Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants used in Brazilian popular medicine

Essential oils from, Salvia officinalis L. (SO), Mentha sylvestris L. (MS), Casearia sylvestris Sw. (CS), Mentha piperita L. (MP), Ocimum micrantum Willd. (OM) and Mentha arvensis L. (MA), plants used in Brazilian popular medicine were extracted using method I, as described in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, in order to obtain the phytochemical profile and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against the following microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Candida albicans and Aspergilus oryzae. Test was made by means of the disk-plaque diffusion test in liquid medium using 1% essential oil. In the disk-plaque diffusion test, all the essential oils exhibited activity against B. subtilis, but OM showed the greatest inhibition zone and was the only one to show activity against S. aureus. Samples of SO, MS, MP, OM and MA were active against M. luteus, E. coli and S. marcescens, while A. oryzae was sensitive to MS, MP, OM and MA. No sample, however, was active against C. albicans. In the liquid medium test, significant results were observed for OM and MA, which inhibited the growth of all microorganisms for 24 hours, and OM continued active against E. coli and A. oryzae until the last reading.

Bacterial contamination of the catfish (Cathorops agassizii - Valenciennes, 1839 and Genidens genidens - Agassiz, 1829) sting

This work aimed to study the bacterial contamination in stings of the catfish Genidens genidens and Cathorops agassizii found in the São Vicente estuarine system (São Paulo State, Brazil). For bacteriological analyses, we used fish samples distributed into a group of 50 specimens (25 C. agassizii and 25 G. genidens) and a group of 14 specimens (7 C. agassizii and 7 G. genidens). Results showed contamination of 13 different bacterial species of Enterobacteriaceae, being Klebsiella pneumoniae the most frequent bacteria (26.80%) followed by Enterobacter sp and Escherichia coli (16.27%), and Serratia marcescens, Serratia sp. and Proteus mirabilis (1.16%). Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi were not detected in the samples. According to the Gram-negative species characterized and with regard to the environmental conditions, it can also be considered that accidents with these catfish stings may develop significant acute secondary infections in humans.

Caracterização microbiológica do veneno do ferrão do Bagre (Cathorops agassizii and Genidens genidens)

This work aimed to study the bacterial contamination of the catfishes stings Genidens genidens (Valenciennes, 1839); and Cathorops agassizii (Agassiz, 1829) found in the estuary-bay complex of Santos and São Vicente (São Paulo State). Fish samples for bacteriological analyses were obtained and constituted of a group of 50 specimens, being 25 of Cathorops agassizii and 25 of Genidens genidens,. The bacteriological analyses showed that there was contamination of the stings by 13 different strains of Enterobacteriaceae with Klebsiella pneumoniae (26,80%) as the most frequent bacteria and lower percentual frequencies for Enterobacter sp and Escherichia coli (16,27%) and Serratia marcescens, Serratia sp. and Proteus mirabilis (1,16%). Gram positive bacteria, as well fungi species were not detected in the samples. In basis of the Gram negative species characterized, is possible to consider the bacterial strains are representative of the environmental public health conditions, as well as, accidents with these fish stings are able to develop significative acute secondary infections in humans.

First isolation of microorganisms from the gut diverticulum of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): New perspectives for an insect-bacteria association

We show for the first time that the ventral diverticulum of the mosquito gut (impermeable sugar storage organ) harbors microorganisms. The gut diverticulum from newly emerged and non-fed Aedes aegypti was dissected under aseptic conditions, homogenized and plated on BHI medium. Microbial isolates were identified by sequencing of 16S rDNA for bacteria and 28S rDNA for yeast. A direct DNA extraction from Ae. aegypti gut diverticulum was also performed. The bacterial isolates were: Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilis and Serratia sp. The latter was the predominant bacteria found in our isolations. The yeast species identified was Pichia caribbica.

Recurrent urinary tract infections: Evaluation of the prophylactic efficacy of urinary antiseptics methenamine and methylthioninium chloride

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common condition in clinical practice, affecting an estimated 50% of all adult women during a lifetime. The most common causative agent is E. coli; UTI may also be caused by S. saprophyticus, Enterobacteria (Klebsiella sp and Serratia sp.), Enterococcus sp., and P aeruginosa. Recurrent UTIs occur at least twice per semester or three times a year. Prophylactic measures to prevent recurrent UTIs include changes in contraception methods, cranberry products, increased fluid intake, urination after intercourse, vaginal estrogen therapy for post-menopausal women, antibiotics, and urinary tract antiseptic agents. Objectives: To evaluate the use of a combination of methenamine and methyl-thioninium chloride in the prophylaxis of recurrent uncomplicated lower UTIs, with respect to: • Signs and symptoms of UTI • Etiologic agent(s) • Recurrence rates • Need for antibiotic therapy in case of recurrence • Incidence of adverse events associated with the treatment, including any reported alterations of laboratory tests Materials & methods: A descriptive, analytic, restrospective study was performed at Hospital Universitário Constantino Otaviano - UNIFESO. Medical charts from patients presenting recurrent uncomplicated lower UTI attended from 2001-present were analyzed, including the following information: Demographic data (age, gender, weight, ethnicity, living conditions): medical history/signs and symptoms of UTI; identification of treatment and dosing regimens; treatment duration; recurrence rates and need for antibiotic therapy in case of recurrence; other medications prescribed; and records of adverse events. Results: E. coli was identified as etiologic agent in 80% of the patients. Following antibiotic therapy, all patients received prophylactic treatment with the combination of methenamine and methylthioninium chloride. Treatment duration ranged from three to six months. Adverse events were observed in 13/60 patients (21.7%). At the end of the respective treatment periods, a statistically significant (p<0.0001) number of patients showed no UTI recurrence. Conclusion: Based on the results from the collected data, we conclude that an orally administered combination of methenamine and methylthioninium chloride is safe and effective in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection. © Copyright Morelra Jr. Editora.

