Potencial de produ����o de gr��os brasileiros via fertiliza����o e impactos nas emiss��es de CO2eq

Para todos os munic��pios Brasileiros foram coletados dados de ��rea plantada, quantidade produzida, tipos de solos e uso do solo, para o Arroz, Feij��o, Trigo, Milho e Soja. Com o aux��lio de Sistema de Informa����es Geogr��ficas (SIG), mapas foram elaborados, e a partir do cruzamento entre eles, produtividades por tipo de solo em ��reas antropizadas foram obtidas. A partir das faixas de produtividades esperadas relativas ��s faixas de dosagem de aduba����o por n��vel de disponibilidade de macronutrientes prim��rios (Nitrog��nio, F��sforo e Pot��ssio) no solo, recomendadas pela Embrapa (WebAgritec), considerou-se que cada munic��pio, sem nenhuma expans��o de ��rea, a partir de seu valor real de produtividade em 2011/12, aumentasse a mesma at�� o valor m��ximo esperado e correspondente �� recomenda����o de dosagem de aduba����o relativa �� faixa superior de produtividade. Considerou-se um per��odo de dez anos para a subida de um patamar para outro de produtividade, o que permitiu um horizonte temporal das estimativas de 2011/12 at�� 2061/62. Projetaram-se os Consumos, Dosagens e Efici��ncias de Aduba����o, bem como os Balan��os de CO2eq para os macronutrientes prim��rios, necess��rios e resultantes destas novas condi����es. O horizonte e os volumes de produ����o agr��colas resultantes foram comparados com as proje����es do MAPA 2021/22 e do Outlook Fiesp 2023. O potencial de volume de produ����o agr��cola via fertiliza����o destas cinco culturas e o impacto no balan��o de CO2eq s��o ent��o mensurados, culminando com a possibilidade de significativas antecipa����es deste volume em termos de n��mero de safras e com o efeito ben��fico no balan��o de CO2eq, permitindo em virtude das ��reas poupadas, posterga����o expressiva em termos de emiss��es de CO2eq

Avalia����o de caracter��sticas morfom��tricas na rela����o solo-superf��cie da Bacia Hidrogr��fica do C��rrego Rico, Jaboticabal (SP)

Com a an��lise das caracter��sticas morfom��tricas procura-se entender a rela����o solo-superf��cie, em decorr��ncia dos processos erosivos sobre estruturas e litologias variadas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as caracter��sticas morfom��tricas do padr��o de drenagem e do relevo em microbacias hidrogr��ficas de 2�� ordem de magnitude, em Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, com vistas ao planejamento agroambiental da Bacia Hidrogr��fica do C��rrego Rico, munic��pio de Jaboticabal, SP. O estudo foi baseado em fotografias a��reas, pancrom��ticas, verticais na escala 1:35.000 da regi��o administrativa de Ribeir��o Preto. Com t��cnicas de fotointerpreta����o, foram tra��adas a rede de drenagem e respectivas microbacias hidrogr��ficas, onde as vari��veis selecionadas foram determinadas. As classes de risco de degrada����o, resultando no uso potencial do solo, foram determinadas de acordo com o coeficiente de rugosidade. As caracter��sticas do padr��o de drenagem e do relevo repercutiram no comportamento hidrol��gico e litol��gico das microbacias hidrogr��ficas, possibilitando a diferencia����o entre as unidades de solos. A densidade de drenagem e a amplitude altim��trica foram as caracter��sticas que mais contribu��ram para o poder discriminat��rio na rela����o solo-superf��cie. Na an��lise conjunta do potencial de uso do solo, verificou-se, principalmente, adequa����o para agricultura nos Latossolos e pecu��ria e, ou, reflorestamento nos Argissolos.

Estoque de carbono e estabilidade de agregados de um latossolo vermelho distr��fico, sob diferentes manejos

These systems of soil use and management are very important in carbon supply and stability of aggregates, because affect directly culture yields. The aim of this project is to evaluate the carbon supply and stability of Haplustox aggregates under different managements. It was utilized a completely randomized experimental design in split plot scheme, with six replications. Thus, the treatments utilized were three different soil managements ( native forest, pasture with Tanzania grass and corn). The plots were consisted by three layers (0-10; 10-20 and 20-30 cm) and were analyzed to determined the organic matter, organic carbon supply of soil ( layers and equivalent soil mass methods) and weighed average diameter (DMP) and geometrical average diameter (DMG). The results indicated that the evaluated managements systems affected the size of soil aggregates of the ground and in its distribution in the layer of 0-30 cm of depth. The greatest accumulation of carbon were in the surface layers, although, there were not variation between the management systems.

Altera����es na cor e no grau de flocula����o de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro sob cultivo cont��nuo de cana-de-a����car

Objetivou-se avaliar o grau de modifica����o de algumas propriedades f��sicas e da cor do horizonte superficial de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro textura m��dia, submetido ao cultivo cont��nuo com cana-de-a����car durante 25 anos, em Jaboticabal, SP. Os tratamentos foram constitu��dos por dois tipos de uso do solo, ou seja, aus��ncia de cultivo (vegeta����o nativa) e cultivo intenso com cana-de-a����car e por tr��s profundidades no perfil, 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30cm. O cultivo intenso e cont��nuo alterou a cor do solo na camada de 0-10cm de 2,5YR 2,5/4 na aus��ncia de cultivo para 2,5YR3/4 e degradou a macroestrutura, reduzindo o grau de flocula����o da argila do solo.

