Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,(1) and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.(2,3) There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.

Jean-Paul Marat; orné de son portrait; esprit politique accompagné de sa vie scientifique, politique et privée,

"Documents justificatifs": v. 2, p. [353]-519.

The modern study of literature; an introduction to literary theory and interpretation by Richard Green Moulton ...

Introduction: Dominant ideas of modern study: unity, induction, evolution.--book I. Literary morphology: varieties of literature and their underlying principles.--book II. The field and scope of literary study.--book III. Literary evolution as reflected in the history of world literature.--book IV. Literary criticism: the traditional confusion and the modern reconstruction.--book V. Literature as a mode of philosophy.--book VI. Literature as a mode of art. Conclusion: the traditional and the modern study of literature. Syllabus. Works of the author. General index. Seventh impression, June, 1928

NETGRAF: a computer graphics aid to the operation and interpretation of NETSIM, a traffic simulation model. Part 1: overview and experimental results. Final report.

Transportation Department, Office of University Research, Washington, D.C.

Jean Paul's werke ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Wahrheit aus Jean Paul's Leben ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Jean Paul Friedrich Richter. Ein biographischer Commentar zu dessen Werken,

Cover-title: Jean Paul's Biographie.

Jean Paul's sämmtliche Werke : in vier Bänden.

Includes bibliographical references.

The doctrine of the Greek article; applied to the criticism and the illustration of the New Testament.

Edited by J. M. Mason.

Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul to the Galatians and Ephesians /

Mode of access: Internet.

Jean Paul's sämmtliche Werke.

Includes bibliographical references.

Jean Paul's sämmtliche Werke.

With frontispiece of author.

Life of Jean Paul Frederic Richter.

Mode of access: Internet.