Processamento digital de imagens para identificação da sigatoka negra em bananais utilizando análise de componentes principais e redes neurais artificiais

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Análise filogeografica e populacional do gênero Corythopis sundevall, 1936 (Aves: Rhynchocyclidae)

O gênero Corythopis pertence à família Rhynchocyclidae e agrupa vários táxons sobre cujos limites e validade ainda deixam dúvidas, o que gera incertezas quanto a real quantidade de unidades evolutivas diagnosticáveis dentro do grupo. Esse gênero possui duas espécies reconhecidas: Corythopis delalandi, monotípica e distribuída nos biomas Mata Atlântica e Cerrado; e C. torquatus (endêmica da Amazônia), na qual são reconhecidas três formas, caracterizadas e distinguíveis uma das outras pelo padrão de tons de marrom na cabeça: C. t. torquatus Tschudi, 1844; C. t. anthoides (Pucheran, 1855) e C. t. sarayacuensis Chubb, 1918. O objetivo deste estudo é tentar reconstruir os contextos temporais e espaciais do processo de diversificação das diferentes linhagens evolutivas de Corythopis, possibilitando inferências sobre a história evolutiva e limites inter e intraespecíficos do grupo. Foram realizadas análises filogeográficas (ML e IB) e populacionais com base em um marcador mitocondrial (ND2), além de uma árvore de espécies com dois marcadores nucleares (MUSK e βf5) e um mitocondrial (ND2). De acordo com os resultados observados, existem cinco filogrupos principais em Corythopis, endêmicos das seguintes regiões (áreas de endemismo): 1- Xingu, Tapajós e Rondônia (norte; a leste do rio Jiparaná); 2- Napo; 3- Guiana; 4- Inambari e Rondônia (sul, a oeste do rio Jiparaná) e 5- Mata Atlântica. Os resultados das análises filogenéticas e populacionais indicaram a existência de dois clados reciprocamente monofiléticos sustentados por altos apoios de bootstrap (>80%) e probabilidades posteriores (> 0.95), concordando desse modo com a taxonomia atual para o gênero Corythopis, que reconhece uma espécie biológica na Amazônia (C. torquatus) e outra na Mata Atlântica e Cerrado. A árvore de espécie concorda com as demais análises, mostrando que existem apenas duas linhagens reciprocamente monofiléticas em Corythopis bem apoiadas estatisticamente: C. torquatus (F1, F2, F3 e F4) e C. delalandi (F5), reforçando o seu status como espécies biológicas independentes. O padrão biogeográfico de separação entre os diferentes filogrupos Amazônicos de Corythopis é bem diferente daquele reportado até hoje para diferentes linhagens de aves Amazônicas, onde os eventos iniciais de separação envolveram populações dos escudos brasileiros e das Guianas.

Amazônia revisitada: de Carvajal a Márcio Souza

Pós-graduação em Letras - IBILCE

Sistemática, evolução e biologia reprodutiva de Utricularia com ênfase para Utricularia amethystina Salzm. Ex A.St.-Hil. & Girard (Lentibulariaceae)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas) - FCAV

Dressurexperimente zum Kontrast- und Farbensehen von Phoca vitulina und Arctocephalus pusillus

Robben sind amphibische marine Säugetiere. Das bedeutet, dass sie zweirnunterschiedliche Lebensräume, Wasser und Land, bewohnen. Ihre sensorischen Systeme müssen auf beide Medien abgestimmt sein. Gerade für das Sehvermögen ist es eine große Herausforderung, sich den zwei optisch unterschiedlichen Medien anzupassen. Deshalb sind Forscher an dem Sehen von marinen Säugern seit dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert so sehr interessiert. rnBis heute wird kontrovers diskutiert, ob marine Säugetiere Farbe sehen können, da sie durch einen Gendefekt nur einen Zapfentyp besitzen und somit zu den Zapfen-Monochromaten gehören. Dressurexperimente zeigten jedoch, dass Seebären und Seelöwen in der Lage sind grüne und blaue Testfelder von Graustufen zu unterscheiden (Busch & Dücker, 1987; Griebel & Schmid, 1992).rnUm auszuschließen, dass die Tiere ein Farbensehen über die Unterscheidung von Helligkeit vortäuschen, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit zunächst die Kontrasterkennung untersucht und danach Tests auf Farbensehen durchgeführt. Als Versuchstiere dienten zwei Seehunde (Phoca vitulina) und zwei Südafrikanische Seebären (Arctocephalus pusillus). Alle Versuche wurden unter freien Himmel im Zoo Frankfurt durchgeführt. Den Tieren wurden immer drei Testfelder zur Auswahl geboten: zwei waren gleich und zeigten ein homogenen Hintergrund, das dritte zeigte ein Dreieck auf demselben Hintergrund. Die Tiere wurden auf das Dreieck dressiert. In den Versuchen zum Helligkeitskontrast wurden graue Dreiecke auf grauem Hintergrund verwendet. Das Dreieck wurde nicht erkannt bei einem Luminanz-Kontrast (K= LD/(LD+LH)) zwischen 0,03 und -0,12.rnBeim Test auf Farbensehen wurden die Farben Blau, Grün, Gelb und Orange auf grauem Hintergrund verwendet. Die Testreihen zeigten, dass jedes Tier auch in Bereichen von geringem Helligkeitskontrast hohe Wahlhäufigkeiten auf das farbige Dreieck erzielte und somit eindeutig die Farben Blau, Grün und Gelb sehen konnte. Lediglich bei der Farbe Orange kann keine Aussage zum Farbensehen getroffen werden, da das farbige Dreieck immer dunkler war als der Hintergrund. rnZusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass Seehunde und Seebären in der Lage sind Farbe zu sehen. Vermutlich beruht diese Fähigkeit auf der Interaktion von Stäbchen und Zapfen. rn