Least limiting water range and crop yields as affected by crop rotations and tillage

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso de lodo de esgoto na reestrutura����o de solo degradado

O uso do solo nem sempre d�� lugar a um novo sistema ecol��gico sustent��vel, seja de lavouras, seja de pastagens. Com isso, solos utilizados intensamente e de forma inadequada s��o levados �� degrada����o. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influ��ncia do lodo de esgoto na recupera����o de propriedades f��sicas de um Latossolo Vermelho degradado, cultivado h�� 2,5 anos com eucalipto (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook) e braqui��ria (Brachiaria decumbens) no munic��pio de Selv��ria, MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repeti����es. Os tratamentos foram: 1-vegeta����o de Cerrado; 2-solo exposto sem tratamento para recupera����o; 3-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braqui��ria sem uso do lodo de esgoto e aduba����o mineral; 4-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braqui��ria com aduba����o mineral; 5-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braqui��ria com uso de 30 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto; e 6-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braqui��ria com uso de 60 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto. Nas camadas do solo de 0,00-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m, foram estudadas as propriedades f��sicas do solo: macroporosidade, microporosidade; porosidade; e densidade do solo. Na braqui��ria foram avaliadas as mat��rias verde e seca e, no eucalipto, a altura m��dia de planta e o DAP (di��metro �� altura do peito). Concluiu-se que o solo estudado est�� sendo recuperado por meio dos tratamentos estabelecidos. Dentre eles, destacam-se os tratamentos com a utiliza����o do lodo, que influenciaram as propriedades f��sicas do solo, proporcionaram mais rendimentos de mat��rias verde e seca da braqui��ria e promoveram maior crescimento das plantas de eucalipto. O crescimento vegetal, a densidade do solo, a porosidade total e a macroporosidade foram os melhores indicadores da recupera����o do solo.

Stream fish, water and habitat quality in a pasture dominated basin, southeastern Brazil

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Minimiza����o da eros��o em fun����o do tamanho e localiza����o das ��reas de floresta no contexto do programa conservador das ��guas

Com os crescentes conflitos de uso da ��gua no Brasil, a implanta����o de pol��ticas para a mitiga����o desses problemas tornou-se crucial. Nesse sentido, o conceito de Pagamentos por Servi��os Ambientais (PSA) tem se difundido ao redor do mundo e, consequentemente, no Brasil. O munic��pio de Extrema, em Minas Gerais, implantou a primeira iniciativa municipal brasileira de PSA, conhecida como programa Conservador das ��guas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a perda de solo na sub-bacia das Posses, onde se iniciou o programa Conservador das ��guas, visando determinar a potencialidade que o conceito adotado nesse programa ter�� para a conserva����o do solo e otimizar o provimento desse servi��o ambiental em fun����o do tamanho e da localiza����o da ��rea de floresta. Quatorze diferentes cen��rios de uso e cobertura do solo foram analisados, utilizando-se um Sistema de Informa����es Geogr��ficas e a Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. A expectativa de perda de solo na sub-bacia das Posses antes e ap��s a implementa����o do programa Conservador das ��guas foi de 30,63 e 7,06 Mg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A otimiza����o da conserva����o do solo pode ser feita adotando-se pr��ticas conservacionistas na pastagem e alocando-se a ��rea de floresta de maneira mais otimizada.

Correlation of properties of Brazilian Haplustalfs with magnetic susceptibility measurements

Magnetic susceptibility (chi, mass specific) is useful for easy indirect estimation of other soil properties at a low cost. The aim of this study was to assess the use of chi as measured with an analytical balance for predicting properties with a substantial influence on the management of Typic Haplustalfs in southern Brazil. To achieve this 48 topsoil samples were taken at the intersection points in a rectangular grid of 20 m x 20 m cells, with 38 of these used for calibration and 10 for validation in regression analyses. The obtained chi values were slightly higher than, and highly correlated (r = 0.970; P < 0.001) with those measured with a susceptibility meter. Highly significant (P < 0.001) correlations were also found between chi and other soil properties relevant to soil classification and management such as clay content (r = 0.68), cation exchange capacity (r = 0.62), P sorption capacity (r = 0.76) and haematite content (r = 0.82). Results from a principal component analysis of eight properties important for soil classification explained 11% of the variance in the data set. The good predictive ability of chi was consistent with current knowledge on the formation pathways for pedogenic ferrimagnets. In summary, chi, which can be readily measured with an analytical balance, has the potential for quantifying soil attributes and may therefore be used in pedotransfer functions.

