El reencuentro de la música española con la Latinomérica poscolonial:el caso Joaquín Sabina

La música se convirtió en los años setenta en el medio para encauzar la oposición al régimen franquista y la incertidumbre ante la transición. Del ejemplo y la fascinación con la revolución cubana, a la oposición a las dictaduras chilena (1973), uruguaya (1974) y argentina (1976), todos ellos fueron hechos que en España se vivieron como propios. En esos años los cantautores españoles reivindicaban la libertad de expresión y el final de todas las dictaduras. Sin embargo, la música española comienza a transformar su mirada hacia Latinoamérica cuando la democracia es un hecho. Se representa ahora un nuevo espacio latinoamericano que me propongo caracterizar en este artículo, y a través del caso concreto de Joaquín Sabina, como "post-colonial".The music in the seventies became the vehicle for channeling opposition to the regime and the uncertainty of the transition. From the example and the fascination with the Cuban revolution, opposition to the dictatorships in Chile (1973), Uruguay (1974) and Argentina (1976), they were all events that were lived in Spain as their own. In those years the Spanish songwriters claiming freedom of expression and end of all dictatorships. However, the Spanish music begins to turn their attention to Latin America where democracy is a fact. It is now a new Latin American space I propose to characterize in this article, and through the specific case of Joaquin Sabina, as "post-colonial".J A brief survey of style to your work reflects his role as poet cult following in the wake of Herrera or Gongora, as did Antequerana School, aims to upgrade from his vivid descriptions, his Christian ideas and a lyrical formal mannerisms full of clichés.

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Hematological parameters of three freshwater stingray species (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the middle Rio Negro, Amazonas state.

This paper aimed to study and compare the hematology of newborns, young, subadults, adult males, adult females and pregnant females of Potamotrygon wallacei (cururu stingray), Potamotrygon motoro and Paratrygon aiereba. Newborn cururu stingrays had lower red blood parameters than those of other development stages. Thrombograms and leukograms showed a conservative pattern between development stage, sexual dimorphism and pregnancy. In P. motoro and P. aiereba, variables relating to red blood parameters, biochemistry and leukograms showed little variation between the species' biological characteristics, thus showing that these variables are not good criteria for differentiating them within the same species. In conclusion, the development stage is an important factor for differentiating hematological properties in the cururu stingray, while this has not been observed in P. motoro and P. aiereba stingrays.

Cuba's Education System: A Foundation for "The Capacity to Share"

The Capacity to Share is the first book to document how Cubans share their highly developed educational services with other low-income states, especially those in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. A variety of international and Cuban authors break new ground in presenting this research. They investigate the experiences of people who have studied in Cuba on scholarships from the Cuban government, the implications for their home countries, and the work of Cuban teachers and administrators to support education in other countries. The authors discuss how the Cuban "solidarity" approach prioritizes global educational cooperation for mutual support, rather than imposing conditional aid. The book offers original and unusual insights into issues of culture, education, aid, development, and change as they relate to low-income states.

Increase in prevalence of obesity and diabetes and decrease in plasma cholesterol in a central Australian Aboriginal community

Objective: To document change in prevalence of obesity, diabetes and other cardiovascular diease (CVD) risk factors, and trends in dietary macronutrient intake, over an eight-year period in a rural Aboriginal community in central Australia. Design: Sequential cross-sectional community surveys in 1987, 1991 and 1995. Subjects: All adults (15 years and over) in the community were invited to participate. In 1987, 1991 and 1995, 335 (87% of eligible adults), 331 (76%) and 304 (68%), respectively, were surveyed. Main outcome measures: Body mass index and waist : hip ratio; blood glucose level and glucose tolerance; fasting total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels; and apparent dietary intake (estimated by the store turnover method). Intervention: A community-based nutrition awareness and healthy lifestyle program, 1988-1990. Results: At the eight-year follow-up, the odds ratios (95% CIs) for CVD risk factors relative to baseline were obesity, 1.84 (1.28-2.66); diabetes, 1.83 (1.11-3.03); hypercholesterolaemia, 0.29 (0.20-0.42); and dyslipidaemia (high triglyceride plus low HDL cholesterol level), 4.54 (2.84-7.29). In younger women (15-24 years), there was a trebling in obesity prevalence and a four- to fivefold increase in diabetes prevalence. Store turnover data suggested a relative reduction in the consumption of refined carbohydrates and saturated fats. Conclusion: Interventions targeting nutritional factors alone are unlikely to greatly alter trends towards increasing prevalences of obesity and diabetes. In communities where healthy food choices are limited, the role of regular physical activity in improving metabolic fitness may also need to be emphasised.

