Avaliação da remoção da lama dentinária das paredes do canal radicular após o uso de diferentes fórmulas de EDTA estudo in vitro

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), a capacidade de remoção da lama dentinária nas regiões cervical, média e apical do canal radicular após a utilização das soluções de EDTA dissódico, trissódico e tetrassódico a 17% e do gel de EDTA a 24% durante a preparação do canal radicular. A amostra consistiu em 100 dentes humanos, monorradiculares, extraídos, aleatoriamente divididos em cinco grupos. Nos grupos experimentais foram utilizados soluções de EDTA dissódico, trissódico e tetrassódico a 17 % e gel de EDTA trissódico a 24%. No grupo controle foi utilizado água destilada. Cada dente foi dividido longitudinalmente e analisado no MEV. As paredes dos canais radiculares foram examinadas nas regiões cervical, média e apical quanto à remoção da lama dentinária, presença de detritos e abertura dos túbulos dentinários. Durante este processo, foram realizadas fotomicrografias com aumento de 2000 vezes. O sistema de classificação utilizado na análise foi: 0 – ausência de lama dentinária, túbulos dentinários abertos e livres de detritos; 1 – lama dentinária moderada, contorno dos túbulos visíveis ou parcialmente preenchidos por detritos; 2 – abundante lama dentinária, sem distinção do contorno dos túbulos. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos de Friedman e Kruskall-Wallis. Os resultados mostraram diferença estatística entre os grupos teste e controle (p=0,01). No entanto, quando comparados entre si, os grupos teste não apresentaram diferença significativa. Foi verificado na comparação entre as regiões cervical, média e apical diferença estatística no grupo que foi utilizado EDTA gel (p=0,01). Neste grupo foi observado que a eficácia de remoção da lama dentinária foi menor na região apical do que nas regiões cervical e média, que não apresentaram diferenças entre si. A maior presença de lama dentinária na região apical foi confirmada ao se reunir todos os grupos em que se utilizou EDTA e comprovar que a região apical apresentava significativamente mais lama dentinária do que as regiões cervical e média (p=0,01). Dessa forma pode-se concluir que as soluções de EDTA dissódico, trissódico e tetrassódico a 17% e o gel de EDTA trissódico a 24% foram eficientes na remoção da lama dentinária e que a região apical do canal radicular apresentou maior presença de lama dentinária do que as regiões cervical e média.

Risco de crédito bancário e informação assimétrica : teoria e evidência

Este trabalho propõe inicialmente uma abordagem sobre os conceitos de crédito e de risco de crédito. Posteriormente é realizada uma visão geral da evolução da análise do risco e de sua importância para o mercado, de como as normas bancárias interferem no racionamento do crédito e sua interface com a teoria da informação assimétrica. Tendo em vista que a informação assimétrica analisa os problemas tanto antes que o contrato seja negociado (seleção adversa) como após a contratação da operação (risco moral), conclui-se que o estudo do risco de crédito, comparado com a teoria da informação assimétrica, induz a possibilidade da premiação para clientes que paguem com pontualidade seus compromissos com as instituições financeiras. Esta possibilidade tem como objetivo a redução do atual patamar das taxas de juros. Neste caminho é questionado se o sistema de classificação de risco adotado pelas instituições financeiras pode ser uma boa base para a adoção da sistemática de premiação pelo pagamento pontual das operações dos clientes. Conclui-se que o sistema de classificação de risco não é uma boa base para a adoção da sistemática de premiação pelo pagamento pontual devido a conter numa mesma faixa de risco uma quantidade significativa de operações com diferentes “spreads”, taxas de juros, tipos de operações, garantias, prazos, clientes, financiadores, entre outros. Constata-se, também, que o risco de crédito faz parte de um problema cultural e que os bancos, para oferecerem um prêmio por pontualidade, irão ponderar, caso a caso, o custo do prêmio a ser pago versus o prejuízo causado pela inadimplência, diante da expectativa do retorno pretendido em cada operação.

