Il potere normativo delle Corti sul processo

La tesi intende offrire una riflessione in merito al potere degli organi giurisdizionali di disporre normativamente su determinati aspetti del processo che si svolge dinanzi ad essi, sostituendosi così al legislatore. Il piano di indagine della tesi si sviluppa prevalentemente nella descrizione della realtà europea davanti alle autorità giurisdizionali di Lussemburgo, attraverso continui riferimenti a pronunce giurisprudenziali. La candidata si sofferma, preliminarmente, definendo, in termini generali, l’origine e l’applicazione dei c.d. atti di soft law in ambito europeo e soffermandosi sul ruolo che ricopre la giurisprudenza nell’ordinamento europeo. Sempre nel capitolo di apertura, un accenno è dedicato al panorama italiano che, alla luce delle recenti e continue riforme processuali ed, in particolare, della lettura costituzionalmente orientata del processo civile in forza della sua ragionevole durata, sta conoscendo, sempre più largamente, il fenomeno dei c.d. protocolli. La tesi si sviluppa, poi, in altri tre capitoli, nei quali sono analizzati tre esempi di manifestazione del potere normativo degli organi giurisdizionali europei sul processo. La candidata passa, così, all’esame delle “Istruzioni pratiche alle parti”, sviscerando le disposizioni ivi contenute alla luce di casi giurisprudenziali, al fine di poter definire la reale efficacia di tali atti e la loro vincolatività nei confronti dei rappresentanti delle parti. A tale capitolo segue quello sull’applicazione del rinvio pregiudiziale tra soft law (c.d. Raccomandazioni) e giurisprudenza. Infine, la candidata svolge le ultime riflessioni sul potere “eccezionale” della Corte di giustizia di limitare nel tempo gli effetti delle proprie sentenze interpretative. Potere che, in questo caso, si manifesta non mediante l’emanazione di atti di soft law, ma attraverso le proprie pronunce giurisprudenziali.

Rechtsfolgen der Übervorteilung. Eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung der modernen Rechtsfiguren der laesio enormis und ihren historischen Grundlagen

In der Diskussion über die vertragliche Übervorteilung wird üblicherweise die Vertragsfreiheit der Vertragsgerechtigkeit gegenübergestellt. Die vorliegende Freiburger Dissertation, welche das Thema rechtsvergleichend angeht, erachtet diese Dichotomie als fragwürdig. Nach der darin vertretenden Auffassung bleibt das Prinzip der Privatautonomie durch die Erfordernisse der Vertragsgerechtigkeit unangetastet. Vor diesem Hintergrund enthüllt der Autor die Motive neuzeitlicher Rechtsentwicklungen auf dem Gebiete der Übervorteilung, die namentlich auch darauf abzielen, menschliches Verhalten im Rechtsverkehr durch eine weitgehende Flexibilisierung des Rechtsfolgenapparates voraussehbar zu machen. Die Rechtsfolgenseite der Übervorteilung beschränkt sich demzufolge nicht nur auf eine Vertragsanfechtung. Vielmehr umfasst sie auch verschiedene Arten der Vertragsmodifikation, einen allfälligen Schadensersatzanspruch, die Verleihung von Befugnissen an die Gegenpartei sowie die Abstufung der Rechtsfolgen. Die Vielfalt denkbarer Lösungen im Umgang mit der Übervorteilung, die sich aus der Rechtsvergleichung ergibt, wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Rechtsgeschichte bestätigt. Die historisch-rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung, welche die Arbeit enthält, veranschaulicht die Entwicklung der Rechtsfolgen in den europäischen Privatrechten. Unter Einbezug der laesio enormis des Römischen Rechts als tertium comparationis beleuchtet der Autor das schweizerische, italienische, polnische und niederländische Privatrecht. Er zeigt auch das Entwicklungspotenzial des Rechtsinstituts anhand einer Analyse des supranationalen soft law auf.