High global diversity of cycloviruses amongst dragonflies

Members of the family Circoviridae, specifically the genus Circovirus, were thought to infect only vertebrates; however, members of a sister group under the same family, the proposed genusCyclovirus, have been detected recently in insects. In an effort to explore the diversity of cycloviruses and better understand the evolution of these novel ssDNA viruses, here we present five cycloviruses isolated from three dragonfly species (Orthetrum sabina, Xanthocnemis zealandica and Rhionaeschna multicolor) collected in Australia, New Zealand and the USA, respectively. The genomes of these five viruses share similar genome structure to other cycloviruses, with a circular ~1.7 kb genome and two major bidirectionally transcribed ORFs. The genomic sequence data gathered during this study were combined with all cyclovirus genomes available in public databases to identify conserved motifs and regulatory elements in the intergenic regions, as well as determine diversity and recombinant regions within their genomes. The genomes reported here represent four different cyclovirus species, three of which are novel. Our results confirm that cycloviruses circulate widely in winged-insect populations; in eight different cyclovirus species identified in dragonflies to date, some of these exhibit a broad geographical distribution. Recombination analysis revealed both intra-and inter-species recombination events amongst cycloviruses, including genomes recovered from disparate sources (e.g. goat meat and human faeces). Similar to other well-characterized circular ssDNA viruses, recombination may play an important role in cyclovirus evolution. © 2013 SGM.

Condrictios de la Argentina y Uruguay: lista de trabajo

Presentamos aquí una lista actualizada de los condrictios (tiburones, rayas, quimeras y pez elefante) que han sido citados de la Argentina y Uruguay, incluyendo las especies de agua dulce de la familia Potamotrygonidae. Cuando una especie está presente en Argentina o en Uruguay, se lo indica a continuación de la especie; las demás, son compartidas. No se indica la distribución de las especies en otras áreas. Muchas de las especies conocidas de Uruguay terminan allí su distribución meridional, y ocasionalmente algunas entran a aguas argentinas y otras podrían hacerlo. Estas presencias ocasionales parecen no ser muy comunes. La progresiva disminución de las capturas de Dasyatis violacea con la disminución de temperatura hacia el sur ha sido demostrada (Domingo et al., 2005). En 1981 Menni publicó una lista de las familias de peces que no sobrepasaban la latitud del Río de La Plata, y de los condrictios mencionados, Orectolobidae, Ginglymostomatidae y Rhinopteridae, sólo una especie de la última familia ha sido citada en años recientes de Uruguay. Al contrario, especies que han sido citadas de la Argentina, como Sphyrna tudes de Mar del Plata por Berg (1895) o Narcine brasiliensis de la provincia de Buenos Aires por Lahille (1928), no han sido halladas de nuevo. La lista está basada en el catálogo crítico de Menni et al. (1984), y se han hecho las modificaciones taxonómicas necesarias y agregado las especies nuevas para el área. Debido al carácter práctico de esta lista, sólo se incluyen los autores de las especies y la fecha de su descripción. En los nuevos registros se agrega un breve comentario fundamentando la inclusión. Estando disponible el catálogo de Eschmeyer (1998) y su versión on-line, nos pareció que más detalles eran innecesarios. En la macrosistemática de los holocéfalos se sigue a Didier (2004), en la de los tiburones a Compagno (2005) y en la de los batoideos a McEachran & Aschliman (2004). Para las especies de Uruguay se ha seguido principalmente a Nion et al. (2002) y a Meneses y Paesch (1997), y deben mencionarse los trabajos anteriores de Ximénez (1962) y de Carrera (1991) que proveen referencias previas. La bibliografía se limita a trabajos generales que pueden ser de utilidad, los trabajos en que se basan las nuevas referencias, y los que corresponden a comentarios. No se han incluido numerosos trabajos sobre biología y ecología de estos organismos, que han modificado mucho la información resumida en Menni (1986), pero sí algunos que muestran cambios considerables de distribución. (PDF tiene 18 paginas.)

