Estudio de las propiedades quimicas, anatomicas y fisico-mecanicas de la madera de tres especies forestales de importancia economica

El Enterolobium Cyclocarpum, segun se determino en el estudio anatomico, tiene un alto contenido de Parènquima, fibras cortas y bajas indice de calidad de pulpas que lo hace inadecuado para la fabricación de papel; por sus bajos valores de densidad, elasticidad y resistencia a los esfuerzos mecánicos, no es recomendable su uso en estructura de soportes en la construcción. sin embargo su color y textura le proporcionan alto valor estético apreciado en la fabricación de muebles, decoloraciones, puertas. También posee un considerable contenido de extraible que le proporcionan durabilidad natural, lo que sumado a su bajo indice de contradicción hinchamiento, lo hace optimo para su utilización en exteriores. Pinus: por sus características microscópicas como fibras largas, muy poco parentima y alto indice de calidad de pulpa, lo hacen optimo para la fabricación de papel. su propiedades elásticas y de resistencia lo sitúan por arriba de valores intermedios, que convierten a esta especie apta para la construcción, fabricación, de chapas, muebles, juguetes, artículos deportivos, artesanía muchos otros usos. contiene extraibles en regular cantidad, principalmente del tipo resinico, ampliamante utilizado en la industria. El cuercus, caracterizado por tener fibras largas en comparación con otras latifoliados, y un indice de calidad de pulpas intermedio, puede ser apto para la fabricación de papel. sus valores propiedades ficicas y mecánicas son los mas altos de las tres maderas ensayadas, por lo que su madera ofrece un gran potencial de utilización de la fabricación de juguetes, muebles piezas torneadas postes, y elementos estructurales, y piezas de maquinaria. El conocimiento de la estructuras, propiedades tecnológicas y químicas de nuestra madera, constituye la base para su aprovechamiento integral y una adecuada utilización de especies que por tradición o desconocimiento no se les ha dado el uso correcto. por la importancia económica que tiene las especies estudiadas, se justifica ampliar sus estudios, partiendo de la metodología empleada en este trabajo, pues en su mayor parte resulta de aplicación practica en las condiciones actuales de nuestro país. la información bibliográfica recabada constituye una base importante para posteriores estudios relacionados con la anatomía, propiedades físicas y mecánicas, secado, y químico de la madera.

Kukuxumusu

[ES] Kukuxumusu S.L. es una organización que se dedica a la comercialización de dibujos que cuentan cosas en diferentes soportes de calidad para que sean comprados, usados y disfrutados por personas de toda edad, sexo y condición, que buscan en una camiseta, una taza, un llavero, etc., mensajes divertidos, originales y diferentes. Kukuxumusu desarrolla su actividad en los mercados del souvenir y del regalo. En el caso se analiza la estrategia global de comercialización seguida por Kukuxumusu en relación a su gama de productos, los canales de distribución y los instrumentos de comunicación que utiliza. Desde sus inicios en el año 1989 con la venta callejera de camisetas en las fiestas de San Fermín, Kukuxumusu se ha ido consolidando como una empresa con una sólida cultura corporativa, que ha ido creciendo aprovechando las oportunidades ofrecidas por las nuevas tecnologías y que tiene como bazas más importantes su gestión de marca y la diferenciación basada en aspectos intangibles.

Desarrollo de estándares y estrategias para el establecimiento de un archivo vivo del patrimonio digital alavés

[ES] Como parte de este proyecto de investigación se realizó el siguiente proyecto fin de carrera:

Publicidad digital: un análisis teórico

Es esencial saber cómo se ha creado internet para poder entender mejor los cambios que este medio ha propiciado. A pesar de que los cambios generados por la red han afectado a muchos sectores, este trabajo se centra en la comunicación. La publicidad digital es una vía que está en constante cambio debido a su juventud y al dinamismo de internet, además posee unas características singulares que la hacen única. Una de estas particularidades es su capacidad de segmentación, una capacidad esencial que permite a las empresas acercarse de una manera más específica y personalizada a su público objetivo. Otra singularidad de este tipo de publicidad son los soportes que utiliza como medio de comunicación, que han ido evolucionando junto con su gestión. Además, la gran cantidad de dispositivos que están a disposición de los usuarios, les permiten acceder a todo tipo de contenido de manera simultánea, pudiendo estar constantemente conectados a la red. Finalmente, hay que destacar la evolución de la inversión en publicidad digital mediante datos empíricos que permiten conocer mejor su desarrollo, desde sus comienzos hasta la actualidad.

