Role of snow depth in spring of Tibetan Plateau in onset of South China Sea summer monsoon

The role of snow depth of Tibetan Plateau in the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon and the influence of ENSO on snow depth of Tibetan Plateau are investigated with use of data from ECMWF reanalysis and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The results are as follows: (1) The snow depth data from ECMWF reanalysis are tested and reliable, and can be used to study the influence of snow depth of Tibetan Plateau on the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon; (2) Anomaly of snow depth of Tibetan Plateau causes anomaly in air temperature and its contrast between the Indian Ocean and the continent resulting in easterly wind anomaly over 500 hPa and hence as well as in the atmospheric circulation in the lower layer. For the year of negative anomaly of snow depth a westerly wind anomaly with a cyclone pair takes place, while for positive anomaly of snow depth an easterly anomaly occurs with an anticyclone pair; (3) While positive anomaly of SST occurs in the eastern Pacific Ocean, positive anomaly of air pressure also takes place over the eastern Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, causing stronger meridional pressure gradient between the ocean and continent and then westerly wind anomaly. At the same time, the atmospheric pressure increases in the northern Tibetan Plateau, northerly wind gets stronger, and subtropical front strengthens. All of these are favorable for snowfall over Tibetan Plateau.

Highly nonlinear internal solitary waves over the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea

Large amplitude internal solitary waves (ISWs) often exhibit highly nonlinear effects and may contribute significantly to mixing and energy transporting in the ocean. We observed highly nonlinear ISWs over the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea (19A degrees 35'N, 112A degrees E) in May 2005 during the Wenchang Internal Wave Experiment using in-situ time series data from an array of temperature and salinity sensors, and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). We summarized the characteristics of the ISWs and compared them with those of existing internal wave theories. Particular attention has been paid to characterizing solitons in terms of the relationship between shape and amplitude-width. Comparison between theoretical prediction and observation results shows that the high nonlinearity of these waves is better represented by the second-order extended Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) theory than the first-order KdV model. These results indicate that the northwestern South China Sea (SCS) is rich in highly nonlinear ISWs that are an indispensable part of the energy budget of the internal waves in the northern South China Sea.

Pregnancy, alcohol intake, and intimate partner violence among men and women attending drinking establishments in a Cape Town, South Africa township.

The highest rates of fetal alcohol syndrome worldwide can be found in South Africa. Particularly in impoverished townships in the Western Cape, pregnant women live in environments where alcohol intake during pregnancy has become normalized and interpersonal violence (IPV) is reported at high rates. For the current study we sought to examine how pregnancy, for both men and women, is related to alcohol use behaviors and IPV. We surveyed 2,120 men and women attending drinking establishments in a township located in the Western Cape of South Africa. Among women 13.3% reported being pregnant, and among men 12.0% reported their partner pregnant. For pregnant women, 61% reported attending the bar that evening to drink alcohol and 26% reported both alcohol use and currently experiencing IPV. Daily or almost daily binge drinking was reported twice as often among pregnant women than non-pregnant women (8.4% vs. 4.2%). Men with pregnant partners reported the highest rates of hitting sex partners, forcing a partner to have sex, and being forced to have sex. High rates of alcohol frequency, consumption, binge drinking, consumption and binge drinking were reported across the entire sample. In general, experiencing and perpetrating IPV were associated with alcohol use among all participants except for men with pregnant partners. Alcohol use among pregnant women attending shebeens is alarmingly high. Moreover, alcohol use appears to be an important factor in understanding the relationship between IPV and pregnancy. Intensive, targeted, and effective interventions for both men and women are urgently needed to address high rates of drinking alcohol among pregnant women who attend drinking establishments.

