecology is understanding the long-term persistence of contemporary-evolving predator–prey interactions across space and time. To address this, we developed an extension of a multi-locus, multi-trait eco-evolutionary individual-based model that incorporates several interacting species in explicit landscapes. We simulated eco-evolutionary dynamics of multiple species food webs with different degrees of connectance across soil-moisture islands. A broad set of parameter combinations led to the local extinction of species, but some species persisted, and this was associated with (1) high connectance and omnivory and (2) ongoing evolution, due to multi-trait genetic variability of the embedded species. Furthermore, persistence was highest at intermediate island distances, likely because of a balance between predation-induced extinction (strongest at short island distances) and the coupling of island diversity by top predators, which by travelling among islands exert global top-down control of biodiversity. In the simulations with high genetic variation, we also found widespread trait evolutionary changes indicative of eco-evolutionary dynamics. We discuss how the ever-increasing computing power and high-resolution data availability will soon allow researchers to start bridging the in vivo–in silico gap.

(Table 1) Lipid content and organohalogen contaminant concentration in captive sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) and wild female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Greenland

The limited knowledge and/or the inability to control physiological condition parameters that influence the fate of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) has been the foremost confounding aspect in monitoring programs and health risk assessments of wild top predators in the Arctic such as the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). In the present comparative study, we used a potential surrogate Canoidea species for the East Greenland polar bear, the captive sledge dog (Canis familiaris), to investigate some factors that may influence the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of major chlorinated and brominated OHCs in adipose tissue and blood (plasma) of control (fed commercial pork fat) and exposed (fed West Greenland minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber) adult female sledge dogs. Furthermore, we compared the patterns and concentrations of OHCs and their known or suggested hydroxylated (OH) metabolites (e.g., OH-PCBs) in sledge dogs with those in adipose tissue and blood (plasma) of East Greenland adult female polar bears, and blubber of their main prey species, the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). The two-year feeding regime conducted with sledge dogs led to marked differences in overall adipose tissue (and plasma) OHC residue accumulation between the control and exposed groups. Characteristic prey-to-predator OHC bioaccumulation dynamics for major PCB and PBDE congeners (patterns and concentrations) and biotransformation capacity with respect to PCB metabolite formation and OH-PCB retention distinguished, to some extent, captive sledge dogs and wild polar bears. Based on the present findings, we conclude that the use of surrogate species in toxicological investigations for species in the Canoidea family should be done with great caution, although they remain essential in the context of contaminants research with sensitive arctic top carnivore species such as the polar bear.

The California current predator diet database: synthesis of common forage species

Characterization of the diets of upper-trophic predators is a key ingredient in management including the development of ecosystem-based fishery management plans, conservation efforts for top predators, and ecological and economic modeling of predator prey interactions. The California Current Predator Diet Database (CCPDD) synthesizes data from published records of predator food habits over the past century. The database includes diet information for 100+ upper-trophic level predator species, based on over 200 published citations from the California Current region of the Pacific Ocean, ranging from Baja, Mexico to Vancouver Island, Canada. We include diet data for all predators that consume forage species: seabirds, cetaceans, pinnipeds, bony and cartilaginous fishes, and a predatory invertebrate; data represent seven discrete geographic regions within the CCS (Canada, WA, OR, CA-n, CA-c, CA-s, Mexico). The database is organized around predator-prey links that represent an occurrence of a predator eating a prey or group of prey items. Here we present synthesized data for the occurrence of 32 forage species (see Table 2 in the affiliated paper) in the diet of pelagic predators (currently submitted to Ecological Informatics). Future versions of the shared-data will include diet information for all prey items consumed, not just the forage species of interest.

Dive depth and dive duration data of female southern elephant seals from Marion Island between 2004 and 2008 with links to datasets

The at-sea behaviour of marine top predators provides valuable insights into the distribution of prey species and strategies used by predators to exploit patchily distributed resources. We describe the water column usage and dive strategies of female southern elephant seals from Marion Island tracked between 2004 and 2008. Dives representing increases in forage effort were identified using a method that combines dive type analyses and the calculation of relative amounts of time that animals spend in the bottom phases of dives. Results from this analysis indicate that female elephant seals from Marion Island tend to display lower levels of forage effort closer to the island and display intensive opportunistic forage bouts that occur at a minimum distance of approximately 215 km from the island. Females from Marion Island dived deeper and for longer periods of time, compared to females from other populations. Most animals displayed positive diel vertical migration, evidently foraging pelagically on vertically migrating prey. A few animals displayed periods of reverse (negative) diel vertical migration, however, diving to deeper depths at night, compared to daytime. This behaviour is difficult to explain and prey species targeted during such periods unknown. Our results illustrate plasticity in foraging behaviour of southern elephant seals, as well as inter-population differences in forage strategies.

(Table 1) Movement parameters of nine adult female snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus) tracked during the winter period 07/08 and 08/09 around Hudson Strait, Canada

Top predators of the arctic tundra are facing a long period of very low prey availability during winter and subsidies from other ecosystems such as the marine environment may help to support their populations. Satellite tracking of snowy owls, a top predator of the tundra, revealed that most adult females breeding in the Canadian Arctic overwinter at high latitudes in the eastern Arctic and spend several weeks (up to 101 d) on the sea-ice between December and April. Analysis of high-resolution satellite images of sea-ice indicated that owls were primarily gathering around open water patches in the ice, which are commonly used by wintering seabirds, a potential prey. Such extensive use of sea-ice by a tundra predator considered a small mammal specialist was unexpected, and suggests that marine resources subsidize snowy owl populations in winter. As sea-ice regimes in winter are expected to change over the next decades due to climate warming, this may affect the wintering strategy of this top predator and ultimately the functioning of the tundra ecosystem.