A influência dos ativos intangíveis na análise de risco de crédito de empresas de base tecnológica

Evolution is present in world dynamics. And it is just in such transformational environment where companies have been encapsulated. In an economy of knowledge, physical assets alone are unable to provide profits to meet shareholders' demands. Now there comes an invisible component with the purpose of defining strategies and impelling results: Intangible Assets. Banking financing systems, however, have not kept pace with this knowledge revolution and its resulting new income generation techniques. Credit analysis methods for most financing agents would not employ any intangible parameters in their methodology of study as yet. This paper seeks to discuss the importance of intangible assets by focusing their role of influencial factor in decisions to finance technology-based companies. By studying the credit risk classification system employed by FINEP, Brazil's Federal Agency for innovation development, we wished to suggest indicators for intangibles which might be put to use in the Financiadora.

Viabilidade do uso de benzoato de estradiol 24 horas após a sincronização de cios de novilhas de 14 e 24 meses com pessários contendo acetato de medroxi-progesterona.

O objetivo deste ensaio foi de verificar a viabilidade do uso do benzoato de estradiol (ODB) em novilhas de corte de 14 meses e 24 meses, 24 horas após a suplementação com progestágeno, considerando manifestação de cio e fertilidade. No total foram sincronizadas e inseminadas 375 novilhas de corte, predominantemente da raça Angus, de duas propriedades (122 na A, e 253 na B), no município de Cachoeira do Sul, RS. Na propriedade B, foram sincronizadas 195 novilhas de 24 meses e 58 de 14 meses. As variáveis medidas foram manifestação de estro, percentual de 2º serviço e prenhez ao diagnóstico de gestação efetuado 40 dias após o encerramento do período de acasalamento de primavera-verão com duração de 85 dias. As novilhas foram tratadas com esponjas vaginais impregnadas com 250 mg de acetato de medroxi-progesterona durante sete dias, na colocação dos pessários receberam 5,0 mg i.m. de benzoato de estradiol. Na retirada das esponjas as novilhas foram distribuidas em três tratamentos (O ODB; 0,5 ODB, que receberam 0,5 mg de benzoato de estradiol i.m. 24 h após; 1,0 ODB, que receberam 1,0 mg de benzoato de estradiol i.m.) considerando o peso e a condição corporal (CC). O sistema para classificação da CC foi de 1 ( caquética) a 5 ( gorda). No grupo de novilhas de 24 meses, (317 animais ), foram considerados os fatores tratamento, propriedade e CC.A manifestação de cio foi afetada significativamente pelo tratamento, sendo respectivamente de 83%, 96% para O ODB, 0,5 ODB e 1,0 ODB. O percentual de 2º serviço de IA foi afetado pelo tratamento e propriedade. Quanto a tratamento as taxas de retorno foram respectivamente de 15% e 42% para O ODB, 0,5 ODB e 1,0 ODB, sendo de 24% na propriedade A e de 35% na B. Os tratamentos utilizados não mostraram diferença quanto a prenhez. No entanto, o percentual de novilhas gestantes foi distinto entre propriedades ( A 56% e B 83%) e entre CC (cc2 49% e CC 3,4 e 5 em média de 76%). Na propriedade B foi possível investigar os fatores tratamento, idade e CC. No que diz respeito a manifestação de cio, foi significativa a interação entre tratamento e idade, onde as novilhas de 14 meses apresentaram incidência menor de cios quando não receberam ODB 24 horas depois. A semelhança do que foi constatado para as novilhas de 24 meses, a taxa de retorno foi superior nas tratadas com ODB ( O ODB 20%, 0,5 ODB 35% E 1,0 ODB 49%). Na taxa de prenhez apenas o fator idade foi importante, tendo ficado gestantes 80% das novilhas de 14 meses e 91% das de 24 meses. Os resultados são indicativos que o uso de ODB 24 h após a retirada dos pessários embora aumente a taxa de inseminação coexiste com menor índice de prenhez ao primeiro serviço, não sendo, portanto, um procedimento útil para a indução/sincronização do estro em novilhas de 14 e 24 meses.