Navegar na imagem e se reencontrar com o texto escrito: um estudo de caso exploratório do processamento leitor no ciberespaço

A presente dissertação é um estudo de caso com caráter exploratório (Rampazo, 2005; Babie, 2008). Na parte teórica, propomos a categorização triádica das imagens no ciberespaço, que é uma das contribuições deste trabalho para a área de estudos sobre leitura no ciberespaço. A investigação apresenta como objetivos acompanhar e analisar o processo leitor de um professor de espanhol como língua estrangeira no ciberespaço, tendo como foco a multimodalidade. Tais objetivos têm a função de nortear a resolução dos problemas de pesquisa, a saber: (a) como um professor de ELE lê no ciberespaço tendo em vista as imagens como aspectos da multimodalidade; (b) como esse professor transpõe sua própria atividade leitora e os materiais da internet para uma atividade de aula. Os instrumentos de coleta utilizados foram: entrevista, questionário, protocolos e gravações do GTK. O cruzamento entre 12 critérios de análise permitiu, dentre outros detalhes, observar que nosso sujeito lê textos verbais no ciberespaço movimentando o cursor do mouse como se fosse seus dedos sobre uma folha de papel a percorrer linha a linha da esquerda para a direita. Também percebemos que a experiência de leitura no ciberespaço (conhecimentos prévios) pode ser o fator que contribui para que o sujeito despreze as imagens de categorias mescladas (B e C) e prefira utilizar as imagens de categoria B, no caso, por exemplo, de acessar uma reportagem a partir de sua manchete em jornal eletrônico. Quanto à transposição de materiais para as aulas, percebemos que a formação acadêmica de nosso sujeito ao não direcionar discussões teóricas e metodológicas sobre as TICs e seu uso em sala de aula e sua realidade de trabalho podem ter contribuído para o modo como o sujeito transpõe os materiais da internet para as aulas. As adaptações e afastamentos desses materiais não são trabalhados em sala de aula. As imagens e links são retirados e o texto utilizado na atividade docente é uma mistura de vários materiais provenientes de diferentes países, mas sem a fonte especificada na aula. O papel que a formação tem para a vida profissional e para a práxis do professor não pode ser descartado. Defendemos que uma formação que seja direcionada às TICs deve fazer parte do currículo acadêmico

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Valorization of scrap tires pyrolysis oil (STPO) through a 2-stage hydrotreating-hydrocracking strategy. Process variables and kinetic modeling

232 p.

Desarrollo de capas de contacto para su aplicación en SOFC

256 p.+anexos

Propiedades básicas de materiales soporte y parámetros de control en biofiltración.

[ES]En la problemática medioambiental generada por la contaminación atmosférica hay tres aspectos que marcan las directrices de actuación institucional: la presión social, la legislación vigente y la tecnología disponible. En cuanto a este último aspecto, la biofiltración es una tecnología eficaz, asequible y sostenible basada en la actividad biodegradadora de microorganismos específicos adheridos a la superficie de un material soporte que constituye el lecho del biofiltro. La elección de un material soporte adecuado es de especial importancia para asegurar el correcto funcionamiento de los biofiltros. Esta decisión está basada en las propiedades intrínsecas del material que deben ser analizadas previamente a su uso. En este proyecto se ha seleccionado cuales son estas propiedades básicas a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, destacando la capacidad de retención de humedad, superficie específica, porosidad, y estabilidad física y química del material. En este trabajo, también se han fijado los parámetros de control que deben ser medidos de forma rutinaria en un biofiltro para asegurar la eficacia del tratamiento de descontaminación. En base a la información bibliográfica recopilada, se ha concluido que los parámetros básicos son pH, temperatura, contenido de humedad del lecho y pérdidas de carga. A nivel experimental, se han medido las pérdidas de carga generadas en biofiltros empacados con tres materiales soportes que son de especial interés para una investigación posterior a desarrollar por el grupo Biofiltración de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU). Durante el período de arranque inicial de los tres biofiltros, las pérdidas de carga medidas fueron muy bajas en los tres casos, aunque algo superiores cuando la alimentación era en sentido ascendente frente al flujo descendente. Sin embargo, cuando se midieron las pérdidas de carga bajo condiciones de encharcamiento del lecho, que es una de las situaciones más problemáticas en un biofiltro, todos los soportes presentaron un aumento puntual de la pérdida de carga aunque la tendencia en los días posteriores fue claramente descendente, recuperando valores de operación habituales. La comparativa del comportamiento frente a las pérdidas de carga permitió seleccionar el soporte más idóneo de los tres analizados, aunque los otros dos podrían ser alternativas viables en caso de sustitución.