Carmen e a concepção trágica de Nietzsche: o amor retraduzido em natureza

O objetivo desta dissertação de Mestrado consiste fazer uma leitura da ópera Carmen, de Georges Bizet, com a ótica do conceito de trágico de Nietzsche. Privilegiamos o conceito abordado nas obras da maturidade, a partir da publicação de Assim falou Zaratustra, quando a visão trágica é contextualizada na fisiologia da arte, a filosofia é feita com o corpo, o texto da realidade é lido pela ótica da vontade de poder e o amor fati é a mais elevada concepção de amor. Após a apresentação destes conceitos, foi necessário investigarmos o contexto da amizade de Nietzsche e Richard Wagner para entendermos não só as afinidades pessoais, como também o projeto mútuo de renovação da arte alemã através do resgate do espírito trágico, que considerava a união entre filosofia e arte musical. O comprometimento de Wagner com os ideais ascetas, sua conversão ao dogma cristão, a composição de sua última ópera, Parsifal, e o não cumprimento dos ideais reformadores da arte após a inauguração do Teatro de Bayreuth, tudo isso decepcionou Nietzsche, levando-o a romper definitivamente esta amizade a partir de 1876. Seus escritos da maturidade são críticas severas ao wagnerianismo, e é nesta fase que o filósofo descobre Carmen, elogiando-a em cartas e também em O Caso Wagner, um panfleto de 1888, um de seus últimos escritos, onde reúne diversas críticas contra o compositor alemão. Estes elogios exaltam a postura de afirmação da vida e também o fatalismo presentes na obra de Bizet, o que a coloca diametralmente oposta às composições românticas wagnerianas. Tais adjetivações nos motivaram a pesquisar a possibilidade de Carmen ser considerada uma legítima expressão do trágico na Europa finisecular.

Analysis of permanent magnets as elasmobranch bycatch reduction devices in hook-and-line and longline trials

Previous studies indicate that elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates and rays) detect the Earth’s geomagnetic field by indirect magnetoreception through electromagnetic induction, using their ampullae of Lorenzini. Applying this concept, we evaluated the capture of elasmobranchs in the presence of permanent magnets in hook-and-line and inshore longline fishing experiments. Hooks with neodymium-iron-boron magnets significantly reduced the capture of elasmobranchs overall in comparison with control and procedural control hooks in the hook-and-line experiment. Catches of Atlantic sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) and smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) were signif icantly reduced with magnetic hook-and-line treatments, whereas catches of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria) were not. Longline hooks with barium-ferrite magnets significantly reduced total elasmobranch capture when compared with control hooks. In the longline study, capture of blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) and southern stingrays (Dasyatis americana) was reduced on magnetic hooks, whereas capture of sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) was not affected. Teleosts, such as red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), black sea bass (Centropristis striata), and the bluefish (Pomatomas saltatrix), showed no hook preference in either hook-and-line or longline studies. These results indicate that permanent magnets, although eliciting species-specific capture trends, warrant further investigation in commercial longline and recreational fisheries, where bycatch mortality is a leading contributor to declines in elasmobranch populations.

Morfología comparativa de las células sanguíneas del tiburón nodriza Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) con diversos peces.

Se llevó a cabo una comparación entre la morfología de las células de la sangre periférica de 9 tiburones nodriza, de una raya americana y 9 peces teleósteos; además, se determinó la fórmula leucocitaria y la cantidad total de eritrocitos y leucocitos/mm 3 de sangre para cada pez estudiado. English Abstract This work is a comparation of the blood cells morphology between 9 nurse sharks, southern stingray and 9 bone fishes, moreover, it was maked a differential leucocytes count, red and white cells counts by blood mm3 for any fish.

