Genomic Signatures Predict Poor Outcome in Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcomas and Leiomyosarcomas

Undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcomas (UPSs) display aggressive clinical behavior and frequently develop local recurrence and distant metastasis. Because these sarcomas often share similar morphological patterns with other tumors, particularly leiomyosarcomas (LMSs), classification by exclusion is frequently used. In this study, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) was used to analyze 20 UPS and 17 LMS samples from untreated patients. The LMS samples presented a lower frequency of genomic alterations compared with the UPS samples. The most frequently altered UPS regions involved gains at 20q13.33 and 7q22.1 and losses at 3p26.3. Gains at 8q24.3 and 19q13.12 and losses at 9p21.3 were frequently detected in the LMS samples. Of these regions, gains at 1q21.3, 11q12.2-q12.3, 16p11.2, and 19q13.12 were significantly associated with reduced overall survival times in LMS patients. A multivariate analysis revealed that gains at 1q21.3 were an independent prognostic marker of shorter survival times in LMS patients (HR = 13.76; P = 0.019). Although the copy number profiles of the UPS and LMS samples could not be distinguished using unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, one of the three clusters presented cases associated with poor prognostic outcome (P = 0.022). A relative copy number analysis for the ARNT, SLC27A3, and PBXIP1 genes was performed using quantitative real-time PCR in 11 LMS and 16 UPS samples. Gains at 1q21-q22 were observed in both tumor types, particularly in the UPS samples. These findings provide strong evidence for the existence of a genomic signature to predict poor outcome in a subset of UPS and LMS patients. © 2013 Silveira et al.

Ativação microglial, lesão da substância branca e expressão de Nogo-A em ratos submetidos à isquemia estriatal

O objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar o padrão degenerativo de diversos tratos de substância branca após lesão isquêmica estriatal, correlacionando o processo degenerativo com os padrões de ativação microglial e expressão de Nogo-A. Para isso, foi induzida isquemia focal com injeção estereotáxica de endotelina no estriado de ratos adultos, e nos animais controle apenas injetou-se solução salina estéril. Os animais foram perfundidos 3, 7, 14 e 30 dias após isquemia. O cérebro removido, pós-fixado, crioprotegido, cortado em criostato e os cortes obtidos submetidos à investigação imunoistoquímica com os seguintes anticorpos: Anti-GFAP (1:2000,Dako), Anti-Tau-1 (1:500,Chemicon), Anti-MBP (1:100,Chemicon International), Anti-Nogo A (1:100,Invitrogen), Anti-Iba1 (1:1000, WAKO), Anti-ED1 (1:500, Serotec) e Anti-MHC-II (1:100 Abcam), além da visualização do padrão lesivo com violeta de cresila. As lâminas marcadas pelos diferentes métodos foram avaliadas qualitativamente e algumas também quantitativamente (Anti-Nogo A, Anti-ED1, Anti-MHC-II e Anti-Tau-1), com contagens realizadas no estriado e no corpo caloso. Os dados foram tabulados, submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05) e capturadas micrografias dos achados mais representativos. As lâminas coradas com violeta de cresila revelaram um aumento da densidade celular pela infiltração de células inflamatórias à área isquêmica, com aumento expressivo ao 7º dia. Nas lâminas imunomarcadas para GFAP foi encontrado aumento progressivo da população de astrócitos, assim como um aumento do volume celular em 7 e 14 dias. Oligondendrócitos patológicos marcados com Tau-1 tiveram pico de marcação ao 3º dia no estriado e ao 7º dia no corpo caloso, e a perda de compactação de mielina identificada pelo MBP foi melhor observada ao 14º dia, nos diferentes tratos. A ativação microglial identificada pelas diferentes imunomarcações apresentou seu pico ao 7º dia, tanto em estriado como em corpo caloso, porém no corpo caloso com um número muito menor quando comparado com o estriado. A morfologia microglial sofreu variações, sendo encontrado o fenótipo ramificado nos animais controles, assim como nos tempos precoces e tardios pós isquemia e o padrão amebóide/fagocítico ao 7º dia, coincidente com o maior número de células ativadas. A contagem de células Nogo-A + teve seu pico observado ao 3º dia no estriado, não sendo observadas no corpo caloso diferenças de expressão de Nogo-A entre 3 a 14 dias, apenas uma diminuição quando comparado a 30 dias. Sendo assim, microinjeções de ET-1 no estriado induziram conspícua perda tecidual, concomitante com ativação microglial progressiva, astrocitose, perda da imunoreatividade para proteína básica de mielina e lesão de oligodendrócitos em diversos tempos de sobrevida após isquemia focal. Estes eventos acometem alguns tratos de SB, como o corpo caloso. O estabelecimento da evolução temporal destes eventos neuropatológico é a base para estudos futuros, nos quais se deverá manipular a resposta inflamatória com intuito de minimizar estas alterações teciduais.

