Effect of buried depth and diameter on uplift of underground structures in liquefied soils

In an earthquake, underground structures located in liquefiable soil deposits are susceptible to floatation following an earthquake event due to their lower unit weight relative to the surrounding saturated soil. The uplift displacement of an underground structure in liquefiable soil deposit can be affected by the buried depth and size of the structure. Dynamic centrifuge tests have been carried out to investigate the influence of these factors by measuring the uplift displacement of shallow model circular structures. Ratios for the buried depth and diameter effects of the structure are introduced to compare the uplift displacement in different soil and earthquake conditions. With the depth effect and diameter effect ratios, the uplift displacement of a buoyant structure in liquefiable soil can also be estimated based on performance of similar structures in comparable soil condition and subjected to a similar earthquake event. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Natural frequency and damping ratio of a vertically vibrated surface foundation

It is possible and common to obtain equivalent natural frequency and damping for a soil-foundation system from results of experimental or numerical analysis assuming the system has a single degree of freedom. Three approaches to extract natural frequency and damping were applied to the vertically vibrated soil-foundation system. The sensitivity of the computed natural frequency and damping to the soil properties was evaluated through parametric studies. About 10-20% of discrepancy in values of natural frequency was observed due to different approaches. The results help to assess the reliability of equivalent soil properties determined from the reported natural frequency of the system. Finally the results obtained using theoretical predictions with linear soil properties measured in situ were compared to those calculated from experimental data. The prediction and experimental results showed good agreements if the embedment of the foundation is neglected with stepped sine test but considered with impulse test. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Modeling cyclic behavior of lightly overconsolidated clays in simple shear

Assessment of seismic performance and estimation of permanent displacements for submerged slopes require the accurate description of the soil's stress-strain-strength relationship under irregular cyclic loading. The geological profile of submerged slopes on the continental shelf typically consists of normally to lightly overconsolidated clays with depths ranging from a few meters to a few hundred meters and very low slope angles. This paper describes the formulation of a simplified effective-stress-based model, which is able to capture the key aspects of the cyclic behavior of normally consolidated clays. The proposed constitutive law incorporates anisotropic hardening and bounding surface principles to allow the user to simulate different shear strain and stress reversal histories as well as provide realistic descriptions of the accumulation of plastic shear strains and excess pore pressure during successive loading cycles. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. | Assessment of seismic performance and estimation of permanent displacements for submerged slopes require the accurate description of the soil's stress-strain-strength relationship under irregular cyclic loading. The geological profile of submerged slopes on the continental shelf typically consists of normally to lightly overconsolidated clays with depths ranging from a few meters to a few hundred meters and very low slope angles. This paper describes the formulation of a simplified effective-stress-based model, which is able to capture the key aspects of the cyclic behavior of normally consolidated clays. The proposed constitutive law incorporates anisotropic hardening and bounding surface principles to allow the user to simulate different shear strain and stress reversal histories as well as provide realistic descriptions of the accumulation of plastic shear strains and excess pore pressures during successive loading cycles.

土壤中PAHs的光催化降解动力学及机制研究

本文以土壤为介质，以三环的菲（Phe）、四环的芘（Pyr）和五环的苯并[a]芘（BaP）为目标污染物，研究了紫外灯照射下土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）的降解，并以半导体纳米TiO2和Fe2O3为催化剂研究了土壤中PAHs的催化降解，对光降解及光催化降解的动力学进行了研究，在室内条件下考察了土壤条件和环境因子对光降解及光催化降解PAHs的影响；研究了太阳光照条件下土壤pH值对光降解和催化降解的影响和腐殖酸对光降解的影响；初步探讨了纳米TiO2催化光降解土壤中PAHs的机制。 研究结果表明：土壤中PAHs的紫外光降解符合一级动力学模型，土壤中PAHs光降解与土壤厚度呈显著负相关，土壤粒径对紫外光解PAHs有显著影响，温度从20 ℃升高到30 ℃，光解速率逐渐增加，在PAHs污染土壤的光降解中腐殖酸起敏化作用，随着紫外辐射强度的增加，光降解速率加快。 纳米TiO2和Fe2O3均能促进土壤中PAHs的紫外光降解，PAHs光催化降解符合一级动力学模型，在酸性和碱性土壤条件下，光催化降解PAHs的速率均高于中性，在不同光质条件下，TiO2 、Fe2O3催化光降解PAHs的速率发生变化，随着紫外辐射强度的增加，光催化降解速率常数增加，半衰期减少；腐殖酸促进TiO2 、Fe2O3催化土壤中PAHs的光降解，腐殖酸在这个过程中起着敏化作用。 在太阳光照射下酸性和碱性土壤中PAHs的降解快于中性，PAHs污染土壤中在加入腐殖酸后光降解速率加快，在酸性条件下催化降解最快，在碱性和中性条件下相差不大。 土壤中PAHs存在着PAH的光致电离、电子向O2的转移的两种降解途径；在有催化剂TiO2条件下，由于催化剂在光照后形成的电子-空穴能够氧化还原污染物，PAH的光致电离、电子向O2的转移的引起的降解，共同促进了土壤中PAHs的光催化降解。

Undrained behaviour of two silica sands and practical implications for modelling SSI in liquefiable soils.