Sustainability of elasmobranchs caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery

The bycatch of Australia’s northern prawn fishery (NPF) comprises 56 elasmobranch species (16 families). The impact of this fishery on the sustainability of these species has not been addressed. We obtained estimates of catch rates and the within-net survival of elasmobranchs. Carcharhinus tilstoni, C. dussumieri, Rhynchobatus djiddensis, and Himantura toshi represented 65% of the bycatch. For most species, >50% of individuals in the bycatch were immature, and some species recruited to the fishery at birth. For all species combined, 66% of individuals in the bycatch died in the trawl net. The relative sustainability of elasmobranchs caught as bycatch was examined by ranking species with respect to their susceptibility to capture and mortality due to prawn trawling and with respect to their capacity to recover once the population was depleted. The species that were least likely to be sustainable were four species of pristids, Dasyatis brevicaudata, and Himantura jenkinsii. These are bottom-associated batoids that feed on benthic organisms and are highly susceptible to capture in prawn trawls. The recovery capacity of these species was also low according to our criteria. Our results provide a valuable first step towards ensuring the sustainability of elasmobranchs that are caught as bycatch by highlighting species for management and research. The effectiveness of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in reducing elasmobranch bycatch varied greatly among species but was generally not very effective because most of the captured species were small.

毛乌素沙地沙生灌木的生理生态学结构与功能

毛乌素沙地处于鄂尔多斯生态过渡带，在生态学研究上具有重要的理论与实践意义。在这样一个典型的半干旱区，水分是影响生态系统功能的最主要的限制因子，在沙基质土壤条件下，灌木得到充分发育，而乔木及草本植物则处于相对次要的地位。由于自然植被的初级生产力主要由灌木形成，故对于灌木在生态系统中的功能的系统研究是十分重要的，但目前又未得到应有重视。在荒漠化防治当中，这一点显得尤其急迫。此外，为了较好地预测该地区生态系统对全球气候变化的响应模式，急需要建立对主要乡土灌木功能型的划分方案。本研究运用植物生理生态学的方法，从植物的结构与功能的统一性出发，探讨了上述若干问题。主要结果与结论如下： 1．讨论了气候及土壤基质作为基本的环境背景，对沙生灌木生态功能的塑造作用，尤其探讨了若干土壤物理特性与植物水分利用的关系问题。 2．光学显微解剖及电子显微镜的观察表明，在自东南至西北横贯毛乌素沙地的水分梯度上生长的灌木当中，存在鲜明的叶片结构与功能特征与水分胁迫程度之间的对应性，在自东南向西北随干旱胁迫强度的增加，灌木的旱生结构也明显增加，甚至于在鄂尔多斯西部可以见到不少超旱生植物。同时，对灌木水分关系的研究支持了以解剖学观察为基础的认识，即：不同的景观条件下，也存在灌木的抗旱性与其生长的土壤的水分可利用性之间的对应性。这显示了水分因素在灌木的生态功能发挥中所起的主导作用。 3．通过分析沙丘的水分平衡，得到如下认识：(1)沙地条件的蒸发散主要来自植物的蒸腾作用，而土壤蒸发只占10%稍多：(2)沙地凝结水对灌木的水分需求而言微乎其微：(3)对多数沙生灌木而言，适宜的种植密度应为30-40%，即相当于半固定沙丘的覆盖度。 4．在上述三点的基础上，探讨了在不同类型的干旱（气候干旱、基质干旱及生理干旱）影响下，灌木在种类组成及干旱适应对策方面的多样性，将毛乌素沙地的灌木概括为两个功能类型：(1)干旱忍耐者;(2)竞争消费者。上述将极其多样的灌木物种在水分生态功能的相似性这个层面上概括成较少的类别的偿试，可望促使该地区的灌木生态学基础研究走向深入。 5．本研究对个别灌木的生态特性的新认识： ● 关于沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)：(1)现已知道其蒸腾速率极低，本研究进一步认识到，低的蒸腾速率主要来自于气孔在叶表面上局限性分布：(2)该灌木虽十分抗旱，但过大的密度常引起叶片水分亏缺，在其根系不能利用地下潜水时．叶片水分亏缺更严重。 ● 关于油蒿(Artermisia．ordosica)及籽蒿（Asphaerocephala)：现已广泛地观察到，这两种灌木在沙丘演替不同阶段呈不同的优势分布：籽蒿主要生长于流动性沙丘（这里水分条件往往很好），但随沙丘逐渐被固定，就会被油蒿取代。本研究从叶片结构与功能两方面解释了上述现象，主要依据是(l)籽蒿比油蒿往往有更大的蒸腾速率：(2)籽蒿叶片近轴面1/3以下处有极为密集的气孔分布，而在油蒿却未发现;(3)籽蒿具有极其高的零膨压时的渗透势值(ψлp)。 ● 关于蒙古岩黄芪(Hedysarum mongolicum):该灌木具有独特的 干旱适应方式（如，幼茎 可行光合作用，及叶片富含粘液细胞），但本研究提示，该灌木的抗旱性是较弱的（相比与其它同生境下的灌木而言）。主要依据是：(1)很高的零膨压时的渗透势值;(2)海绵与栅栏组织均有较充分的发育。 ● 关于沙柳(Salix psammophila):在沙基质中有广泛的适应性， 但其适应主要体现在形态上（根茎比）的可塑性，而在生理（尤其是蒸腾作用）方面的调整则不十分显著。生长于丘顶的沙柳具有极其发达的根系，这可减缓土壤水分不足对植物的不利影响;生长于丘间低地的沙柳具有好的水分供给，但在特定的微生境下，其叶片温度比生长лллл于丘顶的沙柳叶片高，尤其是在强的光照条件下，其叶片温度会大幅度升高。这有可能对植物形成不利的影响。

