Urinary Sphincter Based on Electronics and Artificial Muscles

Objectives: The AMS 800 is the current artifi cial urinary sphincter (AUS) forincontinence due to intrinsic sphincter defi ciency. Despite good clinical results,technical failures inherent to the hydraulic mechanism or urethral ischemicinjury contribute to revisions up to 60%. We are developing an electronic AUS,called ARTUS to overcome the rigors of AMS. The objective of this study wasto evaluate the technical effi cacy and tissue tolerance of the ARTUS systemin an animal model.Methods: The ARTUS is composed by three parts: thecontractile unit, a series of rings and an integrated microprocessor. The contractileunit is made of Nitinol fi bers. The rings are placed around the urethrato control the fl ow of urine by squeezing the urethra. They work in a sequentialalternative mode and are controlled by a microprocessor. In the fi rst phase athree-rings device was used while in the second phase a two-rings ARTUS wasused. The device was implanted in 14 sheep divided in two groups of six andeight animals for study purpose. The fi rst group aimed at bladder leak pointpressure (BLPP) measurement and validation of the animal model; the secondgroup aimed at verifying midterm tissue tolerance by explants at twelve weeks.General animal tolerance was also evaluated.Results: The ARTUS systemimplantation was uneventful. When the system was activated, the BLPP wasmeasured at 1.038 ± 0.044 bar (mean ± SD). Urethral tissue analysis did notshow signifi cant morphological changes. No infection and no sign of discomfortwere noted in animals at 12 weeks.Conclusions: The ARTUS proved to beeffective in continence achievement in this study. Histological results supportour idea that a sequential alternative mode can avoid urethral atrophy andischemia. Further technical developments are needed to verify long-termoutcome and permit human use.

Rupture d'une hyperplasie nodulaire focale. A propos de deux cas [Rupture of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. About two cases]

The diagnostics of focal nodular hyperplasia is reached through the use of imaging. When the diagnostic is certain, surgical abstention is the rule. Nevertheless, we were confronted with two cases of a rare complication; that of intraperitoneal rupture. In this situation, we suggest to first do an arteriography to control the bleeding, then to perform surgery when the patient has reached hemodynamic stability. Spontaneous rupture as a complication of benign nodular hyperplasia remains a rare event and only five cases were reported in litterature.

Rupture traumatique du diaphragme

Résumé Rupture traumatique du diaphragme La rupture traumatique du diaphragme a été décrite la première fois par Sennertus en 1541. Ambroise Paré, en 1579, décrivit le premier cas de rupture traumatique du diaphragme diagnostiqué à l'autopsie. Une rupture traumatique du diaphragme existe chez 3 à 5% des patients polytraumatisés. En général la réparation chirurgicale est simple. La mortalité globale atteint 20 à 25%, elle est en général liée aux lésions associées, à la sévérité de la défaillance cardio-respiratoire ou à l'apparition d'une strangulation d'organes herniés. Cette thèse analyse une série consécutive de 47 patients, victimes d'un accident de la voie publique ou d'une agression, chez qui le diagnostic de rupture traumatique du diaphragme a été établi au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, du 01.01.1980 au 31.12.95. Le diagnostic a été établi ou soupçonné avant l'intervention chez 32 patients et découvert durant l'intervention chez 15 patients. La majorité des interventions furent effectuées par laparotomie. Le côté le plus souvent atteint a été le gauche. L'estomac a été l'organe le plus souvent hernié (à gauche). L'organe intra-abdominal le plus souvent lésé a été la rate. L'atteinte extra-abdominale la plus souvent rencontrée fut des lésions du système nerveux central. Ce travail décrit dans le détail toutes les lésions associées à la rupture traumatique du diaphragme et la morbidité liée à ces traumatismes. Tous les patients ayant eu le diagnostic établi secondairement ont eu des complications respiratoires. La mortalité dans cette série est de 17% (8/47), tous des accidentés de la voie publique. Cette thèse attire l'attention sur l'importance d'établir le diagnostic le plus précocement possible et propose, à cet effet, un algorithme décisionnel.

Aortic root rupture: implications of catheter-guided aortic valve replacement.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The safety and efficiency of trans catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been clearly demonstrated. In high-risk patients, the number of procedures is constantly increasing and in western European countries this procedure is employed in more than 30% of isolated aortic valve replacements. The literature, however, focusing on perioperative aortic root (AoR) rupture is rather limited to just a few reports. The aim of this review is to analyze the pathophysiology of AoR rupture during TAVI, stressing the implications of the morphology of the AoR for this devastating complication. RECENT FINDINGS: Currently, perioperative AoR rupture ranges between 0.5 and 1.5% during TAVI, with almost 100% mortality. Recently, valve oversizing and balloon dilatation in a calcified and small AoR were considered as the most important predictive factors for this complication. SUMMARY: The most fragile unit of the AoR is its anchoring substrate to the ostium of the left ventricle. This membranous structure is not involved in the degenerative process leading to aortic valve stenosis. Due to the TAVI and/or balloon dilatation of the calcium stationed on the three leaflets and their attachment, a lesion may result on this structure. And, as a consequence, there is rupture of the AoR.

A new clinical test in diagnosing quadriceps tendon rupture.

INTRODUCTION: Extensor mechanism ruptures might be easily overlooked and misdiagnosed, and delayed diagnosis of quadriceps tendon rupture is frequent. However, the literature recommends early surgical repair within 72 h. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This paper describes a new simple clinical diagnostic test that directly evaluates the integrity of the distal 5 cm of the quadriceps tendon itself. It consists of inserting a needle in the tendon, proximal to the suspected rupture and mobilising the knee joint. RESULTS: The suspected ruptured quadriceps tendons with a positive 'needle' diagnostic test were confirmed intra-operatively. CONCLUSIONS: This minimally invasive and easily available technique should be considered in the diagnostic work-up and treatment planning of patients with suspected tears of the quadriceps tendon.