The aim of the present study is twofold. Firstly, the paper investigates the undrained cyclic and post-cyclic behaviour of two silica sands by means of multi-stage cyclic triaxial tests. Secondly, based on the post-cyclic response observed in the element test, the authors formulate a simplified stress–strain relationship that can be conveniently used for the construction of p–y curves for liquefiable soils. The multi-stage loading condition consists of an initial cyclic loading applied to cause liquefaction, followed by undrained monotonic loading that aimed to investigate the post-cyclic response of the liquefied sample. It was found that due to the tendency of the liquefied soil to dilate upon undrained shearing, the post-liquefaction strain–stress response was characterised by a distinct strain–hardening behaviour. The latter is idealized by means of a bi-linear stress–strain model, which can be conveniently formulated in terms of three parameters, i.e.: (i) take-off shear strain, γto, i.e. shear strain required to mobilize 1 kPa of shear strength; (b) initial secant shear modulus, G1, defined as 1/γto; (c) post-liquefied shear modulus at large strain, G2 (γ⪢γto). Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that these parameters are strongly influenced by the initial relative density of the sample, whereby γto decreases with increasing relative density. Differently both shear moduli (G1 and G2) increases with increasing relative density. Lastly, the construction of new p–y curves for liquefiable soils based on the idealized bi-linear model is described.

Dynamic response of a geotechnical rigid model container with absorbing boundaries.

One of the major challenges encountered in earthquake geotechnical physical modelling is to determine the effects induced by the artificial boundaries of the soil container on the dynamic response of the soil deposit. Over the past years, the use of absorbing material for minimising boundaries effects has become an increasing alternative solution, yet little systematic research has been carried out to quantify the dynamic performance of the absorbing material and the amount of energy dissipated by it. This paper aims to examine the effects induced by the absorbing material on the dynamic response of the soil, and estimate the amount of energy reduced by the absorbing boundaries. The absorbent material consisted of panels made of commercially available foams, which were placed on both inner sides of end-walls of the soil container. These walls are perpendicular to the shaking direction. Three types of foam with different mechanical properties were used in this study. The results were obtained from tests carried out using a shaking table and Redhill 110 sand for the soil deposit. It was found that a considerably amount of energy was dissipated, in particular within the frequency range close to the resonance of the soil deposit. This feature suggests that the presence of foams provides a significant influence to the dynamic response of the soil. The energy absorbed by the boundaries was also quantified from integrals of the Power Spectral Density of the accelerations. It was found that the absorbed energy ranged between a minimum of 41% to a maximum of 92% of the input levels, depending mainly on the foam used in the test. The effects provided by the acceleration levels and depth at which the energy was evaluated were practically negligible. Finally, practical guidelines for the selection of the absorbing material are provided.

Fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em trigo em sistema plantio direto no cerrado

O N é um nutriente de suma importância, tendo em vista sua dinâmica no solo e a exigência da cultura, todavia, em muitas situações, o solo é incapaz de suprir todo o requerimento de N das culturas, o que obriga o uso de fertilizantes para a obtenção de produtividade satisfatória. Desse modo, propôs-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes fontes e épocas de aplicação de N em trigo cultivado no sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso disposto em um esquema fatorial 2x6 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de duas fontes de N: uréia e Entec e seis épocas de aplicação: testemunha (sem N); N na semeadura (S); N 15 dias após a emergência (DAE); N aos 30 DAE; 1/3 do N na S e 2/3 aos 15 DAE; e 1/3 do N na S e 2/3 aos 30 DAE. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria - MS, em solo anteriormente ocupado por vegetação de Cerrado. O N aplicado 30 dias após a emergência propiciou maior produtividade de grãos, entretanto não diferindo estatisticamente da aplicação com 1/3 do N na semeadura + 2/3 do N 30 dias após a emergência.