Biogeochemical cycling of dissolved zinc along the GEOTRACES South Atlantic transect GA10 at 40°S

The biogeochemical cycle of zinc (Zn) in the South Atlantic, at 40°S, was investigated as part of the UK GEOTRACES program. To date there is little understanding of the supply of Zn, an essential requirement for phytoplankton growth, to this highly productive region. Vertical Zn profiles displayed nutrient-like distributions with distinct gradients associated with the watermasses present. Surface Zn concentrations are among the lowest reported for theworld’s oceans (<50 pM). A strong Zn-Si linear relationshipwas observed (Zn (nM)= 0.065 Si (μM), r2=0.97, n = 460). Our results suggest that the use of a global Zn-Si relationship would lead to an underestimation of dissolved Zn in deeper waters of the South Atlantic. By utilizing Si* and a new tracer Zn* our data indicate that the preferential removal of Zn in the Southern Ocean prevented a direct return path for dissolved Zn to the surface waters of the South Atlantic at 40°S and potentially the thermocline waters of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. The importance of Zn for phytoplankton growth was evaluated using the Zn-soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) relationship. We hypothesize that the low Zn concentrations in the South Atlantic may select for phytoplankton cells with a lower Zn requirement. In addition, a much deeper kink at ~ 500m in the Zn:SRP ratio was observed compared to other oceanic regions.