Risco de crédito : propostas de medidas de inadimplencia para o mercado brasileiro

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar propostas de medidas de inadimplência para o mercado de crédito brasileiro. Estas medidas foram desenvolvidas levando em consideração as várias formas de registro da inadimplência, tais como título protestado, cheque devolvido por falta de fundo, pedido de falência, concordata, etc. Para tanto foram aplicados os conceitos fundamentais de metodologias de taxa de inadimplência, especialmente a da Moody¿s e do Prof. Edward Altman. A partir da implementação destas medidas propostas de inadimplência será possível avaliar e comparar as evoluções da inadimplência de diferentes segmentos de empresas ao longo de vários anos. Com essas informações, os gestores de carteiras de crédito terão condições para minimizarem o risco de concentração. Além disso, através da implementação destas medidas, os órgãos que já atribuem rating às empresas brasileiras poderão averiguar o nível de acerto que seu sistema de classificação de risco de crédito obteve ao longo do tempo.

Núcleo museológico das tecnologias da saúde da RAM

O presente trabalho de investigação congregou, essencialmente, a execução de um projeto museológico a implementar na cidade do Funchal, no antigo Laboratório de Saúde Pública, para o qual se propôs a denominação de Núcleo Museológico das Tecnologias da Saúde da RAM O trabalho centrou-se no estudo do edifício e no registo e inventariação do espólio existente no imóvel, até à presente data sem qualquer tipo de intervenção ou estudo. Nessa medida, pretendeu-se assegurar, em primeiro lugar a preservação e conservação do património material, que se encontrava relativamente esquecido, mas igualmente devolver ao Laboratório a dignidade que merece, pelo papel que já desempenhou em matéria de Saúde Pública na Região Autónoma da Madeira, aproximando-o novamente da população que já serviu Conscientes que o legado existente na instituição podia ser muito mais do que um simples depósito de objetos usados na prática médica ao longo de mais de 50 anos, agora obsoletos e sem valor, procedeu-se à inventariação de todo o acervo e à elaboração de um sistema de classificação, adaptado à natureza do espólio O presente trabalho constituiu, em suma, um contributo preliminar para futuros projetos museológicos.

Proposta de método para avaliação do desempenho térmico de residências unifamiliares em clima quente e úmido

Nowadays, evaluation methods to measure thermal performance of buildings have been developed in order to improve thermal comfort in buildings and reduce the use of energy with active cooling and heating systems. However, in developed countries, the criteria used in rating systems to asses the thermal and energy performance of buildings have demonstrated some limitations when applied to naturally ventilated building in tropical climates. The present research has as its main objective to propose a method to evaluate the thermal performance of low-rise residential buildings in warm humid climates, through computational simulation. The method was developed in order to conceive a suitable rating system for the athermal performance assessment of such buildings using as criteria the indoor air temperature and a thermal comfort adaptive model. The research made use of the software VisualDOE 4.1 in two simulations runs of a base case modeled for two basic types of occupancies: living room and bedroom. In the first simulation run, sensitive analyses were made to identify the variables with the higher impact over the cases´ thermal performance. Besides that, the results also allowed the formulation of design recommendations to warm humid climates toward an improvement on the thermal performance of residential building in similar situations. The results of the second simulation run was used to identify the named Thermal Performance Spectrum (TPS) of both occupancies types, which reflect the variations on the thermal performance considering the local climate, building typology, chosen construction material and studied occupancies. This analysis generates an index named IDTR Thermal Performance Resultant Index, which was configured as a thermal performance rating system. It correlates the thermal performance with the number of hours that the indoor air temperature was on each of the six thermal comfort bands pre-defined that received weights to measure the discomfort intensity. The use of this rating system showed to be appropriated when used in one of the simulated cases, presenting advantages in relation to other evaluation methods and becoming a tool for the understanding of building thermal behavior