Pneumonias

Pneumonia is an infectious disease with great morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the current guidelines recommendations the authors reviewed the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). In this paper will be presented data about etiology, clinics and diagnostic tools. © Copyright Moreira Jr. Editora.

Influence of TNF-α blockers on the oral prevalence of opportunistic microorganisms in ankylosing spondylitis patients

Objectives: To compare the oral prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Candida spp., staphylococci, enterobacteriaceae, and pseudomonas spp.from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients receiving conventional and anti-TNF-α therapy. Methods: The study included 70 AS patients, diagnosed according to the modified New York criteria (1984). The volunteers were divided into 2 groups: a biological group (AS BioG) (n=35) (on anti-TNF-α therapy) and a conventional group (AS ConvG) (n=35). The control group (ContG) (n=70) was made up of healthy individuals matched for age, gender, and oral conditions. After clinical examination, oral rinse samples were collected and plated in specific culture media. The number of colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) was obtained, and isolates were identified using the API system. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed according to the NCCLS guidelines. Prevalence and counts of microorganisms were statistically compared between the 3 groups, using the Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: In both the AS BioG and the AS ConvG, staphylococci counts were higher than that in the ContG (p<0.0001). Candida albicans and staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly found species in all the groups. Serratia marcescens and klebsiella oxytoca were more prevalent in the AS BioG and the AS ConvG, respectively. Two Candida isolates (2.8%) from the AS BioG and 5 (10.8%) from the AS ConvG were resistant to amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. A low percentage of staphylococci isolates was resistant to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline. Conclusion: Higher counts of staphylococci were observed in both AS groups, regardless of the current therapy, age, sex, and oral conditions. Anti-TNF-α therapy could not be correlated with increased counts of microorganisms. © Copyright CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RHEUMATOLOGY 2012.

Isolamento, seleção, identificação e avaliação de microrganismos aeróbios in situ, com habilidade à biodegradação de linamarina

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo farmacognóstico e avaliação das atividades antibacteriana e imunomoduladora de Melampodium divaricatum (Rich. In Pers) DC. (Asteraceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Aspectos citológicos e microbiológicos na mastite em ovelhas da raça Bergamácia em lactação

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Análise químico-farmacêutica de preparações injetáveis contendo ceftazidima

Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - FCFAR

Análise qualitativa e quantitativa de cefoxitina sódica em injetáveis: desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos e estudo de estabilidade

Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - FCFAR

Avaliação microbiológica de queijos tipo Minas Frescal comercializados na região do Triângulo Mineiro

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária - FCAV

Determinação qualitativa de enterobactérias presentes em tartarugas da Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) de vida livre e cativeiro

A tartaruga da amazônia (Podocnemis expansa) corresponde a um recurso faunístico muito importante para as populações ribeirinhas da região amazônica, além de ser uma das principais espécies indicadas para produção em cativeiro. O consumo dessa espécie como alimento na região, gerou uma demanda de estudos quanto à questão sanitária e seu impacto na saúde pública. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a microbiota intestinal de tartarugas da amazônia de vida livre e cativeiro, verificando a ocorrência de bactérias da Família Enterobacteriaceae no trato intestinal desses animais. Para isso, foram utilizadas 116 tartarugas adultas, de ambos os sexos, sendo que, 51 foram capturadas na Ilha de São Miguel, município de Santarém (PA), 50 animais pertenciam a um cativeiro comercial e 15 eram provenientes de um criadouro conservacionista, localizados na região metropolitana de Belém, Pará. De cada animal, foi colhida amostra de material biológico cloacal, utilizando-se swabs estéreis para em seguida serem acondicionados em tubos com meios de transporte e enviados ao laboratório para análises bacteriológicas. Todas as amostras foram imersas em caldos Selenito e BHI durante 24 horas e posteriormente semeadas em Agar Shigella-Salmonella e Agar Mac Conkey na temperatura de 37ºC por 24 horas. As UFCs (Unidades formadoras de colônia) foram semeadas em Agar Muller Hilton por mais 24 horas em estufa a 37ºC e identificadas pelo sistema Vitek® totalmente automatizado. Do total de 116 amostras foram obtidos 245 crescimentos bacterianos nos quais 83 (33,87%) eram provenientes dos animais de vida livre, com a identificação de 20 espécies bacterianas. Nos animais mantidos em cativeiro, foram obtidos 162 (65,72%) isolamentos, identificando-se 10 espécies de bactérias. Oito espécies foram encontradas em ambos os ambientes e 14 espécies em apenas um deles. A espécie Klebsiella pneumoniae foi a mais frequente, com 52 isolamentos, totalizando 21,22% dos crescimentos bacterianos, seguida de Enterobacter cloacae (35/14,29%), Serratia marcescens (29/11,84%) e Salmonella species (24/9,80%). Nos quelônios de vida livre, os microrganismos mais isolados constituiram-se dos genêros Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter e Aeromonas. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae e Salmonella spp. apresentaram frequências elevadas naqueles animais cativos. Este resultado evidencia uma maior diversidade de microrganismos entre os animais de vida livre e uma contaminação elevada por amostra nos animais de cativeiro. As espécies Salmonella sp., E. coli e Acinetobacter ssp., tiveram sua frequência aumentada provavelmente devido a influência do cativeiro, sendo portanto, sugeridas como indicativas da qualidade sanitária de populações da tartaruga da Amazônia.

Identificação e caracterização de metagenomas e isolados bacterianos visando a biorremediação de solos de áreas de mineração

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)