Gorgonians of the South of Portugal: biology, ecology and conservation

O papel ecológico das gorgónias (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) nos fundos marinhos rochosos é mundialmente reconhecido. Contudo, a informação acerca da ecologia e biologia das espécies de gorgónias nas zonas temperadas do NE Atlântico é manifestamente escassa, especialmente tendo em consideração as actuais perturbações globais, regionais e locais. Nos fundos rochosos da costa algarvia até aos 30 m, verificouse que várias espécies de gorgónias são abundantes e frequentes, nomeadamente Eunicella labiata, Eunicella gazella, Eunicella verrucosa, Leptogorgia lusitanica e Leptogorgia sarmentosa. As populações de gorgónias são co-dominadas por diferentes espécies que apresentaram elevados índices de associação, indicando reduzidos níveis de competição entre elas. Em todo o caso, a estrutura dos povoamentos diferiu com as condições locais. Todas as espécies evidenciaram padrões de distribuição semelhantes ao longo do gradiente de profundidade, i.e. a abundância aumenta significamente com a profundidade após os 15 m. A profundidades mais baixas (até aos 15 m), a distribuição das gorgónias parece ser condicionada por factores abióticos e pela competição com algas. Com efeito, os padrões de distribuição espacial das espécies de gorgónias na costa algarvia são determinados pela interacção de pressões naturais e antropogénicas (ex. pesca). Ainda que as colónias de maior tamanho não tenham sido restritas a áreas menos pescadas, em áreas mais perturbadas pela pesca, a distribuição dos tamanhos das colónias estava maioritariamente desviada para tamanhos mais pequenos. Os efeitos das perturbações naturais nas populações de gorgónias foram evidenciados pela ocorrência de padrões demográficos distintos em áreas vizinhas sujeitas a níveis semelhantes de pressões antropogénicas. Estes estudos demonstraram, ainda, que os efeitos na distribuição de frequências de tamanho das colónias são dependentes das espécies de gorgónias em causa: Eunicella labiata não parece ser afectada; Leptogorgia sarmentosa é tendencialmente afectada por pressões antropogénicas; Eunicella gazella e Leptogorgia lusitanica aparentam ser afectadas, quer por pressões naturais, quer por pressões antropogénicas. Os efeitos verificados nos padrões da distribuição de frequências de tamanho, particularmente a tendência para o desvio destas frequências para tamanhos mais pequenos em áreas sujeitas a perturbações, poderão ter consequências para a biodiversidade dos fundos sublitorais rochosos na costa algarvia. Com efeito, o presente estudo apoia o paradigma geral de que os corais são habitats que suportam comunidades de elevada biodiversidade e abundância. Num dos poucos estudos que examinam a relação entre as gorgónias e as suas comunidades de invertebrados epibentónicos, foi verificado que as gorgónias (Eunicella gazella e Leptogorgia lusitanica) sustentam comunidades ricas (11 phyla, 181 taxa) e abundantes (7284 indivíduos). Estas comunidades são dominadas por anfípodes, mas os poliquetas tiveram um grande contributo para os níveis elevados de biodiversidade. Verificou-se, igualmente, que o tamanho da colónia desempenha um papel fundamental na biodiversidade, na medida em que as colónias de menor tamanho apresentaram um contributo mais baixo, comparativamente às médias e grandes. Ainda que ambas as gorgónias partilhem a maioria das espécies amostradas, 11 e 18 taxa foram exclusivos de Eunicella gazella e Leptogorgia lusitanica, respectivamente (excluindo indivíduos com presenças únicas). No entanto, a maioria destes taxa eram ou pouco abundantes ou pouco frequentes. A excepção foi a presença de planárias (Turbellaria) de coloração branca nas colónias de Eunicella gazella, provavelmente beneficiando do efeito de camuflagem proporcionado pelos ramos com a mesma coloração. Com efeito, a complementaridade entre as comunidades epibentónicas associadas a ambas as gorgónias diminuiu quando usados os dados de presença/ausência, sugerindo que os padrões de biodiversidade são mais afectados pelas alterações na abundância relativa das espécies dominantes do que pela composição faunística. As comunidades de epifauna bentónica associadas a estas gorgónias não só apresentaram valores elevados de ®-diversidade, como de ¯- diversidade, resultantes de padrões intrincados de variabilidade na sua composição e estrutura. Ainda que o conjunto de espécies disponíveis para colonização seja, na generalidade, o mesmo para ambos os locais, cada colónia apresenta uma parte deste conjunto. Na sua totalidade, as colónias de gorgónias poderão funcionar como uma metacomunidade, mas a estrutura das comunidades associadas a cada colónia (ex. número total de espécies e abundância) parecem depender dos atributos da colónia, nomeadamente superfície disponível para colonização (altura, largura e área), complexidade e heterogeneidade (dimensão fractal e lacunaridade, respectivamente) e cobertura epibentónica “colonial” (ex. fauna colonial e algas macroscópicas; CEC). Numa primeira tentativa para quantificar a relação entre as gorgónias e os invertebrados epibentónicos a elas associados (em termos de abundância e riqueza específica), verificou-se que a natureza e a intensidade destas relações dependem da espécie hospedeira e variam para os grupos taxonómicos principais. No entanto, independentemente do grupo taxonómico, a riqueza específica e a abundância estão significativamente correlacionadas com a CEC. Com efeito, a CEC provavelmente devido a um efeito trófico (aumento da disponibilidade alimentar directo ou indirecto), combinado com a superfície disponível para colonização (efeito espécies-área) foram as variáveis mais relacionadas com os padrões de abundância e riqueza específica. Por outro lado, ainda que a complexidade estrutural seja frequentemente indicada como um dos factores responsáveis pela elevada diversidade e abundância das comunidades bentónicas associadas a corais, a dimensão fractal e a lacunaridade apenas foram relevantes nas comunidades associadas a Leptogorgia lusitanica. A validade do paradigma que defende que a complexidade estrutural promove a biodiversidade poderá ser, então, dependente da escala a que se realizam os estudos. No caso das gorgónias, o efeito da complexidade ao nível dos agregados de gorgónias poderá ser muito mais relevante do que ao nível da colónia individual, reforçando a importância da sua conservação como um todo, por forma a preservar a diversidade de espécies hospedeiras, o seu tamanho e estrutura. Actividades antropogénicas como a pesca, podem, ainda, ter efeitos negativos ao nível da reprodução de espécies marinhas. Analogamente ao verificado para os padrões de distribuição espacial das populações de gorgónias na costa algarvia, a informação relativa à sua reprodução é igualmente escassa. Os estudos realizados em populações de Eunicella gazella a 16m de profundidade, demonstraram que o desenvolvimento anual das estruturas reprodutivas é altamente sincronizado entre os sexos. A razão entre sexos na população foi de 1.09 (F:M), encontrando-se perto da paridade. A espermatogénese estende-se por 6 a 8 meses, enquanto que a oogénese é mais demorada, levando mais de um ano para que os oócitos se desenvolvam até estarem maduros. Antes da libertação dos gâmetas, foi observada uma elevada fecundidade nas fêmeas (27.30§13.24 oócitos pólipo−1) e nos machos (49.30§31.14 sacos espermáticos pólipo−1). Estes valores encontram-se entre os mais elevados reportados à data para zonas temperadas. A libertação dos gâmetas (não há evidência de desenvolvimento larvar, nem à superfície da colónia, nem no seu interior) occorre em Setembro/ Outubro, após um período de elevada temperatura da água do mar. As fêmeas emitem oócitos maduros de elevadas dimensões, retendo, todavia, os oócitos imaturos que se desenvolvem apenas na época seguinte. Ainda que o efeito da pesca nas populações de gorgónias da costa do Algarve seja perceptível, às taxas actuais, o mergulho recreativo não aparenta afectar seriamente estas populações. Contudo, sendo uma indústria em expansão e conhecendo-se a preferência de mergulhadores por áreas rochosas naturais ricas em espécies bentónicas, futuramente poderá vir a afectar estes habitats. A monitorização de mergulhadores na costa algarvia mostrou que a sua maioria (88.6 %) apresenta comportamentos que podem impactar o habitat, com uma taxa média de contactos de 0.340§0.028 contactos min−1. Esta taxa foi mais elevada em mergulhadores com moderada experiência e na fase inicial do mergulho (0–10 min). Os contactos com as barbatanas e mãos foram comuns, resultando, maioritariamente, na resuspensão do sedimento, mas geralmente apresentando um impacto reduzido. Todavia, a fauna também foi afectada, quer por danos físicos, quer pela interacção com os mergulhadores, e num cenário de expansão significativa desta actividade, os impactos na fauna local poderão aumentar, com consequências para os ecossistemas de fundos rochosos da costa sul de Portugal. Na sua globalidade, a informação recolhida nos estudos que contemplam esta tese, por ser em grande parte totalmente nova para a região, espera-se que contribua para a gestão da zona costeira do Algarve.

