Análise da adição de resíduo oriundo do tratamento de esgotos em massa cerâmica utilizada para fabricação de telhas

Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) disposal is a problem for any municipality, for this reason the amount of sludge production is now a key issue in selecting treatment methods. It is necessary to investigate new applications for this waste type, due to the restrictions imposed by the environmental organs. The raw materials used in the Red Ceramic, are generally very heterogeneous, for this reason, such materials can tolerate the presence of different types of wastes. In Rio Grande do Norte, the roof tiles production corresponds to 60,61% from the total of ceramic units produced. Due to the importance of the ceramic industry of roof tiles for the state, allied to the environmental problem of the sludge disposal, this work had for objective to verify the possibility of the incorporation of sewage sludge in ceramic body used for production of roof tiles. In the research, sludge originating from drying beds of WTP of the Central Campus from UFRN and clays originating from a ceramic industry from Goianinha/RN were used. The raw materials were characterized by techniques of: analysis of particles distribution by diffraction to laser; real density; consistence limits; chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence; mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction; organic matter; and solids content. Five batches of roof tiles were manufactured in the approximate dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To evaluate the properties of each final product, tests of water absorption, impermeability, bending strength, leachability and solubility were accomplished. The roof tiles manufactured with sludge presented characteristics similar to the roof tiles without sludge in relation to the environmental risk. The results showed that it is possible to use approximately up to 4% of sludge in ceramic bodies for production of roof tiles. However, it is observed that the high amount of organic matter (71%) present in the sludge is shown as factor that limits the sludge incorporation in ceramic bodies, worsening the quality of the roof tiles. It is necessary the use of mixtures of different raw materials under point of view of the granulometry and of the other chemical and mineralogical properties for the obtaining of a satisfactory mass to the production of ceramic roof tiles

Utilização de resíduos industriais de baixa granulometria em massas cerâmicas de argila vermelha : aspectos tecnológicos e ambientais

Este trabalho avalia o efeito da adição de diferentes resíduos, todos de baixa granulometria e gerados não muito distantes de empresas fabricantes de produtos de cerâmica vermelha, quando incorporados a argilas para processamento cerâmico tradicional. Foram utilizadas argilas da região de Sangão e Forquilhinha (Santa Catarina), bem como os seguintes resíduos: resíduo siderúrgico da produção de aço em forno elétrico (pó de aciaria), resíduo de atomizador de uma indústria de revestimentos cerâmicos e resíduo do polimento de grês porcelanato. Após a caracterização das matérias-primas, foram formuladas massas cerâmicas na relação argila/resíduo de 5:1 para cada resíduo. E, como padrão de comparação, utilizou-se a formulação apenas com argilas. As massas cerâmicas foram conformadas por prensagem e submetidas à queima em forno elétrico tipo mufla nas seguintes temperaturas 800, 900, 950, 1000 e 1100oC. Os corpos cerâmicos assim obtidos foram caracterizados segundo suas propriedades físicas (retração linear e absorção de água – curva de gresificação) e mecânicas (resistência mecânica à flexão a quatro pontos). Além disso, os corpos cerâmicos fabricados, utilizando pó de aciaria (resíduo perigoso segundo a ABNT), foram avaliados segundo as normas NBR 10005 e NBR 10006, quanto ao seu aspecto ambiental. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade do uso destes resíduos na fabricação de produtos cerâmicos. As propriedades finais e a cor de queima (entre marrom claro e marrom escuro) variaram de acordo com a natureza do resíduo e temperatura de queima. A formulação testada com pó de atomizador de industria cerâmica apresentou em todas as temperaturas ensaiadas os maiores incrementos de resistência mecânica em relação às formulações testadas, sendo que à temperatura de 1100oC, a formulação com pó de aciaria apresentou desempenho similar, porém com menor absorção de água e maior retração linear. Nestas condições, os corpos cerâmicos com pó de aciaria mostraram-se inertes quanto ao aspecto ambiental de acordo com as normas Brasileiras.