Chert petrology and geochemistry at DSDP Leg 62 Holes

Sixty-five chert, porcellanite, and siliceous-chalk samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62 were analyzed by petrography, scanning electron microscopy, analysis by energy-dispersive X-rays, X-ray diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, and semiquantitative emission spectroscopy. Siliceous rocks occur mainly in chalks, but also in pelagic clay and marlstone at Site 464. Overall, chert probably constitutes less than 5% of the sections and occurs in deposits of Eocene to Barremian ages at sub-bottom depths of 10 to 820 meters. Chert nodules and beds are commonly rimmed by quartz porcellanite; opal-CT-rich rocks are minor in Leg 62 sediments 65 to 108 m.y. old and at sub-bottom depths of 65 to 520 meters. Chert ranges from white to black, shades of gray and brown being most common; yellow-brown and red-brown jaspers occur at Site 464. Seventy-eight percent of the studied cherts contain easily recognizable burrow structures. The youngest chert at Site 463 is a quartz cast of a burrow. Burrow silica maturation is always one step ahead of host-rock silicification. Burrows are commonly loci for initial silicification of the host carbonate. Silicification takes place by volume-f or-volume replacement of carbonate sediment, and more-clay-rich sediment at Site 464. Nannofossils are commonly pseudomorphically replaced by quartz near the edges of chert beds and nodules. Other microfossils, mostly radiolarians and foraminifers, whether in chalk or chert, can be either filled with or replaced by calcite, opal-CT, and (or) quartz. Chemical micro-environments ultimately control the removal, transport, and precipitation of calcite and silica. Two cherts from Site 465 contain sulfate minerals replaced by quartz. Site 465 was never subaerially exposed after sedimentation began, and the formation of the sulfate minerals and their subsequent replacement probably occurred in the marine environment. Several other cherts with odd textures are described in this paper, including (1) a chert breccia cemented by colloform opal-CT and chalcedony, (2) a transition zone between white porcellanite containing opal-CT and quartz and a burrowed brown chert, consisting of radial aggregates of opal-CT with hollow centers, and (3) a chert that consists of silica-replaced calcite pseudospherules interspersed with streaks and circular masses of dense quartz. X-ray-diffraction analyses show that when data from all sites are considered there are poorly defined trends indicating that older cherts have better quartz crystallinity than younger ones, and that opal-CT crystallite size increases and opal-CT cf-spacings decrease with depth of occurrence in the sections. In a general way, depth of burial and the presence of calcite promote the ordering in the opal-CT crystal structure which allows its eventual conversion to quartz. Opal-CT in porcellanites converts to quartz after reaching a minimum d-spacing of 4.07 Å. Quartz/opal-CT ratios and quartz crystallinity vary randomly on a fine scale across four chert beds, but quartz crystallinity increases from the edge to the center of a fifth chert bed; this may indicate maturation of the silica. Twenty-four rocks were analyzed for their major- and minor-element compositions. Many elements in cherts are closely related to major mineral components. The carbonate component is distinguished by high values of CaO, MgO, Mn, Ba, Sr, and (for unknown reasons) Zr. Tuffaceous cherts have high values of K and Al, and commonly Zn, Mo, and Cr. Pure cherts are characterized by high SiO2 and B. High B may be a good indicator of formation of chert in an open marine environment, isolated from volcanic and terrigenous materials.