DNA damage in two bivalve species: Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus from the South coast of Portugal

Dissertação de mest., Estudos Marinhos e Costeiros, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Profiles of ageing in the South of Portugal: education and cognitive functioning in elderly persons living in institutionalized and community contexts

The region of the Algarve shows huge differences between the coastline where population in the urban areas grows, and the inland rural areas, in some cases very isolated, which frequently have high ageing indexes. This general scenario, with an elderly population with very different economic and social conditions, frames the ongoing PhD research designed as a cross-sectional study of an intentional sample of elderly persons. The basic theoretical framework departs from the perspective of developmental psychology of life-span and the model of selection, optimisation and compensation for optimal ageing (Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Freund & Baltes, 2002). The present study is a first step in the analysis of empirical data collected in the PhD sample (N=156; age range 65 to 97 years; M = 80.4 years; SD = 7.2 years). Its purpose is to assess the cognitive functioning of participants, screening for cognitive impairment and examine the relations between the cognitive status of the subjects and a number of selected variables including educational level, age, physical activity and living contexts of the subjects. We accessed the cognitive status of the participants with the Portuguese version of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) finding a 10.3% prevalence of positive cases with cognitive impairment. The results also show significant relationships between the cognitive status accessed by the MMSE and educational level, professional qualification, age, living arrangement and activity level of the participants. The relationship verified between educational level and cognitive status of the participants was the largest correlation found in the study with the variability in educational level accounting for 44.8% of the variability in MMSE score. This results points in the same direction of several lines of research that corroborate the strong intercorrelation between education and cognitive functioning in old age.