Prevalência de oclusopatias e caracteríticas cefalométricas e dentais de escolares cearense da cidade de Fortaleza

The people of Ceará state are descended from miscegenation between the Portuguese colonizers and the native population, resulting in a different facial pattern from other populations. It is important that this pattern be thoroughly understood, along with its minimum and maximum values so that they can be assessed and respected, allowing professionals who deal with the craniofacial complex to work more efficiently and scientifically. Aim: To characterize the morphological pattern of individuals from Ceará state, whose father and grandfather are also native from Ceará, in the 10-12 year age group, not submitted to previous orthodontic treatment, in order to determine: 1) the prevalence of occlusal pattern; 2) the prevalence of dental anomalies (DA) and, 3) the skeletal and dental cephalometric characteristics of individuals that present with normal occlusion and harmonious facial pattern. Methodology: A list of 10-12 year-olds was obtained from 515 schools containing 162,713 students (Education Secretariat of Ceará State), from which 234 individuals were examined (107 boys and 157 girls). The assessment criteria adopted were: 1) Angle s Classification System to determine occlusal pattern. The occlusal characteristics were measured through overbite, overjet, crowding and interincisal diastema. 2) DA are anomalies of number, shape, size, eruption and structure and, 3) in the group that presented with normal occlusion, we used cephalometric analysis measures proposed by Downs, Steiner, Tweed, Holdaway, Jacobson and McNamara. Results: 1) 25.8% of the schoolchildren had normal occlusion, 47.5% class I malocclusion, 22.3% class II malocclusion and 4.2% class III malocclusion. No statistically significant difference was found between the age group studied and sex. Thirty percent of the individuals had normal overbite, while 36.7% and 19.7% had increased and reduced overbite, respectively. Normal overjet was found in 33.7% of the individuals, increased overjet in 50% and reduced in 16.3%. Dental crowding was observed in 62.5% of the individuals and the presence of interincisal diastema in 14.8%. 2) The prevalence of DA was 56.1%, 6.8% in the number, 10.8% in shape, 4.1% in size, 34.5% in eruption, 26.4% in structure and 17.4% had more than one DA. No association was found between DA and sex, but DA was significantly associated to malocclusion (p<0.05); 3) there was no association between sex or facial type between the measures of nasal-labial angle, position and effective maxillary length, effective mandibular length and the sagittal relationship between the molars, overjet and overbite, position of upper incisors, lower incisors and between the incisors themselves. There was a difference between sex, on the VERT index and in lower anterior facial height, upper incisor inclination and line-H, between facial types for the occlusal plane angles, mandibular plane, facial axis, lower incisor inclination, mandibular position, upper incisor position, lower anterior facial height, ANB and line-H. It was concluded that: 1) the most prevalent occlusal type was class I malocclusion, with no distinction for sex or age group, and the assessment of occlusal characteristics showed that excessive overbite and overjet were the most predominant findings, along with a high occurrence of tooth crowding; 2) a high prevalence of DA was found, particularly eruption anomalies, not influenced by sex but significantly associated to malocclusion and 3) individuals from Ceará are predominantly brachyfacial, exhibiting a number of similarities inherent to their facial pattern, such as a convex profile, retracted jaw, reduced lower third and protruded lower incisors. This study was multidisciplinary, involving researchers from the areas of epidemiology, radiology and dentistry, thereby meeting the multidisciplinarity requirements of the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences

Estudo representacional da participação familiar nas atividades dos centros de atenção psicossocial no município de Natal-RN