Límites a la interpretación dinámica de los convenios de doble imposición internacional: el caso ING

El presente trabajo contiene algunas reflexiones críticas sobre el valor hermenéutico de los Comentarios al Convenio Modelo de la OCDE y su interpretación dinámica, más o menos matizada, al hilo de la Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional de 10 de julio de 2015, dictada en el Caso ING. La interpretación de los convenios de doble imposición internacional ha concitado desde antiguo posturas encontradas tanto en el plano doctrinal como jurisprudencial; discusión que cobra hoy renovada importancia en relación con el soft law en general, y las recomendaciones del Proyecto BEPS de la OCDE, en particular.

Fundamental Rights of workers in the Digital Age: A methodological approach from a case study. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" .INT - 89/2011

The relationship between employer and worker is not only obligatory but above all, as Sinzheimer said, a ‘relationship of power’. In the Digital Age this statement is confirmed by the massive introduction of ICT in most of the companies that increase, in practice, employer’s supervisory powers. This is a worrying issue for two reasons: on one hand, ICT emerge as a new way to weaken the effectiveness of fundamental rights and the right to dignity of workers; and, on the other hand, Spanish legal system does not offer appropriate solutions to ensure that efficacy. Moreover, in a scenario characterized by a hybridization of legal systems models –in which traditional hard law methods are combined with soft law and self regulation instruments–, the role of our case law has become very important in this issue. Nevertheless, despite the increase of judicialization undergone, solutions offered by Courts are so different that do not give enough legal certainty. Facing this situation, I suggest a methodological approach –using Alchourron and Bulygin’s normative systems theory and Alexy’s fundamental rights theory– which can open new spaces of decision to legal operators in order to solve properly these problems. This proposal can allow setting a policy that guarantees fundamental rights of workers, deepening their human freedom in companies from the Esping-Andersen’s de-commodification perspective. With this purpose, I examine electronic communications in the company as a case study.

Az európai magánjog hatása a versenyképességre

A tanulmány az európai magánjogi jogegységesítésnek a piaci versenyképességre gyakorolt esetleges hatásait vizsgálja összehasonlító-jogi és piaci érvek mentén. Arra keres választ, hogy az európai uniós tagállami jogi sajátosságok a szerződésen kívüli felelősség területén mennyire hatnak piacra-jutási korlátként, mennyire valósak ezek versenytorzító hatásai, illetve milyen mértékben működik a jogszabályverseny ezen a területen, használhatják-e a magánjogi felelősségi rendszert befektetés és kereskedelemösztönző eszközként a tagállamok. Ezek függvényében tesz ajánlásokat arra vonatkozóan, hogy üzleti szempontok mentén mennyire érdemes az európai lágy jog (DCFR) mércéi alapján átalakítani a nemzeti jogot, vagy inkább megmaradni a nemzeti értékek mentén, ha az előnyös a közép-kelet európai térségben, valamint az Európai Unióban zajló nemzeti jogfejlődési folyamatokhoz képest. E kérdéskör annál is inkább aktuális mert térségünk több országa, köztük Magyarország is polgári törvénykönyve reformján dolgozik. _________ The paper discusses along comparative law and market considerations the effects of European unification of private law via soft law instruments (DCFR) on Member States’ competitiveness. The research debates the potential effects of tort liability as market entry obstacle due to legal diversty at national level, the effects of legal diversity on the level playing field Internal Market wide and the role of regulatory competition in tort liability as market generating incentive in hands of Member States. Based on its findings the paper warns on the pitfalls of using the DCFR as model for reforming national civil codes in the Member States. The topic of research is justified by the ongoing civil law reform projects in the Central-Eastern European Member States of the EU, including Hungary.

El papel de la FIFA en la soberanía del Estado. Una aproximación a la relación entre actores y sujetos del derecho internacional en la copa del mundo de fútbol Sudáfrica 2010

Este estudio de caso se realiza con el ánimo de analizar las relaciones de la actividad de la FIFA con la soberanía del Estado, teniendo como objeto de estudio principal la Copa del Mundo Sudáfrica 2010. Asimismo, se busca analizar el papel y categorización de la FIFA, tanto en las relaciones internacionales, como en el derecho internacional. Para tal fin, a lo largo del trabajo se procederá a exponer los principales aspectos en las relaciones entre actores no tradicionales y los Estados soberanos, se identificará la conexión existente entre la FIFA y el Soft Law. Por último, se describirán las acciones concretas que realizó la FIFA que de alguna manera afectaron la soberanía sudafricana.

