Effects of Oxygen on Nodule Physiology and Expression of Nodulins in Alfalfa1

Early nodulin 2 (ENOD2) transcripts and protein are specifically found in the inner cortex of legume nodules, a location that coincides with the site of a barrier to O2 diffusion. The extracellular glycoprotein that binds the monoclonal antibody MAC236 has also been localized to this site. Thus, it has been proposed that these proteins function in the regulation of nodule permeability to O2 diffusion. It would then be expected that the levels of ENOD2 mRNA/protein and MAC236 antigen would differ in nodules with different permeabilities to O2. We examined the expression of ENOD2 and other nodule-expressed genes in Rhizobium meliloti-induced alfalfa nodules grown under 8, 20, or 50% O2. Although there was a change in the amount of MAC236 glycoprotein, the levels of ENOD2 mRNA and protein did not differ significantly among nodules grown at the different [O2], suggesting that neither ENOD2 transcription nor synthesis is involved in the long-term regulation of nodule permeability. Moreover, although nodules from all treatments reduced their permeability to O2 as the partial pressure of O2 (pO2) was increased to 100%, the levels of extractable ENOD2 and MAC236 proteins did not differ from those measured at the growth pO2, further suggesting that if these proteins are involved in a short-term regulation of the diffusion barrier, they must be involved in a way that does not require increased transcription or protein synthesis.

Studying Early Nodulin Gene ENOD40 Expression and Induction by Nodulation Factor and Cytokinin in Transgenic Alfalfa1

ENOD40, an early nodulin gene, is expressed following inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti or by adding R. meliloti-produced nodulation (Nod) factors or the plant hormone cytokinin to uninoculated roots. We isolated two MsENOD40 clones, designated MsENOD40–1 and MsENOD40–2, with distinct promoters from an alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv Chief) genomic library. The promoters were fused to the reporter gene uidA (gus), and the constructs were introduced into alfalfa. We observed that the MsENOD40–1 construct was expressed almost exclusively under symbiotic conditions. The MsENOD40–2 construct was transcribed under both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic conditions and in nonnodular and nodular tissues. Both MsENOD40 promoter-gus constructs were similarly expressed as nodules developed, and both were expressed in roots treated with 6-benzylaminopurine or purified Nod factor. However, no blue color was detected in nodule-like structures induced by the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-(naphthyl)phthalamic acid on roots of plants containing the MsENOD40–1 promoter construct, whereas pseudonodules from plants containing the MsENOD40–2 promoter construct stained blue. A 616-bp region at the distal 5′ end of the promoter is important for proper spatial expression of MsENOD40 in nodules and also for Nod-factor and cytokinin-induced expression.

Lipid A biosynthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum: role of a 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate-activated 4' phosphatase.

Lipid A from several strains of the N2-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum displays significant structural differences from Escherichia coli lipid A, one of which is the complete absence of phosphate groups. However, the first seven enzymes of E. coli lipid A biosynthesis, leading from UDP-GlcNAc to the phosphorylated intermediate, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate (Kdo2)-lipid IVA, are present in R. leguminosarum. We now describe a membrane-bound phosphatase in R. leguminosarum extracts that removes the 4' phosphate of Kdo2-lipid IVA. The 4' phosphatase is selective for substrates containing the Kdo domain. It is present in extracts of R. leguminosarum biovars phaseoli, viciae, and trifolii but is not detectable in E. coli and Rhizobium meliloti. A nodulation-defective strain (24AR) of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii, known to contain a 4' phosphatase residue on its lipid A, also lacks measurable 4' phosphatase activity. The Kdo-dependent 4' phosphatase appears to be a key reaction in a pathway for generating phosphate-deficient lipid A.

Symbiotic induction of a MADS-box gene during development of alfalfa root nodules.

In response to infection by Rhizobium, highly differentiated organs called nodules form on legume roots. Within these organs, the symbiotic association between the host plant and bacteria is established. A putative plant transcription factor, NMH7, has been identified in alfalfa root nodules. nmh7 contains a MADS-box DNA-binding region and shows homology to flower homeotic genes. This gene is a member of a multigene family in alfalfa and was identified on the basis of nucleic acid homology to plant regulatory protein genes (MADS-box-containing genes) from Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis. RNA analysis and in situ hybridization showed that expression of this class of regulatory genes is limited to the infected cells of alfalfa root nodules and is likely to be involved in the signal transduction pathway initiated by the bacterial symbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. The expression of nmh7 in a root-derived organ is unusual for this class of regulatory genes.

Poblaciones bacterianas nativas y sus interacciones en la rizosfera de alfalfa y maní.

Se estima que la demanda de alimentos se duplicará en los próximos cincuenta años y por lo tanto, un importante aumento del rendimiento de los cultivos será necesario para alimentar a la creciente población mundial. Aunque la producción agrícola ha crecido en las últimas décadas, en gran medida debido al uso generalizado de fertilizantes, pesticidas, riego, etc., esta tasa de aumento de la producción no es sostenible a causa del impacto ambiental de las prácticas agrícolas modernas. Uno de los factores que permite el desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable es la calidad del suelo, la cual podría definirse como su capacidad para aceptar, almacenar y reciclar agua, minerales y energía para la producción de cultivos, preservando un ambiente sano. El suelo es considerado un espacio heterogéneo definido por sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas, que bajo condiciones naturales tiende a desarrollar un equilibrio dinámico entre sus diferentes propiedades, lo que genera las condiciones adecuadas para una diversidad de organismos transformadores y descomponedores de sustratos. En general, se considera que la microbiota del suelo, conformada principalmente por bacterias y hongos, juega un papel importante en la fertilidad, reciclaje de nutrientes, evolución, estructura y conservación del mismo. En consecuencia la hipótesis planteada es que la agregación microbiana y la formación de biofilms son procesos cruciales para la supervivencia de las bacterias rizosféricas, la interacción con las plantas y el mejoramiento de la calidad del suelo. En este contexto el objetivo general del presente proyecto estará dirigido a evaluar el aporte de las comunidades microbianas y sus interacciones en el ecosistema rizosférico de la región centro-sur de Córdoba, poniendo especial énfasis en la incidencia sobre la calidad y conservación de los suelos. Por lo tanto y para validar esta hipótesis, se desarrollarán experiencias y evaluaciones dividiendo la investigación en los siguientes objetivos específicos: 1. Evaluar poblaciones bacterianas asociadas a suelo rizosférico de cultivos de impacto agroeconómico en la provincia de Córdoba. 2. Analizar el proceso de autoagregación en células planctónicas de Rizobios y establecer su relación con la capacidad formadora de biofilms. 3. Estudiar la formación de biofilm mixto entre diferentes bacterias rizoféricas aisladas de la rizósfera de cultivos de alfalfa y maní. Para ello se estudiarán alternativamente a través de los enfoques que se describen en el diseño experimental, distintos modelos de asociaciones microorganismo-planta. Si bien el modelo principal de estudio estará centrado en el par simbiótico S. meliloti-alfalfa y Bradyrhizobium sp.-maní, otras bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal como Azospirillum y Pseudomonas, serán utilizadas en evaluaciones comparativas en virtud de las experiencias y capacidades previas de los integrantes del grupo de trabajo en los sistemas mencionados. Consideramos que con la metodología planteada en este proyecto y por medio de un amplio abordaje del tema en estudio, tanto por el uso de los modelos citados como por el diseño de ensayos a escala de laboratorio y a campo, se podrían lograr avances significativos en el conocimiento sobre la aplicación de microorganismos de interés agronómico.