Aquifer recharge in Moura region (South Portugal)

Dissertação de mest., Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Interdependence in Southern Africa: an examination of the relations between Zimbabwe and South Africa

Most research on southern Africa focuses on the total dependency of the region's states--Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, zambia and Zimbabwe--upon the dominant power, South Africa. This thesis examines the relationship between South Africa and Zimbabwe and argues that these two states are more interdependent than dependency scholars would acknowledge. Although a study of the historical period reveals that dependency theory, as defined by Raul Prebisch, Andre Gunder Frank and A. Valenzuela, is helpful for understanding the development of relations between the two states, it is unable to account for many of the characteristics of the relationship which are found in the contemporary context, especially since 1980. An examination of various economic areas of interaction, including investment, trade and transportation, as well as the political realm, indicates that each state exhibits a degree of dependence upon the other. Thus, it is possible to characterize the relationship as one of "mutual dependence," or interdependence as defined by Robert Keohane and Joseph S. Nye. Interdependence is further examined through the concepts of sensitivity and vulnerability. Sensitivity signifies the ability of a state to respond effectively to policy changes made by another state wi thin a given area of interaction without incurring large costs, while vulnerability denotes that an actor is unable to respond, or only at great cost. By applying these concepts to the relationship between Zimbabwe and South Africa, it is determined that although South Africa tends to be sensitive while Zimbabwe is generally vulnerable, the degrees to which these two states are sensi ti ve and vulnerable varies over time and issue area. As the changes wi thin South Africa start to affect relations wi th the rest of southern Africa, it wi 11 be necessary to understand the interaction between the states from an interdependency perspective if cooperation within the region wi 11 be successful. By appl ying an interdependence framework, this study aims at contributing to the understanding of relations among the countries of southern Africa in general, and between South Africa and Zimbabwe in particular.

South-West Monsoon Rainfall of Kerala and Its Variability

This study focuses on the south –west monsoon rainfall over Kerala and its variability both on the spatial and temporal scales. The main objectives of the study are, interanual, long-term and decadal variabilities in MRF(monsoon rain fall),relationship between antecedent global circulation parameters, diurnal variability using data of a large number of stations in Kerala and the spatial distribution of rainfall under two large scale synoptic. Kerala gets nearly 190cm of rainfall during the south-west monsoon season 1st June to 30th September. This is more than twice the monsoon rainfall of India. A good part of kerala’s rainfall is caused by the orography of the Western Ghats Mountain ranges. The state receives 286cm of annual rainfall of which 68%is during the south-west monsoon season. The summer monsoon rainfall of Kerala shows a decreasing trend of 12.0%in 96 years. The study shows that the Intra Seasonal Oscillations(ISO) of the monsoon season has large interanual variability,some years having long period and other years having short period ISO. It is seen that Western Ghats has a strong control on the east west profile on the monsoon rainfall.

Further studies on the process of coastal upwelling along the south west coast of India - possible correlations with biological productivity

An attempt is made to study the possible relationship between the process of upwelling and zooplankton biomass in the shelf weters along the south west coast of India between Cape comorin and Ratnagiri based on oceanographic and Zooplankton data collected by the erstwhile FAO/UNDP Pelagic Fishery Project,Cochin between 1973 and 1978. Different factors such as the depth from which the bottom waters are induced upwards during the process of upwelling,the depth to which the bottom waters are drawn, vertical velocity of upwelling and the resultant zooplankton productivity were considered while arriving at the deductions. Except for nutrients and phytoplankton productivity, for which simultaneous data is lacking, all the major factors were taken into consideration before cocluding- xon positive/negative correlation.

Biogeochemistry of the shelf sediments of south eastern Arabian sea: Effect on benthic bacterial heterotrophs

The composition and variability of heterotrophic bacteria along the shelf sediments of south west coast of India and its relationship with the sediment biogeochemistry was investigated. The bacterial abundance ranged from 1.12 x 103 – 1.88 x 106 CFU g-1 dry wt. of sediment. The population showed significant positive correlation with silt (r = 0.529, p< 0.05), organic carbon (OC) (r = 0.679, p< 0.05), total nitrogen (TN) (r = 0.638, p< 0.05), total protein (TPRT) (r = 0.615, p< 0.05) and total carbohydrate (TCHO) (r = 0.675, p< 0.05) and significant negative correlation with sand (r = -0.488, p< 0.05). Community was mainly composed of Bacillus, Alteromonas, Vibrio, Coryneforms, Micrococcus, Planococcus, Staphylococcus, Moraxella, Alcaligenes, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium and Aeromonas. BIOENV analysis explained the best possible environmental parameters i.e., carbohydrate, total nitrogen, temperature, pH and sand at 50m depth and organic matter, BPC, protein, lipid and temperature at 200m depth controlling the distribution pattern of heterotrophic bacterial population in shelf sediments. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the environmental variables showed that the first and second principal component accounted for 65% and 30.6% of the data variance respectively. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed a strong correspondence between bacterial distribution and environmental variables in the study area. Moreover, non-metric MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) analysis demarcated the northern and southern latitudes of the study area based on the bioavailable organic matter