Comprehending social representations of users relatives of Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) from Natal-RN, about their participation in the activities of these services, was the purpose of this study. The research instrument used was a semi-structured interview, led to 28 relatives of users of East and West CAPS II, East and North CAPS-ad, involved in the Relative Therapeutic Group, in Relative Meeting, in the Assembly of Users, Technicians and Relatives, according to the therapeutic schedule of each health services, between August to November 2007. Data obtained in family and users identification were characterized with the aid of charts and boards in absolute and/or percentage values. The discursive material from the guide from interviews was submitted to the informational resource ALCESTE (Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d'un Ensemble of Segments of Texte), and analyzed on the basis of the Theory of Social Representations and Central Nucleus Theory. Most of the relatives were women, married, aged over 50 years, who participated for more than two years in CAPS activities, and a coexistence of more than 11 years with the user. From the classification system of ALCESTE were selected categories, identified by: Category 1, Treatment Improvements and Expectations; Category 2, Living User Before and After; Category 3, Activities Relevance, Contradictions and Suggestions; Category 4, Guidelines -- Psychopharmacology and Medicalization; Category 5, Family Participation and Activities; and Category 6, Therapeutic Conditions Thanks, Tips and Vulnerability. The social representation of the family exists in the desire for change, identifying that we need to promote change by the continuity of therapeutic activities and overcome the detected inconsistencies, targeted by strengthening and by the stability of improvements in living and health conditions of users, experienced in CAPS treatment. The central nucleus had corresponded to positive changes in health and living conditions of users, and the peripheral elements were constituted by family conducts before and during treatment, and the expectations of changes in activities, especially in workshops. Despite this family participation be considered important, it still does not meet conditions to promote the inclusion of family, under an emancipating point of view, capable of causing in subject the hope for autonomy, initiative, individual and collective growths, a closer and active involvement in therapeutic activities, in workshops and discussions

Trânsito de saberes e campo representacional na visão dos profissionais da saúde da família e do programa de educação pelo trabalho e para a saúde

The Family Health Strategy (ESF) is emerging as a possible restructuring of services and new practices of intervention in health care; it requires skilled professionals to work with that framework. Within this purpose, we established the Education Programme for Work and Health (PET-Saúde), in order to integrate teaching and service activities, focusing on primary care. On this basis, the aim of this work is to apprehend the social representation of nurse, doctor and dentist (Project PET-Natal Health RN preceptors) on the ESF, while practice field of them. It is a descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in 07 Family Health Units (USF) included in the PET-Saúde Natal (RN). The population was composed of 35 professional components of the primary care team with bachelor's degree of the USF linked to this project. The sample was composed of 05 nurses, 05 physicians and 05 dentists, for a total of 15 subjects. Data were collected through three instruments: the drawing-themed story, a semi-structured individual interviews and field diary. The data relating to the identification of the subjects were entered and tabulated by the Microsoft Excel software 2007 version. The drawing analysis and interpretation is given by the significance attributed to the resource chart from title and keywords assigned by the subjects, considering the ESF as an inductive term. The stories and interviews were transcribed and typed and then subjected to read/listen the material and a lexical analysis through Alceste. After this process, the discursive material was analyzed and discussed by theoretical and methodological feature of the Social Representations theory. The majority of health professionals were female, aged between 46 and 52 years old, married, income less than six minimum wage, time since graduation ranged from 22 to 29 years and working time in the ESF range from 02 to 11 years. From the classification system ALCESTE were selected categories identified by: Category 1 - ESF: relations and territory; Category 2 - Training and bond profile; Category 3 - Working process in the ESF; Category 4 - Articulation between teaching and service; Category 5 - Health care and disease prevention. The representational field construction, while a process, followed the logic of structural cores in existing categories. In this sense, it is clear that the ESF is an environment rich in diversity, experience and relationships with potential such as the relationship "very subject-subject" and the link established between professional-community, but also has some weaknesses such as poor working conditions, lack of popular participation and management support, thus difficulties in the achievement of teamwork. Being essential to that end, the teaching-service aimed at the formation of a new health professional able to work in the ESF. In this research, the training of the representational field encountered a diversity of structural cores, or thoughts on training, about the ESF because of the greater emphasis on the here and now of the interaction between health professionals, the ESF, the community, PET Health-UFRN and students, emphasizing that such proposals are still considered as concepts in the context of recent health and that, therefore, are not fully realized in the social imaginary