Dinámica del suelo y estoque de carbono después de diez años de la restauración de tierras degradadas usando especies arbóreas del bosque atlántico

Brazil's Atlantic Forest ecosystem has been greatly affected by land use changes, with only 11.26% of its original vegetation cover remaining. Currently, Atlantic Forest restoration is receiving increasing attention because of its potential for carbon sequestration and the important role of soil carbon in the global carbon balance. Soil organic matter is also essential for physical, chemical and biological components of soil fertility and forest sustainability. This study evaluated the potential for soil recovery in contrasting restoration models using indigenous Atlantic Forest tree species ten years after their establishment. The study site is located in Botucatu municipality, São Paulo State-Brazil, in a loamy dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisol site (Typic Hapludult). Four treatments were compared: i) Control (Spontaneous Restoration); ii) Low Diversity (five fast-growing tree species established by direct seeding); iii) High Diversity (mixed plantings of 41 species established with seedlings) and; iv) Native Forest (well conserved neighboring forest fragment). The following soil properties were evaluated: (1) physical-texture, density and porosity; (2) chemical-C, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Al and pH; (3) biological-microbial biomass. Litter nutrient concentrations (P, S, K, Ca and Mg) and C and N litter stocks were determined. Within ten years the litter C and N stocks of the Low Diversity treatment area were higher than Control and similar to those in both the High Diversity treatment and the Native Forest. Soil C stocks increased through time for both models and in the Control plots, but remained highest in the Native Forest. The methods of restoration were shown to have different effects on soil dynamics, mainly on chemical properties. These results show that, at least in the short-term, changes in soil properties are more rapid in a less complex system like the Low Diversity model than in the a High Species Diversity model. For both mixed plantation systems, carbon soil cycling can be reestablished, resulting in increases in carbon stocks in both soil and litter.

Avaliação do efeito tóxico do herbicida trifluralina por meio do estudo histológico e histoquímico do intestino médio do diplópodo Rhinocricus padbergi

Currently the use of pesticides in agriculture is widespread due to their high effectiveness in combating pests, weeds and diseases leading to better productivity and economical performance in agricultural area. The use of pesticides affects the whole world and their use is often performed in an improper and indiscriminate way and for long periods. Several studies have been carried out in order to verify the presence of pesticides in nature, with worrying results. The presence of higher levels of pesticides and their degradation products in soil and surface and groundwater have indicated increasing contamination. Among the most widely used pesticides, herbicides are present and among these trifluralin has occupied an important place due to its widespread use; it is an herbicide originated from benzene derivatives belonging to dinitroanilines family; it is classified as belonging to group C, being possibly carcinogenic for humans, present a high persistence in soil as a result of its low mobility and therefore may affect local edaphic fauna. Diplopods belong to a group of invertebrates considered important in the soil dynamics; due to their close contact with it, these animals can be used as bioindicators of substrates toxicity. This study aimed to expose diplopod specimens of the species R. padbergi to different concentrations of trifluralin and therefore it was mounted five bioassays containing soil from the site where animals were collected (control group) and the same soil mixed to different concentrations of trifluralin herbicide (concentration recommended for agriculture use, that is, the dose recommended by the producer 0.0534g/m2, double, haft and quarter of this dose), animals were exposed for 7 and 90 days. During the entire period of exposure (90 days), it was observed that the number of animals in the control bioassay remained stable until the 5th week, presenting only... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Influence of pile inclination angle on the dynamic properties and seismic response of piled structures.

[EN] This paper aims to contribute to clarify whether the use of battered piles has a positive or negative influence on the dynamic response of deep foundations and superstructures. For this purpose, the dynamic response of slender and non-slender structures supported on several configurations of 2X2 and 3X3 pile groups including battered elements is obtained through a procedure based on a substructuring model whick takes soil-structure interaction into account.

The direct boundary element method: 2D site effects assessment on laterally varying layered media (methodology)

The Direct Boundary Element Method (DBEM) is presented to solve the elastodynamic field equations in 2D, and a complete comprehensive implementation is given. The DBEM is a useful approach to obtain reliable numerical estimates of site effects on seismic ground motion due to irregular geological configurations, both of layering and topography. The method is based on the discretization of the classical Somigliana's elastodynamic representation equation which stems from the reciprocity theorem. This equation is given in terms of the Green's function which is the full-space harmonic steady-state fundamental solution. The formulation permits the treatment of viscoelastic media, therefore site models with intrinsic attenuation can be examined. By means of this approach, the calculation of 2D scattering of seismic waves, due to the incidence of P and SV waves on irregular topographical profiles is performed. Sites such as, canyons, mountains and valleys in irregular multilayered media are computed to test the technique. The obtained transfer functions show excellent agreement with already published results.