When and why threats go undetected: Impacts of event rate and shift length on threat detection accuracy during airport baggage screening

Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of task demands and individual characteristics on threat detection in baggage screeners. Background: Airport security staff work under time constraints to ensure optimal threat detection. Understanding the impact of individual characteristics and task demands on performance is vital to ensure accurate threat detection. Method: We examined threat detection in baggage screeners as a function of event rate (i.e., number of bags per minute) and time on task across 4 months. We measured performance in terms of the accuracy of detection of Fictitious Threat Items (FTIs) randomly superimposed on X-ray images of real passenger bags. Results: Analyses of the percentage of correct FTI identifications (hits) show that longer shifts with high baggage throughput result in worse threat detection. Importantly, these significant performance decrements emerge within the first 10 min of these busy screening shifts only. Conclusion: Longer shift lengths, especially when combined with high baggage throughput, increase the likelihood that threats go undetected. Application: Shorter shift rotations, although perhaps difficult to implement during busy screening periods, would ensure more consistently high vigilance in baggage screeners and, therefore, optimal threat detection and passenger safety.

Long way to go: how outflows from large galaxies propagate through the hot halo gas

Using hydrodynamic simulations, we study the mass-loss due to supernova-driven outflows from Milky Way type disc galaxies, paying particular attention to the effect of the extended hot halo gas. We find that the total mass-loss at inner radii scales roughly linearly with total mass of stars formed, and that the mass loading factor at the virial radius can be several times its value at inner radii because of the swept up hot halo gas. The temperature distribution of the outflowing material in the inner region (similar to 10 kpc) is bimodal in nature, peaking at 10(5) K and 10(6.5) K, responsible for optical and X-ray emission, respectively. The contribution of cold/warm gas with temperature <= 10(5.5) K to the outflow rate within 10 kpc is approximate to 0.3-0.5. The warm mass loading factor, eta(3e5) (T <= 3 x 10(5) K) is related to the mass loading factor at the virial radius (eta(v)) as eta(v) approximate to 25 eta(3e5) (SFR/M-circle dot yr(-1))(-0.15) for a baryon fraction of 0.1 and a starburst period of 50 Myr. We also discuss the effect of multiple bursts that are separated by both short and long periods. The outflow speed at the virial radius is close to the sound speed in the hot halo, less than or similar to 200 km s(-1). We identify two `sequences' of outflowing cold gas at small scales: a fast (approximate to 500 km s(-1)) sequence, driven by the unshocked free-wind; and a slow sequence (approximate to +/- 100 km s(-1)) at the conical interface of the superwind and the hot halo.

Rapid reduction of GO by hydrogen spill-over mechanism by in situ generated nanoparticles at room temperature and their catalytic performance towards 4-nitrophenol reduction and ethanol oxidation

Here, we report the clean and facile synthesis of Pt and Pd nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by the simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the metal ions in Mg/acid medium. As-generated Pt and Pd nanoparticles serve as a heterogeneous catalyst for the further reduction of the rGO by the hydrogen spill-over process. The C/O ratio is much higher as compared to the rGO obtained by the reduction of GO by only Mg/acid. Overall, the process is rapid, facile and green that does not require any toxic chemical agent or any rigorous chemical reactions. We perform the catalytic reduction of 4-nitophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) at room temperature by Pd@rGO and Pt@rGO. The reduction is complete within 35 s for Pd@rGO and 60 s for Pt@rGO when 50 mu g of hybrid catalyst is used for 0.5 ml of 1 mM of 4-NP. In case of ethanol oxidation, the current density for Pd@rGO is comparable to commercial Pt/C but is doubled for Pt@rGO. Overall, both structures show highly stable catalytic activity compared to commercial Pt/C. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

As-You-Go Deployment of a 2-Connected Wireless Relay Network for Sensor-Sink Interconnection

A person walks along a line (which could be an idealisation of a forest trail, for example), placing relays as he walks, in order to create a multihop network for connecting a sensor at a point along the line to a sink at the start of the line. The potential placement points are equally spaced along the line, and at each such location the decision to place or not to place a relay is based on link quality measurements to the previously placed relays. The location of the sensor is unknown apriori, and is discovered as the deployment agent walks. In this paper, we extend our earlier work on this class of problems to include the objective of achieving a 2-connected multihop network. We propose a network cost objective that is additive over the deployed relays, and accounts for possible alternate routing over the multiple available paths. As in our earlier work, the problem is formulated as a Markov decision process. Placement algorithms are obtained for two source location models, which yield a discounted cost MDP and an average cost MDP. In each case we obtain structural results for an optimal policy, and perform a numerical study that provides insights into the advantages and disadvantages of multi-connectivity. We validate the results obtained from numerical study experimentally in a forest-like environment.

Selection of Optimal Time-to-go in Generalized Vector Explicit Guidance

A new method of selection of time-to-go (t(go)) for Generalized Vector Explicit Guidance (GENEX) law have been proposed in this paper. t(go) is known to be an important parameter in the control and cost function of GENEX guidance law. In this paper the formulation has been done to find an optimal value of t(go) that minimizes the performance cost. Mechanization of GENEX with this optimal t(go) reduces the lateral acceleration demand and consequently increases the range of the interceptor. This new formulation of computing t(go) comes in closed form and thus it can be implemented onboard. This new formulation is applied in the terminal phase of an surface-to-air interceptor for an angle constrained engagement. Results generated by simulation justify the use of optimal t(go).