Geochemistry and isotopes at DSDP Hole 79-546

At Site 546, below the Mazagan Escarpment at a water depth of 4 km, 36 m of salt rock was cored from the top of one of a field of salt domes. The core was studied by thin section and a variety of geochemical procedures. The salt rock contains 0.1 to 3% carnallite and lesser amounts of sylvite and polyhalite, which with the corresponding high level of bromide place it within the potash evaporite facies. The bromide profile is of a dominantly marine evaporite deposited in moderately shallow brine which, however, was not repeatedly desiccated. A mineralogical argument suggests that the brine surface was not below sea level. An average of about 5% elastics, with dispersed anhydrite, darken the salt rock to deep shades of red, brown, and gray green. Most of the included materials are in highly deformed boudins or dispersions in the salt rock that has also undergone cataclasis in a subsequent, probably tectonic, deformation. The salt rock is slightly deficient in anhydrite, and the usual separate beds and laminae of anhydrite are virtually absent. Stable isotope ratios of sulfur and oxygen in the sulfate are clearly derived from sea water of Permian to Scythian age, in contrast to the late Triassic or Early Jurassic age of evaporites onshore in Morocco and Portugal and the corresponding evaporites offshore Maritime Canada. In contrast to those evaporites off the axis of Atlantic rifting, the salt at Site 546 may have been deposited in a very early central rift fed by marine waters from Tethys through the Gibraltar or South Atlas fracture zones.

[Calligraphic specimen, 1206, i.e. 1791 or 1792].

Exquisite album of calligraphy (muraqqaʻ / murakkaa) employing ḥadīth of the Prophet executed by the celebrated Ottoman calligrapher Mahmud Celâleddin Efendi (d.1829) in imitation of a model executed by the master calligrapher Hafız Osman Efendi (d.1698).

[Calligraphic specimen, early to mid 18th century].

Exquisite album of calligraphy (muraqqaʻ or murakkaa) comprising kıt'alar employing ḥadīth of the Prophet executed by the celebrated Ottoman calligrapher Eğrikapılı Mehmet Râsim Efendi (d.1756), renowned student of Seyyid Abdullah of Yedikule (d.1731).

[al-Kawākib al-durrīyah fī madḥ khayr al-barīyah, 16th century?].

Fine copy of al-Būṣīrī's poem in praise of the Prophet accompanied by elucidation in Persian and Turkish.

Writings : with biography.

On cover: Shades of death and other poems.

Debazzled:a blue and black ship, dressed to deceive

The blue and black dress that “melted the Internet” is thought to have done so because its perceived color depended on people using different prior assumptions about discounting the illuminant. However, this is not the first monochromatic object to have confused the public. For a brief period during WWI, RMS Mauretania was dressed in (dazzle) camouflage shades of blue and black/grey, yet she is sometimes depicted by artists, modelers, and historians in a much showier dress of red, blue, yellow, green, and black. I raise the possibility that this originates from a case of public deception deriving from the momentary misperception of a playful artist who neglected to discount the illuminant, propagating the most (perhaps only) successful application of dazzle camouflage known.

Open innovation in the performing arts. Examples from contemporary dance and theatre production

Scholarship on open innovation examines the different shades of opening up the innovation process of firms, where the most important feature is sourcing in knowledge. In this paper I examine the implications of adapting open innovation frames to a field where it was not investigated before: performing arts (contemporary dance and theatre). I draw on case studies and demonstrate that open innovation strategies are viable for artistic production. Independent companies purposefully mining out external knowledge in production, and commercializing on the spillovers of their body of knowledge, put themselves on the shelf of firms adopting and adapting to open innovation.

Delocalization: The Highway Apparatus

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Influence of light curing source on microhardness of composite resins of different shades

Introduction: The evolution of light curing units can be noticed by the different systems recently introduced. The technology of LED units promises longer lifetime, without heating and with production of specific light for activation of camphorquinone. However, further studies are still required to check the real curing effectiveness of these units. Purpose: This study evaluated the microhardness of 4 shades (B-0.5, B-1, B-2 and B-3) of composite resin Filtek Z-250 (3M ESPE) after light curing with 4 light sources, being one halogen (Ultralux - Dabi Atlante) and three LED (Ultraled - Dabi Atlante, Ultrablue - DMC and Elipar Freelight - 3M ESPE). Methods: 192 specimens were distributed into 16 groups, and materials were inserted in a single increment in cylindrical templates measuring 4mm x 4mm and light cured as recommended by the manufacturer. Then, they were submitted to microhardness test on the top and bottom aspects of the cylinders. Results: The hardness values achieved were submitted to analysis of variance and to Tukey test at 5% confidence level. It was observed that microhardness of specimens varied according to the shade of the material and light sources employed. The LED appliance emitting greater light intensity provided the highest hardness values with shade B-0.5, allowing the best curing. On the other hand, appliances with low light intensity were the least effective. It was also observed that the bottom of specimens was more sensitive to changes in shade. Conclusion: Light intensity of LED light curing units is fundamental for their good functioning, especially when applied in resins with darker shades.