Innovation in construction: a sociology of technology approach

An alternative approach to understanding innovation is made using two intersecting ideas. The first is that successful innovation requires consideration of the social and organizational contexts in which it is located. The complex context of construction work is characterized by inter-organizational collaboration, a project-based approach and power distributed amongst collaborating organizations. The second is that innovations can be divided into two modes: ‘bounded’, where the implications of innovation are restricted within a single, coherent sphere of influence, and ‘unbounded’, where the effects of implementation spill over beyond this. Bounded innovations are adequately explained within the construction literature. However, less discussed are unbounded innovations, where many firms' collaboration is required for successful implementation, even though many innovations can be considered unbounded within construction's inter-organizational context. It is argued that unbounded innovations require an approach to understand and facilitate the interactions both within a range of actors and between the actors and technological artefacts. The insights from a sociology of technology approach can be applied to the multiplicity of negotiations and alignments that constitute the implementation of unbounded innovation. The utility of concepts from the sociology of technology, including ‘system building’ and ‘heterogeneous engineering’, is demonstrated by applying them to an empirical study of an unbounded innovation on a major construction project (the new terminal at Heathrow Airport, London, UK). This study suggests that ‘system building’ contains outcomes that are not only transformations of practices, processes and systems, but also the potential transformation of technologies themselves.

The Survivability of Swedish Emergency Management Related Research Centers and Academic Programs : A Preliminary Sociology of Science Analysis

The Survivability of Swedish Emergency Management Related Research Centers and Academic Programs: A Preliminary Sociology of Science Analysis Despite being a relatively safe nation, Sweden has four different universities supporting four emergency management research centers and an equal and growing number of academic programs. In this paper, I discuss how these centers and programs survive within the current organizational environment. The sociology of science or the sociology of scientific knowledge perspectives should provide a theoretical guide. Yet, scholars of these perspectives have produced no research on these related topics. Thus, the population ecology model and the notion of organizational niche provide my theoretical foundation. My data come from 26 interviews from those four institutions, the gathering of documents, and observations. I found that each institution has found its own niche with little or no competition – with one exception. Three of the universities do have an international focus. Yet, their foci have minimal overlap. Finally, I suggest that key aspects of Swedish culture, including safety, and a need aid to the poor, help explain the extensive funding these centers and programs receive to survive. 

A diferenciação da literatura moderna alemã no processo constitutivo da sociedade funcional : uma abordagem sistêmica baseada em Niklas Luhmann

Este estudo interdisciplinar se baseia na teoria dos sistemas desenvolvida pelo sociólogo alemão Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998). Analisa-se a literatura alemã por volta de 1800 dentro de uma concepção histórica que vê neste período o ponto culminante da transformação de uma sociedade estratificada em direção a uma ordem social moderna, estruturada por sistemas diferenciados como educação, economia, direito e literatura que realizam uma determinada função e se caracterizam por suas comunicações específicas. A poética da literatura romântica como fase constitutiva da literatura alemã moderna reflete este processo. Ela descreve sua autonomia, a diferenciação de um campo próprio, inicialmente através da negação de uma finalidade. Em seguida recorre ao gênio, o indivíduo excepcional, como garantia de uma arte livre de normas estéticas e coações sociais. Posteriormente abstrai destas justificativas externas ou individuais e formula tautologicamente seu campo para, no final, marcá-lo pela definição da qualidade de seus textos. Na semântica da época, formula-se esta qualidade no conceito da “ironia”, enquanto a teoria dos sistemas usa conceitos como observação de segunda ordem ou oscilação entre o atual e potencial. Paralelamente, o sistema da literatura diferenciado e autônomo torna-se um campo a ser observado por seu ambiente. A historia literária do século XIX o instrumentaliza por fins políticos, enquanto direitos autorais e o livro como mercadoria de possível lucro lhe atribui uma dinâmica acelerada. Encontra-se na figura do autor uma instância onde se cruzam as diversas observações de sistemas como direito, economia e ciências humanas.

ECLAC and the sociology of development

Includes bibliography