Reúso do resíduo de fundição areia verde na produção de blocos cerâmicos

A areia de moldagem descartada é o principal resíduo da indústria de fundição. Esse resíduo é regenerado e recirculado no processo produtivo, até o momento que deve ser descartado. O emprego em materiais da construção civil tem sido indicado como a principal possibilidade de utilização segura das areias descartadas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, com base em estudos de laboratório e industriais, os aspectos tecnológicos e ambientais do reúso da areia de fundição na produção de blocos cerâmicos. A areia verde foi obtida de uma típica indústria de produção de ferro fundido, localizada no município de Erechim, RS, Brasil, que utiliza os processos de moldagem em areia verde e cold box. Em laboratório foram caracterizados as argilas e o resíduo através de análises químicas, mineralógicas e granulométricas. Foram avaliadas as características dos corpos-de-prova produzidos com adições de 0, 5, 10 e 20% do resíduo na massa cerâmica. Estudou-se também o efeito de diferentes temperaturas de queima. As propriedades avaliadas foram retração linear, absorção de água, resistência à flexão em quatro pontos, composição química, periculosidade (conforme a NBR 10004/2004) e emissões gasosas. Os estudos em planta industrial foram realizados na produção de lotes de blocos cerâmicos de 6 furos sem e com 10% de areia de fundição. . Avaliaram-se as propriedades geométricas, absorção de água, resistência à compressão, periculosidade (conforme a NBR 10004) e emissões gasosas. Segundo a NBR 10004, o resíduo é classificado como Não Perigosos – Classe II A - Não Inertes. Os estudos em laboratório demonstraram que os melhores resultados de resistência mecânica foram obtidos com dosagens de 5 e 10% de areia de fundição e temperatura de queima de 900oC. Através dos resultados da indústria comprovou-se a similaridade e conformidade dos blocos cerâmicos, de acordo com a norma vigente, produzidos com 10% de areia de fundição em termos de geometria, absorção de água e resistência mecânica, permitindo a sua comercialização. Esta dosagem de areia verde não elevou a concentração de poluentes nas emissões gasosas e contribuiu para a redução da emissão de CO. Por fim, pode-se concluir que a reciclagem do resíduo sólido de fundição - areia verde mostrou-se perfeitamente possível para fabricação de produtos de cerâmica vermelha para construção civil.

Avaliação da potencialidade dos resíduos de gesso de revestimento incorporados em formulações de massas cerâmicas

In building, during the implementation process of major or even minor works, there is a considerable waste of plaster in the steps of coating, making it is a negative factor because of the loss of these processes constructive remains incorporated into buildings, as component, whose final dimensions are higher than those projected. Another negative factor is the disposal of waste gypsum in inappropriate places, thus contributing to the degradation of environmental quality, due to the leaching of this waste and may trigger the formation of sulfuric acid. Therefore, based on this picture, processing and reuse of waste coating, combined with the ceramics industry, which is a strong potential in the reuse of certain types of waste, promote mutual benefits. Thus the overall objective of this work is to conduct a search with scientific and technological aspects, to determine the effect of the incorporation of the residue of plaster for coating, from the building, the formulation of bodies for red ceramic. The residue of plaster coating was collected and characterized. They were also selected raw materials of two ceramic poles of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and formulations have been made with the intention of obtaining those with the best physical and mechanical properties, the residue was added the percentage of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%, in the best formulation of ceramic industry 1 and, according the properties analyses, 5%, 10% and 15% as the best results of ceramic industry 2. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 850 ºC, 950 °C and 1050 °C, the heating rate of 5 ºC / min with isotherm of two hours. They were submitted to testing technology, such as lineal shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent density and bending resistence. The residue incorporation best results in the formulations of mass in red ceramic, were observed between the temperatures of 850 ºC and 950 ºC, in those formulations that have illite clays and medium plastic in their composition, in the range of 0% to 15% residue incorporated

Efeito da adição de feldspato e/ou resíduo de caulin em formulações à base de argila ilítica

The red pottery industry in Piauí state is well developed and stands out at the national context for the technical quality of its products. The floor and wall tile industry, however, is little developed since the state has only one company that produces red clay-based ceramic tiles. This thesis aims at using the predominantly illitic basic mass of the above mentioned industry, with the addition of feldspar and/or kaolin residue in order to obtain products of higher technical quality. Kaolin residue consists basically of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz; the feldspar used was potassic. In this experiment, basic mass (MB) was used for experimental control and fifteen formulations codified as follows: F2, F4, F8, F16, F32, FR2, FR4, FR8, FR16, FR32, R2, R4, R8, R16 and R32. All raw materials were dry-milled, classified, formulated and then humidified to 10% water. Thereafter, test samples were produced by unixial pressing process in a rectangular steel matrix (60.0 x 20.0 x 5.0) mm3 at (25 MPa). They were fired at four temperatures: 1080°C, 1120°C, 1160°C, with a heating rate of 10°C/min during up to 10 min in an electric oven, and the last one in an industrial oven with a peak of 1140°C, aim ing to confirm the results found in laboratory and, finally, technological tests were performed: MEA, RL, AA, PA, TRF and PF. The results revealed that the residue under study can be considered a raw material with large potential in the industry of red clay-based ceramic tiles, since the results found both in laboratory and in the industry have shown that the test samples produced from the formulations with up to 4% feldspar and those produced with up to 8% feldspar and residue permitted a reduction in the water absorption rate and an increase in the mechanical resistance while those samples produced with up to 4% residue had an increase in the mechanical resistance when compared to those produced from the basic mass and that the formulation with 2% feldspar and residue presented the best technological properties, lowering the sintering temperature down to 1120°C

