Disposal of wastes from the cleaning of airplanes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Economic impact of proposed regulation R77-12 (Rule 950) on wastewater sludge disposal in the State of Illinois /

Includes bibliographical references.

Illinois recommended standards for sewage works /

Effective March 31, l980.

Operation and control of sewage treatment plants.

Mode of access: Internet.

Implicating animals: The symbolic power of scapegoating animals in marine pollution debates

Animals are often used as symbols in policy debates and media accounts of marine pollution. Images of miserable oil-soaked marine birds and mammals are prominent following high profile oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez, Prestige and Pacific Adventurer incidents. Portrayed as hapless victims, these animal actors are not only cast as powerful symbols of the effects of anthropogenic pollution but also represent an environment in crisis. Animals, like the broader environment, are seen as something which is acted upon. Less attention has been given to the ways in which animals have been cast as either the cause of marine pollution or as having the potential to actively mitigate the potential impacts of anthropogenic marine pollution. This article explores how animals are constructed with respect to vessel-sourced sewage pollution. Through a process of interpretive policy analysis, drawing on media reports and responses to an Australian regulatory review process this study found that, when defending the perceived right to pollute recreational boaters implicated animals such as dogs, fish, turtles, dolphins and seabirds in their pollution discourses. Scapegoating was an important rhetorical feature of claims-making strategies designed to avoid responsibility for changing sewage disposal practices.

Influence of anthropogenic contamination on groundwater chemistry in Mulbagal town, Kolar District, India

Geochemical studies are performed to examine the impact of leachate infiltration from on-site sewage disposal systems on the groundwater chemistry in Mulbagal town, Kolar District, Karnataka State, India. The leachate infiltration imposed nitrate concentrations ranging from 4 mg/L to 388 mg/L in the groundwater samples; it was observed that 79% of the samples exhibited nitrate concentrations in excess of drinking water permissible limit (45 mg/L). The average (of 43 measurements) E. coli levels in the groundwater samples corresponded to 189 MPN/100 mL and 55% of the samples tested exhibit pathogen contamination. Results also showed that the groundwater in the study area is characterized by acidic pH, large calcium + magnesium ion and Na/Cl ratios of < unity causing majority of the ground water samples to classify as Ca-Mg-Cl type and Na-Cl type. Saturation index (SI) computation using Visual MINTEQ program showed that the groundwater samples are under-saturated with respect to calcite. The theoretical SI values (of calcite) however suggested that the groundwater samples ought to be over-saturated with calcite. Under-saturation of the groundwater samples with calcite is attributed to increased dissolution of the mineral in the acidic environment of the groundwater.

Caracterização ambiental da bacia hidrogáfica do Rio São Domingos a partir da análise geoquímica e isotópica Pb/Pb

A bacia hidrográfica do rio São Domingos constitui uma das sub-bacias do rio Muriaé pertencente ao sistema Paraíba do Sul e, tem seus limites coincidentes com os limites do município de São José de Ubá, sendo este o segundo maior produtor de tomate do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com sua principal fonte econômica baseada na agropecuária. Este tipo de atividade resulta em utilização de produtos químicos nas lavouras e juntamente a ocupação inadequada resulta em modificação das paisagens e da mata nativa, resultando em diversos tipos de impactos no ambiente. Neste estudo foram abordados os impactos relacionados a concentração de metais e sua proveniência através das assinaturas isotópicas Pb/Pb, utilizando para tal o procedimento analítico de lixiviação dos sedimentos de corrente e abertura total de rochas para a obtenção de razões isotópicas e concentrações de metais por ICP-MS. Os resultados mostraram que as contribuições nos sedimentos de corrente se dão a partir de cinco fontes compreendidos no intervalo de assinatura isotópica 206Pb/207Pb 1,1229 e 1,1949, representadas em intervalos bem definidos. Por correlação com as respectivas concentrações se observa que, preferencialmente, existe maior influência das rochas do embasamento, seguido de atividade antrópicas como a urbanização e disposição de lixo doméstico. As maiores concentrações estão associadas ao cobre, chumbo, estrôncio, níquel e zinco. Contudo todas as concentrações de metais obtidas se encontram abaixo da legislação vigente. Desta forma a contaminação antrópica é limitada a regiões de maior densidade populacional e as influências naturais predominam na área da bacia.

Proposta de metodologia de projeto de sistemas de disposição oceânica de esgotos sanitários, em localidades de pequeno porte.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo disponibilizar metodologia para o projeto de tratamento de esgoto sanitário através de disposição oceânica com utilização de emissário submarino, para localidades de pequeno porte. Também apresenta metodologia simplificada para obtenção de alguns dados oceanográficos necessários, na perspectiva de atender aos administradores dessas pequenas prefeituras envolvidas nas questões de atendimento de sua população quanto aos serviços de tratamento dos esgotos sanitários. Esses municípios, por serem pequenos e em país em desenvolvimento, carecem de recursos financeiros para as soluções convencionais de tratamento de esgotos sanitários. O trabalho contém uma revisão da bibliografia técnica relativa ao processo objeto deste estudo, não só referente ao projeto hidráulico como também à estabilidade física da tubulação do emissário assentada no leito do mar. Julgou-se necessário a realização, deste trabalho depois que se verificou que a implantação de emissários submarinos com diâmetros até da ordem de 300 mm, em geral tem seus custos inferiores aos dos sistemas convencionais.

Lune, Wyre & Furness Fisheries Advisory Committee 19th January, 1976.