常绿灌木沙地柏对变化环境的反应

毛乌素沙地位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原东南部，是一个多层次生态过渡带。沙地柏系柏科(Cupressaceae)圆柏属(Sabina)常绿灌木，是毛乌素沙地中唯一的天然常绿灌木，也是一种具代表性的木本克隆植物。由于沙地柏起源古老、对半干旱沙地的适应性较强，因而吸引了许多中外研究者。本文的目的是初步探讨沙地柏对变化环境的反应。 第2章探讨沙地柏的叶结构与功能随性别、叶型、生长型和生境的变化。（1）沙地柏雌性植株的叶片厚度、失水系数、净光合速率和表观光能利用效率均显著大于雄性植株，而前者的微管束宽度显著小于后者。（2）鳞叶的表皮厚度和水分利用效率显著大于针叶，而针叶的组织密度、失水系数、光合速率、蒸腾速率和Ci/Ca显著大于鳞叶。（3）匍匐茎的最大光合速率、最大表观光能利用效率、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率、表皮细胞长度和微管束大小都显著大于起立茎，而光饱和点、水分利用效率恰好相反。水分饱和亏缺不受生长型的影响。（4）叶片的比叶面积、结构特征、失水系数、气体交换和资源利用效率均受生境类型的显著影响。（5）沙地柏叶结构与功能具有许多普遍性特征，例如，光合曲线为双峰型、具有午休现象，最大光合速率和暗呼吸速率随叶片厚度的增加而降低。 第3章探讨沙地柏根系的分布特征及其对水分资源的共享。（1）地下部分生物量投资、根密度、根面积指数随土壤水分可利用性降低而减小，这种格局有利于减缓沙地柏植株地下部分对水分资源的竞争，从而经济、长时间地利用有限水分资源。（2）根系深度系数、最大根系深度、含50％或90％根系生物量或表面积的根系深度随土壤水分可利用性降低而增大。这些结果指示，沙地柏根系通过增加深度以补偿土壤水分可利用性的降低。（3）根系生物量和表面积分布与土壤现有水分含量的有关性随生境发生变化。（4）根系分布特征既可能记载了植物生境中水分状况的变化，又可在一定程度上为群落动态提供证据。（5）沙地柏根系具有共享水分资源的潜力。 第4章分析沙地柏对养分贫瘠的沙地环境的适应策略。（1）土壤养分并不随土壤水分不可利用性的梯度变化而成梯度变化。（2）叶重比随土壤干旱度增加而增大，地下部分投资比例却相反。（3）N、P、K在叶中分配比随土壤养分含量降低而增大，而在根中的分配恰好相反。（4）N、P利用效率随土壤养分含量减少降低，重吸收效率却相反;K利用效率和重吸收效率、Ca、Mg利用效率均随土壤养分含量降低而增大。