Soft gluon k(t)-resummation and the Froissart bound

We study soft gluon k(t)-resurnmation and the relevance of InfraRed (IR) gluons for the energy dependence of total hadronic cross-sections. In our model, consistency with the Froissart bound is directly related to the ansatz that the IR behaviour of the QCD coupling constant follows an inverse power law.

A multifold reduction in the transition Reynolds number, and ultra-fast mixing, in a micro-channel due to a dynamical instability induced by a soft wall

A dynamical instability is observed in experimental studies on micro-channels of rectangular cross-section with smallest dimension 100 and 160 mu m in which one of the walls is made of soft gel. There is a spontaneous transition from an ordered, laminar flow to a chaotic and highly mixed flow state when the Reynolds number increases beyond a critical value. The critical Reynolds number, which decreases as the elasticity modulus of the soft wall is reduced, is as low as 200 for the softest wall used here (in contrast to 1200 for a rigid-walled channel) The instability onset is observed by the breakup of a dye-stream introduced in the centre of the micro-channel, as well as the onset of wall oscillations due to laser scattering from fluorescent beads embedded in the wall of the channel. The mixing time across a channel of width 1.5 mm, measured by dye-stream and outlet conductance experiments, is smaller by a factor of 10(5) than that for a laminar flow. The increased mixing rate comes at very little cost, because the pressure drop (energy requirement to drive the flow) increases continuously and modestly at transition. The deformed shape is reconstructed numerically, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to obtain the pressure gradient and the velocity fields for different flow rates. The pressure difference across the channel predicted by simulations is in agreement with the experiments (within experimental errors) for flow rates where the dye stream is laminar, but the experimental pressure difference is higher than the simulation prediction after dye-stream breakup. A linear stability analysis is carried out using the parallel-flow approximation, in which the wall is modelled as a neo-Hookean elastic solid, and the simulation results for the mean velocity and pressure gradient from the CFD simulations are used as inputs. The stability analysis accurately predicts the Reynolds number (based on flow rate) at which an instability is observed in the dye stream, and it also predicts that the instability first takes place at the downstream converging section of the channel, and not at the upstream diverging section. The stability analysis also indicates that the destabilization is due to the modification of the flow and the local pressure gradient due to the wall deformation; if we assume a parabolic velocity profile with the pressure gradient given by the plane Poiseuille law, the flow is always found to be stable.

Differential evolution based 3-D guidance law for a realistic interceptor model

This paper presents a novel, soft computing based solution to a complex optimal control or dynamic optimization problem that requires the solution to be available in real-time. The complexities in this problem of optimal guidance of interceptors launched with high initial heading errors include the more involved physics of a three dimensional missile-target engagement, and those posed by the assumption of a realistic dynamic model such as time-varying missile speed, thrust, drag and mass, besides gravity, and upper bound on the lateral acceleration. The classic, pure proportional navigation law is augmented with a polynomial function of the heading error, and the values of the coefficients of the polynomial are determined using differential evolution (DE). The performance of the proposed DE enhanced guidance law is compared against the existing conventional laws in the literature, on the criteria of time and energy optimality, peak lateral acceleration demanded, terminal speed and robustness to unanticipated target maneuvers, to illustrate the superiority of the proposed law. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Inverse Polynomial Based Explicit Guidance for Lunar Soft Landing During Powered Braking

In this paper an explicit guidance law for the powered descent phase of the soft lunar landing is presented. The descent trajectory, expressed in polynomial form is fixed based on the boundary conditions imposed by the precise soft landing mission. Adapting an inverse model based approach, the guidance command is computed from the known spacecraft trajectory. The guidance formulation ensures the vertical orientation of the spacecraft during touchdown. Also a closed form relation for the final flight time is proposed. The final time is expressed as a function of initial position and velocity of the spacecraft ( at the start of descent) and also depends on the desired landing site. To ensure the fuel minimum descent the proposed explicit method is extended to optimal guidance formulation. The effectiveness of the proposed guidance laws are demonstrated with simulation results.