Estudo de massa cerâmica triaxial visando à otimização do ciclo de queima da indústria de cerâmica estrutural

Over recent years the structural ceramics industry in Brazil has found a very favorable market for growth. However, difficulties related to productivity and product quality are partially inhibiting this possible growth. An alternative for trying to solve these problems and, thus, provide the pottery industry the feasibility of full development, is the substitution of firewood used in the burning process by natural gas. In order to contribute to this process of technological innovation, this paper studies the effect of co-use of ceramic phyllite and kaolin waste on the properties of a clay matrix, verifying the possible benefits that these raw materials can give to the final product, as well as the possibility of such materials to reduce the heat load necessary to obtain products with equal or superior quality. The study was divided into two steps: characterization of materials and study of formulations. Two clays, a phyllite and a residue of kaolin were characterized by the following techniques: laser granulometry, plasticity index by Atterberg limits, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, mineralogical composition by Rietveld, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. To study the formulations, specifically for evaluation of technological properties of the parts, was performed an experimental model that combined planning involving a mixture of three components (standard mass x phyllite x kaolin waste) and a 23 factorial design with central point associated with thermal processing parameters. The experiment was performed with restricted strip-plot randomization. In total, 13 compositional points were investigated within the following constraints: phyllite ≤ 20% by weight, kaolin waste ≤ 40% by weight, and standard mass ≥ 60% by weight. The thermal parameters were used at the following levels: 750 and 950 °C to the firing temperature, 5 and 15 °C/min at the heating rate, 15 and 45min to the baseline. The results showed that the introduction of phyllite and/or kaolin waste in ceramic body produced a number of benefits in properties of the final product, such as: decreased absorption of water, apparent porosity and linear retraction at burn; besides the increase in apparent specific mass and mechanical properties of parts. The best results were obtained in the compositional points where the sum of the levels of kaolin waste and phyllite was maximal (40% by weight), as well as conditions which were used in firing temperatures of 950 °C. Regarding the prospect of savings in heat energy required to form the desired microstructure, the phyllite and the residue of kaolin, for having small particle sizes and constitutions mineralogical phases with the presence of fluxes, contributed to the optimization of the firing cycle.

Efeito da velocidade de aquecimento nas propriedades de produtos da cerâmica estrutural

Heating rate is one of the main variables that determine a fire cycle. In industrial processes that use high temperatures, greater fire great can reduce the cost of production and increase productivity. The use of faster and more efficient fire cycles has been little investigated by the structural ceramic industry in Brazil. However, one of the possibilities that aims at modernizing the sector is the use of roller kilns and the inclusion of natural gas as fuel. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of heating rate on the technological properties of structural ceramic products. Clay raw materials from the main ceramic industries in the state of Rio Grande do Norte were characterized. Some of the raw materials characterized were formulated to obtain the best physical and mechanical properties. Next, raw materials and formulations were selected to study the influence of heating rate on the final properties of the ceramic materials. The samples were shaped by pressing and extrusion and submitted to rates of 1 °C/min, 10 °C/min and 20 °C/min, with final temperatures of 850 °C, 950 °C and 1050 °C. Discontinuous cycles with rates of 10 °C/min or 15 °C/min up to 600 °C and a rate of 20 °C/min up to final temperature were also investigated. Technological properties were determined for all the samples and microstructural analysis was carried out under a number of fire conditions. Results indicate that faster and more efficient fire cycles than those currently in practice could be used, limiting only some clay doughs to certain fire conditions. The best results were obtained for the samples submitted to slow cycles up to 600 °C and fast fire sinterization up to 950 °C. This paper presents for the first time the use of a fast fire rate for raw materials and clay formulations and seeks to determine ideal dough and processing conditions for using shorter fire times, thus enabling the use of roller kilns and natural gas in structural ceramic industries

Estudo da viabilidade técnica do uso das argilas da região do agreste potiguar para produção de peças cerâmicas: caracterização e formulação