The simple macroeconomics of North and South in EMU. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/12, 30 July 2012

The euro area today consists of a competitive, moderately leveraged North and an uncompetitive, over-indebted South. Its main macroeconomic challenge is to carry out the adjustment required to restore the competitiveness of its southern part and eliminate its excessive public and private debt burden. This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal and competitiveness adjustment in a stylised model with two countries in a monetary union, North and South. To restore competitiveness, South implements a more restrictive fiscal policy than North. We consider two scenarios. In the first, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the North. The South therefore needs to deflate to regain competitiveness, which worsens the debt dynamics. In the second, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the monetary union as a whole. This results in more monetary stimulus, inflation in the North is higher, and this in turn helps the debt dynamics in the South. Our main findings are: •The differential fiscal stance between North and South is what determines real exchange rate changes. South therefore needs to tighten more. There is no escape from relative austerity. •If monetary policy aims at keeping inflation stable in the North and the initial debt is above a certain threshold, debt dynamics are perverse: fiscal retrenchment is self-defeating; •If monetary policy targets average inflation instead, which implies higher inflation in the North, the initial debt threshold above which the debt dynamics become perverse is higher. Accepting more inflation at home is therefore a way for the North to contribute to restoring debt sustainability in the South. •Structural reforms in the South improve the debt dynamics if the initial debt is not too high. Again, targeting average inflation rather than inflation in the North helps strengthen the favourable effects of structural reforms.

How does a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation lead to an intensification of the ENSO-south Asian summer monsoon interaction?

This study investigates the change of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-South Asian summer monsoon interaction in response to a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) by applying an additional freshwater flux into the North Atlantic. The simulated results indicate that the weakened THC leads to intensified ENSO-South Asian summer monsoon relationship and enhanced South Asian summer monsoon interannual variability. Furthermore, it is suggested that this intensification of the ENSO-monsoon relationship is likely due to the enhanced ENSO variability induced by the weakened THC. This study indicates that the low frequency fluctuation of Atlantic SSTs might have an influence on South Asian summer monsoon interannual variability and the ENSO-monsoon interaction, and suggests a nonlocal mechanism for the observed decadal-multidecadal modulation of ENSO-monsoon relationship.

Rainfall and runoff water quality of the Pang and Lambourn, tributaries of the River Thames, south-eastern England

The water quality of rainfall and runoff is described for two catchments of two tributaries of the River Thames, the Pang and Lambourn. Rainfall chemistry is variable and concentrations of most determinands decrease with increasing volume of catch probably due to 'wash out' processes. Two rainfall sites have been monitored, one for each catchment. The rainfall site on the Lambourn shows higher chemical concentrations than the one for the Pang which probably reflects higher amounts of local inputs from agricultural activity, Rainfall quality data at a long-term rainfall site on the Pang (UK National Air Quality Archive) shows chemistries similar to that for the Lambourn site. but with some clear differences. Rainfall chemistries show considerable variation on an event-to-event basis. Average water quality concentrations and flow-weighted concentrations as well as fluxes vary across the sites, typically by about 30%. Stream chemistry is much less variable due to the main Source of water coming from aquifer sources of high storage. The relationship between rainfall and runoff chemistry at the catchment outlet is described in terms of the relative proportions of atmospheric and within-catchment sources. Remarkably, in view of the quantity of agricultural and sewage inputs to the streams, the catchments appear to be retaining both P and N.