This is the report from the Lune, Wyre and Furness Fisheries Advisory Committee meeting, which was held on the 19th January 1976. The report contains information on land drainage representation on local committees, fisheries activities report, Heysham and Lancaster sewage disposal, planning study for the post 1981 period and progress made in implementing the recommendations contained in the 'Taking Stock' publication. The section on fisheries activities reported by area fisheries officers looks at fish taken for stripping at River Lune Broadraine and Northern area, the presence of feral mink, fish mortalities at Killington Beck and number of fish counted through the fish monitoring stations at River Leven and River Lune. The Fisheries Advisory Committee was part of the Regional Water Authorities, in this case the North West Water Authority. This preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Regional Fisheries Advisory Committee 9th February, 1976.

This is the report from the Regional Fisheries Advisory Committee meeting, which was held on the 9th February 1976. The report contains information on the proceedings of the Local Fisheries Advisory Committee and recommendations for these committees and Worthington Coarse Fish Unit. It also covers fishing licence duties, fisheries improvement work on the River Leven, proposed new code of fisheries byelaws, the seminar on water conditions harmful to fish life and Heysham and Lancaster sewage disposal. The Fisheries Advisory Committee was part of the Regional Water Authorities, in this case the North West Water Authority. This preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus and their effects on phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea

Systematic studies of the changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and their effects on phytoplankton over the last 30 years in the Bohai Sea are presented. The amount of sewage disposal, use of fertilizer and the Huanghe River runoff were found to have a significant influence on the DIN or DIP concentrations in the Bohai Sea over the last 30 years. Moreover, the changes in DIN and DIP resulted in changes in the limiting nutrients of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea from nitrogen in the early 1980s to nitrogen-phosphorus in the late 1980s, and then to phosphorus after the 1990s. In addition, changes in nitrogen and phosphorus had a significant effect on the phytoplankton community structure. The half saturation constant (K (s)) was used to evaluate the effect of nutrients on the phytoplankton community structure in the Bohai Sea over the last 30 years. Cell abundance percentages of dominant phytoplankton species with high K (s) values for phosphorus and low K (s) values for nitrogen have decreased since the 1980s, while those of dominant phytoplankton species with low K (s) values for phosphorus and high K (s) values for nitrogen increased during this period.

Assessment of groundwater contamination in an agricultural peri-urban area (NW Portugal): an integrated approach

The excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers in agriculture has generated a decrease in groundwater and surface water quality in many regions of the EU, constituting a hazard for human health and the environment. Besides, on-site sewage disposal is an important source of groundwater contamination in urban and peri-urban areas. The assessment of groundwater vulnerability to contamination is an important tool to fulfil the demands of EU Directives. The purpose of this study is to assess the groundwater vulnerability to contamination related mainly to agricultural activities in a peri-urban area (Vila do Conde, NW Portugal). The hydrogeological framework is characterised mainly by fissured granitic basement and sedimentary cover. Water samples were collected and analysed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite. An evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to contamination was applied (GOD-S, Pesticide DRASTIC-Fm, SINTACS and SI) and the potential nitrate contamination risk was assessed, both on a hydrogeological GIS-based mapping. A principal component analysis was performed to characterised patterns of relationship among groundwater contamination, vulnerability, and the hydrogeological setting assessed. Levels of nitrate above legislation limits were detected in 75 % of the samples analysed. Alluvia units showed the highest nitrate concentrations and also the highest vulnerability and risk. Nitrate contamination is a serious problem affecting groundwater, particularly shallow aquifers, especially due to agriculture activities, livestock and cesspools. GIS-based cartography provided an accurate way to improve knowledge on water circulation models and global functioning of local aquifer systems. Finally, this study highlights the adequacy of an integrated approach, combining hydrogeochemical data, vulnerability assessments and multivariate analysis, to understand groundwater processes in peri-urban areas.

Spatio-Temporal Changes in the Wetland Ecosystem of Cochin City using Remote Sensing and GIS

Urban developments have exerted immense pressure on wetlands. Urban areas are normally centers of commercial activity and continue to attract migrants in large numbers in search of employment from different areas. As a result, habitations keep coming up in the natural areas / flood plains. This is happening in various Indian cities and towns and large habitations are coming up in low-lying areas, often encroaching even over drainage channels. In some cases, houses are constructed even on top of nallahs and drains. In the case of Kochi the situation is even worse as the base of the urban development itself stands on a completely reclaimed island. Also the topography and geology demanded more reclamation of land when the city developed as an agglomerative cluster. Cochin is a coastal settlement interspersed with a large backwater system and fringed on the eastern side by laterite-capped low hills from which a number of streams drain into the backwater system. The ridge line of the eastern low hills provides a welldefined watershed delimiting Cochin basin which help to confine the environmental parameters within a physical limit. This leads to an obvious conclusion that if physiography alone is considered, the western flatland is ideal for urban development. However it will result in serious environmental deterioration, as it comprises mainly of wetland and for availability of land there has to be large scale filling up of these wetlands which includes shallow mangrove-fringed water sheets, paddy fields, Pokkali fields, estuary etc.Chapter 1 School 4 of Environmental Studies The urban boundaries of Cochin are expanding fast with a consequent over-stretching of the existing fabric of basic amenities and services. Urbanisation leads to the transformation of agricultural land into built-up areas with the concomitant problems regarding water supply, drainage, garbage and sewage disposal etc. Many of the environmental problems of Cochin are hydrologic in origin; like water-logging / floods, sedimentation and pollution in the water bodies as well as shoreline erosion

La Depuradora del segle XXI

A partir de la reflexió sobre la situació actual i futura de les depuradores d’aigües, s’estudia l’obtenció d’un model conceptual de possible depuradora del segle XXI, entenent l’EDAR del segle XXI com a una instal•lació que gestioni de manera òptima les aigües residuals urbanes d’una població mitjana. (El cas pràctic es concreta en l’EDAR de Figueres)