A palavra cantada nos espaços intersubjetivos de um centro de atenção psisossocial do município do Natal/RN

The psychiatric care and mental health are undergoing constant change over the History. The Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, which brings up the deinstitutionalization as a structuring in the restorative care process. The Reform has as one of the mainly substitutive services the Centers for Psychosocial Care (CAPS), which work from the Singular Therapeutic Project (PTS) in order to restore the autonomy and restore the dignity of users. The therapeutic workshop is some of the resources used and work several kinds of activities as: writing, handcraft, music, poetry, and so forth. This study set up to apprehend the social representations of helping of the music workshop carried out in the CAPS II east of Natal/RN, from the reports given by the participants of the workshop, using the focal group as technique. This is a descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach. A total of 16 users participated in four musical therapeutic workshops from April to May 2010. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of UFRN. The discursive material from the workshop was submitted to the informational resource of Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d um Ensemble de Segments de Texte, ALCESTE, and analyzed based on the Theory of Representations and the Central Core Theory. The majority of subjects were men (62.5%), single (62.5%), aged 40-49 years (37.6%) and elementary school level (56.2 %). The reports were transcribed and submitted to the classification system of ALCESTE, which elected the following categories: Category 1 - Experience in the Word Family Sung, Category 2 - Musical Experiences and Approaches, and Category 3 - Feelings and emotions evoked by music. The representation of these individuals is anchored in the experience they have with the CAPS, lived and socialized by common sense, through this particular social group workshop objectified in music therapy as a therapeutic modality enjoyable. The central core revealed the intrinsic relationship between users and the music, establishing a relationship of openness to use the same while its therapeutic use in workshops of substitute services for mental health. Peripherals elements issues are related to listen, share and experience music in the family. Intermediary Elements relate to the feelings and emotions evoked by music, given her close relationship with it. It was found in the study that music can be construed as an artifact of good therapeutic responsiveness to users, configuring it as an invigorating and enjoyable therapy, confirming the need for continuity of this activity, as well as its expansion into the service

Diagnósticos de enfermagem em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise: semelhanças entre o modelo de adaptação e a NANDA internacional

The nurses in the hemodialysis has an important role in the nursing process implementation, in the context of a theoretical referential. Among the nursing theories, highlights the Roy´s adaptations model, who considers a person as an holistic adaptive system that aims to adapt customers to different living conditions. Thus, it is believed that the Roy´s nursing process will guide nursing care to patients on dialysis. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze the nursing diagnosis present in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis based on the theoretical model of Roy and NANDA-International. Descriptive and cros-sectional study, performed at a dialysis center in a city in northeastern Brazil. Sample of 178 patients and consecutive sampling by convenience. Data collection ocurred from October/2011 until February/2012, through interview and physical examination forms. Data analysis was initiated by clinical reasoning, diagnosis judgment and similarity relation. Then, the data were entered into SPSS program, 16.0 version, generating descriptive statistics. The project was approved by the Ethics Research Committee (protocol nº 115/11) with a Presentation Certificate for Ethics Appreciation (in 0139.0.051.000-111) and was funded by the Universal edict MCT / CNPq 14/2010. The results revealed that most patients were male (52.2%), married (62.9%) and residents in the Natal´s metropolitan region (54.5%). The mean age was 46.6 years and the years of study, 8,5. Regarding nursing diagnosis obtained an average of 6.6, especially: Risk of Infection (100%), excessive fluid volume (99.4%) and hypothermia (61.8%). On the other hand the adaptive problems average was 6.4, and the most common: intracellular fluid retention (99.4%); Hyperkalemia (64.6%); Hypothermia (61.8%) and edema (53.9%). Were established 20 similarity relations between the NANDA-International nursing diagnosis and adaptive problems of Roy, namely: risk of falls / injury risk and potential for injury, impaired physical mobility and walking mobility and / or restricted coordination, dressing self-care deficit and loss of self-care ability; hypothermia and hypothermia; impaired skin integrity and impaired skin integrity; excessive fluid volume and intracellular fluid retention / Hyperkalemia / Hypocalcemia / edema; imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements and Nutrition less than the body's needs; constipation and constipation, acute pain and acute pain, chronic pain and chronic pain, sensorial perception disturbed: visual, tactile and auditory disabilities and a primary sense: sight, hearing and tactile; sleep deprivation and insomnia, fatigue and intolerance to activities; ineffective self health and fails in the role; sexual dysfunction and sexual dysfunction; situational low self-esteem and low self-esteem, and diarrhea and diarrhea. We conclude that there is similarity between the typologies and was required a model´s analysis, because they present different ways to establish the nursing diagnosis. Moreover, the nursing process use, under the context of a theory and a classification system, subsidizes the care and contributes to the strengthening of nursing science