Composición, estructura y dinámica de dos sitios de bosque seco secundario en el suroeste de Nicaragua: Pautas para el diseño e implementación de alternativas de manejo

En dos comarcas del municipio de Nandaime, Granada, se llevó a cabo un estudio de dinámica del bosque seco secundario, con el propósito de obtener pautas para la definición de actividades de manejo forestal. Para monitorear y determinar el cambio durante un año, se establecieron cinco parcelas permanentes de muestreo en sitios de edades de 11 y 16 años después de haber sido abandonados para actividades agrícolas. En las parcelas se levantó información relacionada a la composición y estructura de los fustales, latizales y brinzales. Parámetros poblacionales fueron calculados a partir de la aplicación de un modelo exponencial de cambios en tiempos continuos. La riqueza y diversidad florística fueron diferentes entre comunidades, siendo el sitio de 11 años, el que presentó los más altos valores. Las diferencias estructurales entre sitios fueron determinadas por los valores en área basal y volumen. El sitio de 16 años contiene el doble de área basal y 30% más del volumen que el bosque más joven. El número de individuos por hectárea disminuyó en los dos sitios en relación a la primera medición. Los valores de mortalidad fueron iguales (2%) en los dos sitios. El reclutamiento fue mayor en el sitio de 16 años. La ganancia en área basal contribuyo al incremento de toda la masa, solamente en el sitio de 11 años. Las especies de interés comercial local presentan pocos o ningún individuos a nivel de la regeneración natural. Los sitios estudiados presentan desde anejo a mediano plazo.

Establecimiento inicial de Hymenaea courbaril (Guapinol) bajo dos condiciones de iluminación en dos sitios de la región seca de Nicaragua

En dos sitios del Pacífico de Nicaragua, se realizó un estudio que evaluó el establecimiento inicial de Hymeneae courbaril con el fin de conocer su comportamiento en diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia bajo dos condiciones de iluminación, a campo abierto (100% iluminación) y bajo dosel (31% de iluminación). La plantación bajo dosel se estableció en parcelas de 25m x 25m con distanciamientos entre plantas de 4x4 metros, mientras que la plantación a campo abierto se estableció en parcelas con dimensiones de 15m x 15m con un distanciamiento entre plantas de 3m x 3m. Se realizaron dos mediciones (octubre del 2009 y octubre del 2010) de las variables diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia; y un único monitoreo (en octubre del 2010) de los daños en la plantación. Los resultados de sobrevivencia obtenidos en la plantación establecida bajo dosel fueron del 80%, en comparación a la plantación a campo abierto con un porcentaje de sobrevivencia del 61.6%. En la evaluación del incremento corriente anual en altura y diámetro alcanzados por la especie se muestra un desarrollo superior en campo abierto en comparación con bajo dosel, con incrementos en diámetro de 0.46 mm y 4.43mm respectivamente; valores de altura de 159.7 mm a campo abierto y 62.3 mm bajo dosel. Los mayores daños registra dos se presentaron a campo abierto, siendo la defoliación el daño que se presentó con mayor frecuencia 58%, sin embargo los daños variaron según el sistema de plantación, pues en el sistema bajo dosel las enfermedades ocuparon un 36.5% de afectación.

Escriptos historicos e litterarios

A constituinte perante a historia (2. ed) -- O golpe de estado de 30 de julho de 1832 -- Escriptos diversos -- Ensino historico : no Imperial Collegio de Pedro Segundo.

Annaes historicos do Estado do Maranhão, em que se dá noticia do seu descobrimento, e tudo o mais que nelle tem succedido desde o anno em que foy descuberto até o de 1718offerecidos ao Augustissimo Monarca D. João V, Nosso Senhorescritos por Bernardo Pereira de Berredo

Os reis, tanto portugueses como espanhóis, variaram muito na determinação de impedir o cativeiro dos índios, até que, em 1741, o Papa Benedito XIV expediu uma bula proibindo terminantemente que qualquer pessoa, secular ou eclesiástica, possuísse como escravos os índio, sob pena de excomunhão latae sentiae.

Euskadi Irratiko (EITB) eta Radio nan Gàidheal-go (BBC ALBA) kazetarien profil eta jarreren alderaketa

337 p.

"They Come, They Fish, and They Go:” EC Fisheries Agreements with Cape Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe

Fisheries agreements with the European Community (EC) are an important component of the fisheries sector in Cape Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe, constituting today a key source of income for the respective fisheries administration. In spite of this, and of the fact that these agreements have been renewed several times over the past decades, challenges remain in domains such as control and communication of fishing activities, follow-up of financial counterparts, and integration of European fleets’ operations with the Cape Verdean and Santomean economies. This paper analyzes the EC fisheries agreements with Cape Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe in terms of those domains, considering both the contents of the agreements and their practical implementation. The fisheries sector in each of these countries is reviewed, as are some of the fundamentals and criticisms of EC fisheries agreements. It is argued that the agreements with Cape Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe will not live up to the stated objectives of sustainability and responsibility in fisheries until improvements are made to the control of EC vessels, the follow-up of funds paid by the EC, and the size and diversity of benefits accruing to the fisheries and related sectors in the two countries