La transición digital de los diarios europeos: nuevos productos y nuevas audiencias

La adaptación de los medios de comunicación tradicionales a los nuevos soportes digitales y su interfaz, lejos de constituir un mero ajuste técnico, ha contribuido a una paulatina transformación de los propios medios y sus audiencias. En una muestra integrada por los diarios de información general y de pago líderes en los 28 países de la UE, y mediante el análisis de 17 indicadores distribuidos en cuatro categorías, este artículo busca identificar las transformaciones que la implantación de los soportes digitales han provocado en las principales cabeceras de la prensa europea. En términos generales, los resultados de la investigación señalan que la mayoría de los diarios no sólo han logrado mantener su liderazgo en la Red, sino que en algunos casos también se está alumbrando un incipiente conjunto de medios globales a partir de medios nacionales preexistentes. Los soportes digitales y móviles también han favorecido la aparición de nuevos hábitos de consumo, caracterizados por una lectura más esporádica y superficial por parte de los usuarios, y han configurado una audiencia que ya en muchos casos es multisoporte, y donde los dispositivos digitales aportan ya la mayoría de lectores a muchos medios. Asimismo, las nuevas ventanas de acceso a la información –buscadores, redes sociales, etc.– generadas por Internet, también están contribuyendo decisivamente al cambio de las rutinas y las formas de trabajo de los propios medios.

In-fluido: lo fluido como concepto y práctica artística

578 p., il. col.

Paper Art. Fibras papeleras en la Creación Artística. Producción y Edición

Nivel educativo: Grado. Duración (en horas): De 21 a 30 horas

Gêneros textuais introdutórios e suporte: uma visão sociocognitiva da revista Nova Escola

O estudo dos gêneros não é uma atividade recente: remonta às perspectivas filosóficas da Grécia Antiga. No entanto, com o desenvolvimento das novas tecnologias, há uma grande variedade de áreas de investigação que remetem ao tema e sua aplicação vem se tornando cada vez mais multidisciplinar (MARCUSCHI, 2008). Merece atenção, dentro deste campo de estudos, a estreita relação estabelecida entre um gênero textual e seu suporte, tanto em relação aos seus aspectos de produção como de recepção por parte do leitor. Com base na perspectiva sociocognitiva, calcada especialmente nos estudos de Marcuschi (2008, 2010a, 2011), Koch (2003) e KOCH; ELIAS (2008), esta investigação visa a mapear os gêneros introdutórios presentes no suporte impresso e no suporte virtual da revista Nova Escola, traçando critérios metodológicos que permitam uma descrição aprofundada de sua inserção no discurso. A partir do levantamento de todos os gêneros de ambos suportes, delimitaram-se quatro cuja função é introduzir ou apresentar os demais, servindo como orientadores da leitura (BEZERRA, 2006b): a capa, o índice, o editorial e a homepage. A análise exploratória e comparativa de exemplares impressos e virtuais do período de junho / julho a dezembro de 2013 ocasionou uma reflexão sobre as principais influências do suporte na caracterização do gênero. Outra questão aventada relacionou-se com a necessidade de organização de novas estratégias teórico-metodológicas para a delimitação das fronteiras genéricas

Asistencia Técnica en los procesos productivos identificados como críticos en el aseguramiento de la calidad en los procesos productivos. Municipio de Chimichagua, corregimiento de Candelaria - Cesar. Artecan - Asociación de Artesanos de Candelaria.

11 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.

Asistencia técnica en los procesos de producción identificados como críticos en el aseguramiento de la calidad en los productos finales. Chimichagua, Mandinguilla, Candelaria y Antequera departamento del Cesar.

12 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.