（5）沙地柏植株地上部分与地下部分对养分内循环的贡献恰好相反，这指示沙地柏植株对养分内循环的贡献可能存在一种权衡。（6）根系分布对不同养分异质性的影响存在差异，而且对水平和垂直剖面上异质性的影响也不相同。 第5章研究沙地柏种群的繁殖和更新特征。（1）根原基是沙地柏进行营养繁殖的结构基础，它反映营养繁殖能力的潜在大小，受性别、生长型、生境和植株大小级的显著影响;由根原基转化而来的不定根可吸收充足的土壤资源供给萌生分株代谢需要，因此定居分株能够独立维持。（2）雌株的繁殖分配显著大于雄株，但繁殖效率恰好相反;生长型、生境和植株大小级对繁殖分配、繁殖效率和种子产生有明显影响。（3）沙地柏同时具有营养繁殖和有性繁殖，这为种群更新提供了两种方式。由于可供分配的资源有限，两种繁殖方式各有利弊，因此两者间可能存在权衡。（4）根原基数量、繁殖分配、繁殖效率和种子产生随生境变化。这表明未来气候变化对沙地柏种群繁殖特征具有潜在影响。（5）种子质量差、种子萌发率低和幼苗存活率低是制约沙地柏种群有性更新的三个“瓶颈”。（6）沙地柏营养繁殖力强、萌生苗存活率高，这使自然条件下沙地柏种群以无性更新为主。 第6章探讨沙地柏群落的发生和演替。（1）沙地柏系古北极成分，起源古老，天然分布在大陆性干旱、半干旱草原气候带。（2）沙地柏群落的发生方式有两种，即滩地发生和固定沙地发生，但以前者为主。（3）由于毛乌素沙地的干扰频繁，因而沙地柏群落的发展具有多种途径。 第7章探讨切断匍匐茎和除叶干扰对沙地柏生理和生长特征的影响。（1）切断匍匐茎对沙地柏子株存活率的影响不显著，这批示天然压条形成的定居子株能够独立维持。（2）切断匍匐茎对子株气体交换和资源利用效率的影响都不显著，而显著影响其生长和生物量分配特征。（3）除叶干扰通过改变生理指标峰值出现时间从而影响沙地柏生理动态。（4）除叶干扰（尤其是除部分老叶）具有补偿效应，可以促进当年生枝生长和生物量积累。（5）干扰效应受干扰方式、干扰强度和环境因子的共同影响，因此干扰效应多种多样。（6）不同生理、生长指标对模拟干扰的敏感性存在差异。 第8章探讨模拟降雨变化对沙地柏实生苗生理和生长特征的影响。（1）水分变化显著影响沙地柏实生苗的气体交换特征，对所测荧光特征的影响均不显著。这种影响差异指示水分变化主要影响样片的表观性生理特征，而对光系统II的内在本质基本无影响。（2）水分变化显著影响实生苗的水分特征和水分构筑特征。两类特征的变化趋势表明，随施水量增加，沙地柏实生苗的抗旱性和水分利用效率逐渐降低。（3）水分变化显著影响生物量分配，而对形态和生产力指标均无显著影响;根系对水分变化的敏感性高于叶和茎，地下部分生物量投资随水分可利用性提高而增大。