Determinação de dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor a altas pressões para sistemas de hidrocarbonetos assimétricos

Crude oil is a complex liquid mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that are dominated by hydrocarbons. It is a mixture of alkanes from the simplest to more complex aromatic compounds that are present derivatives such as gasoline, diesel, alcohol, kerosene, naphtha, etc.. These derivatives are extracted from any oil, however, only with a very high quality, in other words, when the content of hydrocarbons of low molecular weight is high means that production of these compounds is feasible. The American Petroleum Institute (API) developed a classification system for the various types of oil. In Brazil, the quality of most of the oil taken from wells is very low, so it is necessary to generate new technology to develop best practices for refining in order to produce petroleum products of higher commercial value. Therefore, it is necessary to study the thermodynamic equilibrium properties of its derivative compounds of interest. This dissertation aims to determine vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the systems Phenilcyclohexane - CO2, and Cyclohexane - Phenilcyclohexane - CO2 at high pressure and temperatures between 30 to 70oC. Furthermore, comparisons between measured VLE experimental data from this work and from the literature in relation to the Peng- Robinson molecular thermodynamic model, using a simulation program SPECS IVCSEP v5.60 and two adjustable interaction parameters, have been performed for modeling and simulation purposes. Finally, the developed apparatus for determination of phase equilibrium data at high pressures is presented

Sistemas microemulsionados aplicados à remoção da cor de efluente têxtil

Effluent color resulting from textile dyeing processes has been one of the biggest environmental problems faced by the textile industry. In particular, reactive dyes are highly resistant to conventional wastewater treatment methods. New technologies have been contemplated, some of which have been applied in industrial treatment plants, but color removal has not been efficiently attained. Since microemulsion systems provide good results in heavy metals and proteins extraction processes, their use in dyes extraction has been suggested and investigated. In this work, a real textile wastewater from an exhaustion dyebath has been treated, which contains the following reactive dyes: Procion Yellow H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Blue H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) and Procion Red H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120), in addition to auxiliary compounds normally found in dyeing processes with reactive dyes. The dyes Remazol Blue RR and Remazol Turquoise Blue G (Reactive Blue 21) have also been examined in view of the presence of heavy metals in these molecules. The microemulsion system comprised dodecyl ammonium chloride (as a cationic surfactant), water or wastewater as aqueous phase, kerosene as oil phase, and one of the following alcohols as cosurfactant: isoamyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and n-octyl alcohol. The pseudo-ternary diagrams were constructed in order to define Winsor s equilibrium regions. The influence of parameters such as pH, C/S (cosurfactant/surfactant) ratio, distribution coefficient, initial dye concentration, salinity, temperature, phases relative amounts, loading capacity of the microemulsion phase and dye reextraction rate has also been investigated. An experimental planning (Scheffé Net) was used to optimize the extraction process. The removal of color and metals reached levels as high as 99%

Influência da adição de carga na marcha em esteira de crianças com paralisia cerebral hemiparética espástica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior