Switch from a type 2 to a type 1 T helper cell response and cure of established Leishmania major infection in mice is induced by combined therapy with interleukin 12 and Pentostam.

Successful treatment in allergic, autoimmune, and infectious diseases often requires altering the nature of a detrimental immune response mediated by a particular CD4+ T helper (Th) cell subset. While several factors contribute to the development of CD4+ Th1 and Th2 cells, the requirements for switching an established response are not understood. Here we use infection with Leishmania major as a model to investigate those requirements. We report that treatment with interleukin 12 (IL-12), in combination with the antimony-based leishmanicidal drug Pentostam, induces healing in L. major-infected mice and that healing is associated with a switch from a Th2 to a Th1 response. The data suggest that decreasing antigen levels may be required for IL-12 to inhibit a Th2 response and enhance a Th1 response. These observations are important for treatment of nonhealing forms of human leishmaniasis and also demonstrate that in a chronic infectious disease an inappropriate Th2 response can be switched to an effective Th1 response.

Jerusalem, 1868 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, surveyed by C.W. Wilson, CE, in 1864-5 and engraved under the direction of Colonel J. Cameron; the hills by D. Law. It was published by Ordnance Survey Office in 1868. Scale 1:10,000. Covers Jerusalem. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Israel Transverse Mercator (ESRI: Israel_TM_Grid) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortification, and more. Relief is shown by hachures and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change

Most of the policy debate surrounding the actions needed to mitigate and adapt to anthropogenic climate change has been framed by observations of the past 150 years as well as climate and sea-level projections for the twenty-first century. The focus on this 250-year window, however, obscures some of the most profound problems associated with climate change. Here, we argue that the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, a period during which the overwhelming majority of human-caused carbon emissions are likely to occur, need to be placed into a long-term context that includes the past 20 millennia, when the last Ice Age ended and human civilization developed, and the next ten millennia, over which time the projected impacts of anthropogenic climate change will grow and persist. This long-term perspective illustrates that policy decisions made in the next few years to decades will have profound impacts on global climate, ecosystems and human societies — not just for this century, but for the next ten millennia and beyond.

Histoire de France, principalement pendant le XVIe et le XVIIe siècle,

Vol. 4-6 translated by C. Miot.

Elatérides nouveaux /

No. 6 reprinted from Mémoires del la Société royale des sciences des Liège, 2. ser., t.19, no. 2.

M. Tullii Ciceronis Philosophicorum, cum delectu commentariorum, in usum serenissimi Delphini, tomus primus.

Mode of access: Internet.

M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes, cum delectu commentariorum in usum serenissimi delphini /

Mode of access: Internet.

La fille aux trois jupons /

Mode of access: Internet.

M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes /

Mode of access: Internet.

M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes /

Mode of access: Internet.

M. T. Ciceronis De oratore ad Q. fratrem : libri tres /

Mode of access: Internet.

M.T. Ciceronis Opera omnia cum delectu commentariorum, in usum Serenissimi Delphini : tomus quintus qui philosophicorum secundus.

Mode of access: Internet.

Euripidou Kyklops = Il Ciclope di Euripide tragedia decimaquarta ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Frammenti, ed epistole /

Mode of access: Internet.

Memorable expulsion y iustissimo destierro de los moriscos de España /

Contiene: Dialogo de consuelo por la expulsion de los moriscos de España / compuesto y ordenado por Iuan Ripol ...