In recent decades, ceramic products have become indispensable to the technological development of humanity, occupying important positions in scientific production and consequently in industrial production. One area of the economy that continues to absorb large amounts of the products of this sector is Construction. Among the branches of the ceramic industry, there are the red ceramic industry which is traditionally the basis of that economic sector. Among the reasons for which the red ceramic industry became popular in the country, and specifically in Rio Grande do Norte, is the abundance of this raw material, easily found throughout the national territory. However, it appears that the red ceramic industry has deficiencies in technology and skilled labor, resulting in the production of ceramic goods with low added value. Among the factors that determine the quality of the ceramic products red has the proper formulation of the ceramic mass, the conformation and the firing temperature. Thus, the overall goal of this work is to study the mineralogical and technological properties, two clays from the region of the Wasteland Potiguar industrial ceramist. Therefore, the raw materials were characterized by analysis of Xray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle size analysis (FA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM ), plasticity index (PI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The technological properties of the material were analyzed by water absorption tests (AA%) porosity (% PA), the linear shrinkage (RT%), apparent density (MEA), loss on ignition (PF%) and flexural strength three points (TRF)

Incorporação de resíduo de perfuração em matriz cerâmica: estabilização por solidificação

One of the waste generated during the drilling of oil wells are gravel which are impregnated of drilling fluid. This residue consists of highly toxic chemicals, including toxic metals. This study suggests an alternative process to the treatment of this waste, by incorporating it the form of raw material in the ceramic matrix , and by solidification and stabilize the metals present, Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn). The raw materials were characterized by the techniques of X ray fluorescence (FRX), X ray diffraction (DRX), laser granulometry (GL), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (ADT). To evaluate the percentage of gravel effect the environmental and technological properties were obtained from formulations containing 0, 10 and 20 % by weight of gravel in the ceramic matrix. After sintering at temperatures 1080, 1120 and 1160 °C, the samples were tested for water absorption, the linear shrinkage firing, voltage of rupture and solubility. The results obtained showed that the stabilization by solidification, is a viable alternative to safe disposal of waste drilling. Ceramics products can be used in the manufacture of solid bricks

Efeito da adição de lodo de estação de tratamento de água (ETA) nas propriedades de material cerâmico estrutural

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise do comportamento de queima de argilas e formulações para revestimento cerâmico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo comparativo das argilas das olarias dos municípios de Alfenas e Areado, MG

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização tecnológica das argilas da cidade de Cunha para fins de cerâmica artística

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Utilização do lodo de estação de tratamento de efluentes da indústria de injeção plástica como matéria-prima para indústria cerâmica

A indústria de injeção plástica é de fundamental importância para a economia nacional, pois é responsável pela produção de insumos primários para várias indústrias de eletroeletrônicos. Estas empresas geram efluentes procedentes das unidades de pintura por jateamento e aspersão. Este resíduo necessita de tratamento especial para sua separação, armazenagem e destino final. Este trabalho estuda uma forma alternativa de utilização deste resíduo na indústria de cerâmica vermelha, avaliando parâmetros que influenciam em propriedades importantes nos artefatos fabricados com argila vermelha como: densidade, porosidade e resistência à flexão, avaliados para misturas de 2%, 5% e 10% em peso de resíduo, em relação a argila utilizada, os resultados mostram que há influência deste material nas reações de estado sólido podendo haver melhora nas propriedades citadas.

Estudo do comportamento térmico e propriedades físico-mecânicas da lama vermelha

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o comportamento térmico, a evolução das fases cristalinas com a temperatura e as propriedades físico-mecânicas da Lama Vermelha (LV) procedente da indústria de alumínio do Estado do Maranhão. O estudo foi realizado por Análise Termogravimétrica (TG) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Dilatometria Ótica até 1350 ºC; enquanto a evolução das fases cristalinas com a temperatura foi realizada no intervalo entre 750 a 1150 ºC por Difração de Raios-X (DRX). As propriedades físico-mecânicas como Superfície Específica, Granulometria, Limite Plástico (LP), Limite de Liquidez (LL), Índice de Plasticidade (IP), Tensão de Ruptura a Flexão (TRF), Absorção de Água (AA), Retração Linear Após Queima (R_L) e Porosidade Aparente (PA) foram determinadas nas mesmas temperaturas. As seguintes fases cristalinas foram detectadas: hematita, sodalita e anatásio entre 750-850 ºC; e hematita, nefelina e sodalita entre 950-1150 ºC. Os ensaios tecnológicos demonstraram que a LV pode ser aplicada para o processamento de materiais cerâmicos estruturais, pois apresenta pouca reatividade entre 870-950 ºC, com elevada AA, e baixas R_L e TRF. Entre 950 e 1350 ºC, a LV sofreu uma retração que variou entre 5-50 %, com fusão total a 1350 ºC, devido à presença de fases minerais do tipo feldespatoides em sua composição.