(Table 1) Egg laying and hatching dates and guarding duration of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) on Petrel Island, Antarctica

1. In Polar Regions, the extent and dynamics of sea-ice are changing. This affects the ocean productivity which consecutively impacts plankton communities and polar top predators like penguins. Yet, the underlying behavioural and physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. 2. Here we monitored the ecophysiological responses of Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) pairs during two seasons of contrasting timing of sea-ice retreat. Beside classical breeding parameters like foraging trip duration, body mass and reproductive success, we also investigated food-related stress (via plasma corticosterone concentration), nutritional state (via metabolite levels) and the use of penguins' habitat (via blood isotopic values). 3. Body mass and reproductive success remained unchanged but foraging trips were shorter when sea-ice retreated earlier. Constant plasma corticosterone concentrations indicated that none of the feeding conditions resulted in a food-related stress. However metabolite levels were lower when sea-ice retreated early, suggesting that the foraging performance and the quality/quantity of food differed. Indeed isotopic ratios indicated that coastal prey like fish contributed more to the penguins' diet when sea-ice retreated prematurely. 4. The early sea-ice retreat was related to higher chlorophyll concentrations, known to favour krill recruitment. Paradoxically, this was not associated to a higher krill contribution in the penguins' diet. We propose that a shift in the phytoplankton quality (rather than quantity), affecting krill recruitment, forced penguins to switch to more available prey like coastal fish. 5. In some Antarctic regions, sea-ice is retreating earlier and earlier. In the present study, even though the timing of sea-ice retreat and the consecutive ocean productivity differed drastically between the 2 years, Adelie penguins were not severely affected because they were able to adjust their at-sea behaviour and thus maintained their body condition and reproductive success unchanged. 6. This suggests that the timing of sea-ice retreat does not represent an important threat to populations of Adelie penguins at least as long as alternative resources are still available and other environmental parameters like winter sea-ice extent are not dramatically altered.

Species abundance and water and sediment characteristics for three ANDEEP stations on Maud Rise and the Weddell Sea

The benthic fauna was investigated during the expedition ANT-XXIV/2 (2007/08) in relation to oceanographic features, biogeochemical properties and sediment characteristics, as well as the benthic, pelagic and air-breathing fauna. The results document that Maud Rise (MR) differs distinctly from surrounding deep-sea basins investigated during previous Southern Ocean expeditions (ANDEEP 2002, 2005). Considering all taxa, the overall similarity between MR and adjacent stations was low (~20% Bray-Curtis-Similarity), and analyses of single taxa show obvious differences in species composition, abundances and densities. The composition and diversity of bivalves of MR are characterised by extremely high abundances of three species, especially the small sized Vesicomya spp. Exceptionally high gastropod abundance at MR is due to the single species Onoba subantarctica wilkesiana, a small brooder that may prey upon abundant benthic foraminiferas. The abundance and diversity of isopods also show that one family, Haplomunnidae, occurs with a surprisingly high number of individuals at MR while this family was not found at any of the 40 bathyal and abyssal ANDEEP stations. Similarly, polychaetes, especially the tube-dwelling, suspension-feeder fraction, are represented by species not found at the comparison stations. Sponges comprise almost exclusively small specimens in relatively high numbers, especially a few species of Polymastiidae. Water-column sampling from the surface to the seafloor, including observations of top predators, indicate the existence of a prospering pelagic food web. Local concentrations of top predators and zooplankton are associated with a rich ice-edge bloom located over the northern slope of MR. There the sea ice melts, which is probably accelerated by the advection of warm water at intermediate depth. Over the southern slope, high concentrations of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) occur under dense sea ice and attract Antarctic Minke Whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and several seabird species. These findings suggest that biological prosperity over MR is related to both oceanographic and sea-ice processes. Downward transport of the organic matter produced in the pelagic realm may be more constant than elsewhere due to low lateral drift over MR.

(Table A1) Annual biomass of plants and animals recorded on Bylot Island between 1993-2009

Determining the manner in which food webs will respond to environmental changes is difficult because the relative importance of top-down vs. bottom-up forces in controlling ecosystems is still debated. This is especially true in the Arctic tundra where, despite relatively simple food webs, it is still unclear which forces dominate in this ecosystem. Our primary goal was to assess the extent to which a tundra food web was dominated by plant-herbivore or predator--rey interactions. Based on a 17-year (1993-2009) study of terrestrial wildlife on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada, we developed trophic mass balance models to address this question. Snow Geese were the dominant herbivores in this ecosystem, followed by two sympatric lemming species (brown and collared lemmings). Arctic foxes, weasels, and several species of birds of prey were the dominant predators. Results of our trophic models encompassing 19 functional groups showed that <10% of the annual primary production was consumed by herbivores in most years despite the presence of a large Snow Goose colony, but that 20-100% of the annual herbivore production was consumed by predators. The impact of herbivores on vegetation has also weakened over time, probably due to an increase in primary production. The impact of predators was highest on lemmings, intermediate on passerines, and lowest on geese and shorebirds, but it varied with lemming abundance. Predation of collared lemmings exceeded production in most years and may explain why this species remained at low density. In contrast, the predation rate on brown lemmings varied with prey density and may have contributed to the high-amplitude, periodic fluctuations in the abundance of this species. Our analysis provided little evidence that herbivores are limited by primary production on Bylot Island. In contrast, we measured strong predator-prey interactions, which supports the hypothesis that this food web is primarily controlled by top-down forces. The presence of allochthonous resources subsidizing top predators and the absence of large herbivores may partly explain the predominant role of predation in this low-productivity ecosystem.