Science-based restoration monitoring of coastal habitats, Volume One: A framework for monitoring plans under the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000 (Public Law 160-457)

Executive Summary: The Estuary Restoration Act of 2000 (ERA), Title I of the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, was created to promote the restoration of habitats along the coast of the United States (including the US protectorates and the Great Lakes). The NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science was charged with the development of a guidance manual for monitoring plans under this Act. This guidance manual, titled Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats, is written in two volumes. It provides technical assistance, outlines necessary steps, and provides useful tools for the development and implementation of sound scientific monitoring of coastal restoration efforts. In addition, this manual offers a means to detect early warnings that the restoration is on track or not, to gauge how well a restoration site is functioning, to coordinate projects and efforts for consistent and successful restoration, and to evaluate the ecological health of specific coastal habitats both before and after project completion (Galatowitsch et al. 1998). The following habitats have been selected for discussion in this manual: water column, rock bottom, coral reefs, oyster reefs, soft bottom, kelp and other macroalgae, rocky shoreline, soft shoreline, submerged aquatic vegetation, marshes, mangrove swamps, deepwater swamps, and riverine forests. The classification of habitats used in this document is generally based on that of Cowardin et al. (1979) in their Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States, as called for in the ERA Estuary Habitat Restoration Strategy. This manual is not intended to be a restoration monitoring “cookbook” that provides templates of monitoring plans for specific habitats. The interdependence of a large number of site-specific factors causes habitat types to vary in physical and biological structure within and between regions and geographic locations (Kusler and Kentula 1990). Monitoring approaches used should be tailored to these differences. However, even with the diversity of habitats that may need to be restored and the extreme geographic range across which these habitats occur, there are consistent principles and approaches that form a common basis for effective monitoring. Volume One, titled A Framework for Monitoring Plans under the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, begins with definitions and background information. Topics such as restoration, restoration monitoring, estuaries, and the role of socioeconomics in restoration are discussed. In addition, the habitats selected for discussion in this manual are briefly described. (PDF contains 116 pages)

On the relativistic iron line and soft excess in the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 335

We report a 133-ks XMM-Newton observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 335. The 0.4-12 keV spectrum contains an underlying power-law continuum, a soft excess below 2 keV, and a double-peaked iron emission feature in the 6-7 keV range. We investigate the possibility that the double-peaked emission might represent the characteristic signature of the accretion disc. Detailed investigations show that a moderately broad accretion disc line is most likely present, but that the peaks may be due to narrower components from more distant material. The peaks at 6.4 and 7 keV can be identified, respectively, with the molecular torus in active galactic nucleus unification schemes, and very highly ionized, optically thin gas filling the torus. The X-ray variability spectra on both long (~100 ks) and short (~1 ks) time-scales do not support the recent suggestion that the soft excess is an artefact of variable, moderately ionized absorption. © 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2007 RAS.

La proyección de imagen a partir de Soft Power, mediante Nation Branding y Diplomacia Pública en el caso de Japón, durante el periodo 2002 – 2010

En el actual contexto de globalización y con el comienzo de la era de la información, cada vez más Estados han buscado proyectar una imagen favorable con el objetivo de atraer atención y crear una reputación que permitan cumplir objetivos de política exterior y fomentar el desarrollo económico, logrando de esta manera un posicionamiento en el sistema internacional mediante estrategias novedosas, que incluyen elementos tanto diplomáticos, políticos, económicos, como comerciales y culturales. Para Japón, Nation Branding y la diplomacia pública han sido dos de las principales herramientas para lograr este reposicionamiento internacional, resaltando atractivos como las tradiciones culturales, el turismo, los incentivos para negocios, y trabajando en conjunto entre el gobierno nacional, el sector privado y la sociedad civil para crear relaciones entre el país y gobiernos y sociedades a nivel internacional.