Variaveis da ocupacao do solo e analise multivariada

Photointerpretative and multivariate statistical techniques were applied to variants of soil use measured in 4 hydrological basins of third order ramification, belonging to Tiete basin municipal district of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State. The aim was the grouping of basins of second degree of similarity, as well as to infer spatial distribution representativeness. The hydrological basins were located in 3 physiographic regions, with peripheric depression, cuesta front and cuesta backslope, embracing the following soil units: Regosol intergrade to Red Yellow Podzolic and intergrade to Red Yellow Latosol, Red Yellow Latosol-sandy phase, Litosol basaltic substract phase and Purple Latosol. The results obtained allow the conclusion that soil use not always reflects its fertility. -after English summary

Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N2O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N2O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N2O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha-1, reduced the amount of N lost as N2O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N2O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.

Din��mica da ocupa����o do solo bacia do Rio Itiquira, Mato Grosso, Brasil

The study area corresponds to the basin of the Itiquira river high course, totalling 5,361km2. In this area a study of the environmental dynamics was made, applying SIG techniques and satellite images of the years 1966, 1985 and 1996. In 1966 the areas of natural vegetation (forests and groves) occupied 90.64% of the total of the area, which was diminished to 60.57% in 1985 and to only 36.66% in 1996. In this process, 289,382ha of a total of 485,928ha of natural vegetal covering had been lost. At the same time, the agrarian surfaces (agriculture and pasture) that occupied only 0.52% of the total area in 1966, increased to 34.89% in 1985 and to 59.04% in 1996. In 30 years there was an increase of 313,725ha of cultivated lands, corresponding to about 113 times the land occupation of the year of 1966 (2,798ha). The areas classified as urban show a gradual increase since 1966, from 39ha in 1996 to 58ha in 1985, and to 178ha in 1996. The other classes of soil use and occupation (reforestement areas, uncovered and affected by fire and humid areas) added were smaller than 4,27% in 1996.

Reflorestamento compensat��rio com vistas �� reten����ode ��gua no solo da bacia hidrogr��fica do C��rrego Palmital, Jaboticabal, SP

This work had as objective to quantify the reforestation for water retention in the Palmital Stream watershed, County of Jaboticabal, SP, by using the methodology of compensatory forestation for retention of water in watersheds. This methodology esteems the retention of water in watersheds considering the world medium value of destiny of the water in the hydrologic cycle, the use/occupation of the soil (forest, pasture and agriculture) and its permeability. The watershed in this study presents an area of 10,625.21 ha, being 237.75 ha at forest, 467.01 ha in pasture and 9,237.57 ha in agriculture. The medium values of the permeability identified in the soils were of 94.81 mm h -1 in forest, 8.99 mm t -1 in pasture and 36.01 mm h -1 in agriculture (sugar cane). Considering that should infiltrate in the soil 20.55% of the water that precipitates on the watershed, and, that the losses of water in forest areas is considered standard, the total estimated volume to compensate the excessive loss that occur in the areas of pasture and agriculture is 12.21 million of m 3ano. The compensatory forestation to retain that volume of loss should contemplate an area of 942.73 ha (8.87% of the area of the watershed). The reforestation can be priority in permanent conservation area or in areas of Legal Reserve.

Propriedades f��sicas e infiltra����o de ��gua de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (Oxisol) do noroeste do estado de S��o Paulo, Brasil, sob tr��s condi����es de uso e manejo

This study presents the results obtained in a field experiment carried out at Glic��rio, Northwest of S��o Paulo state, Brazil, whose objective was to analyze changes of selected soil physical properties and water infiltration rates on a Yellow-Red Latosol, under three different management conditions. The experimental design was arranged as completely randomized split-block with twelve treatments, which corresponded to four depths (0-0.05 m; 0.05-0.10 m; 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m) and three conditions of soil use and management with four replications. The soil surface conditions were: conventional tillage (one disking with moulboard plus two levelling passes with harrow), nine months before starting filed experiences; recent conventional tillage (also one disking with moulboard plus two levelling passes with harrow) and native forest. The conventional tillage areas were cropped for about fifteen years with annual cultures. The considered soil general physical properties were: macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, bulk density, soil moisture and penetration resistance and, in addition; soil water infiltration rates were also recorded. According to our results, differences on general soil physical properties and infiltration rates appeared when both tilled sub-treatments and native forest were compared. Both, plots recently prepared by conventional tillage and those prepared by tillage but left nine months in rest, presented a statistically significant decrease of constant (final) water infiltration rates of 92.72% and 91.91% when compared with native forest plots.

Vulnerabilidade �� eros��o do solo da Regi��o do Alto Rio Pardo, Pardinho, SP

This study aimed at the elaboration of a database with information and a map of erosion vulnerability for ecological zoning for the upper Pardo River, Botucatu, SP, by using the Geographical Information System - SPRING. The map of erosion vulnerability was made from spectrally homogeneous regions, producing a grid of zone averages, which was then subdivided, resulting in a vulnerability map to erosion. The results allowed us to conclude that digital imaging produced valuable information for mapping of soil use and database formation. The GIS - SPRING was efficient at identifying soil and vulnerability erosion classes and 95% of the basin presents a moderately stable vulnerability degree, through the presence of medium young soils in gently waring reliefs and covered by 49.27% of pasture and 29.88% crops.