Perda neuronal, ativação glial, neurogênese e alterações sensório-motoras após isquemia focal no córtex somestésico de ratos adultos

O Acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) é considerado uma das mais importantes causas de morte e perda funcional no mundo. Poucas condições neurológicas são tão complexas e devastadoras, provocando déficits neurológicos incapacitantes ou óbito nos sobreviventes. As regiões corticais são comumente afetadas por AVE, o que resulta em perda sensorial e motora. O estabelecimento dos padrões neuropatológicos em regiões corticais, incluindo a área somestésica, é fundamental para a investigação de possíveis intervenções terapêuticas. No presente estudo, investigamos os padrões de perda neuronal, microgliose, astrocitose, neurogênese e os déficits funcionais no córtex somestésico primário de ratos adultos, submetidos á lesões isquêmicas focais, induzidas por microinjeções de 40p Moles de endotelina-1 (ET-1). Foram utilizados 30 ratos (Rattus Norvegicus) da linhagem Wistar, adultos jovens, pesando entre 250-280g. Os animais foram divididos em grupos isquêmicos (N= 21) e controle (N=9). Os mesmos foram perfundidos nos tempos de sobrevida de 1, 3 e 7 dias. Os animais do grupo de 7 dias foram submetidos à testes comportamentais para avaliar a perda de função sensório-motora. Secções foram coradas pela violeta de cresila, citocromo oxidase e imunomarcadas para identificação neurônios (anti-NeuN), microglia ativada e não ativada (Iba-1), macrófagos/microglia ativados (ED-1), astrócitos (GFAP) e neuroblastos (DCX). As comparações estatísticas entre os grupos foram feitas por análise de variância (ANOVA), um critério com correção a posteriore de Tukey. Os animais isquêmicos apresentaram déficits sensório-motores revelados pela Escala Neurológica de Bederson, Teste de Colocação da Pata Anterior e Teste do Canto. Microinjeções de ET-1 induziram lesão isquêmica focal na área somestésica primária com perda neuronal, astrocitose e microgliose progressivas principalmente nos tempos mais tardios. A coloração para citocromo oxidase revelou o campo de barris, mas, inesperadamente, marcou uma população de células inflamatórias com características de macrófagos na região isquêmica. Houve aumento do número de neuroblastos, principalmente ao sétimo dia, na zona subventricular do hemisfério isquêmico, em relação ao hemisfério contralateral e animais controle. Não houve migração significativa de neuroblastos no córtex somestésico isquêmico. Os resultados mostram que microinjeções de ET-1 são um método eficaz para indução de perda tecidual e déficits sensoriais no córtex somestésico primário de ratos adultos. Também se evidencia que a zona subventricular é influenciada por eventos isquêmicos distantes e que populações macrofágicas parecem aumentar o padrão de expressão de citocromo oxidase. O referido modelo experimental pode ser utilizado em estudos futuros onde agentes neuroprotetores em potencial podem ser utilizados para minimizar as alterações neuropatológicas descritas.

Atividade antiinflamatória e neuroprotetora da Edaravona no córtex sensóriomotor primário de ratos adultos submetidos à isquemia focal experimental

O acidente vascular encefálico (AVENC) é uma desordem neural iniciada a partir da redução ou interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo, tornando inadequada a demanda energética para a região, promovendo assim um dano tecidual. O AVENC é classificado em hemorrágico ou isquêmico. O AVENC isquêmico tem maior prevalência e pode ocorrer por trombose ou embolismo. A patologia isquêmica tem múltiplos eventos interrelacionados como excitotoxicidade, despolarização periinfarto, estresse oxidativo e nitrosativo, inflamação e apoptose. Um elemento de fundamental importância na patologia isquêmica é a célula microglial, cuja atividade está intimamente ligada à progressão do ambiente lesivo. Uma alternativa terapêutica no tratamento do AVENC é um pirazolona denominada Edaravona. O presente trabalho avaliou a o efeito neuroprotetor da Edaravona na dose de 3mg/kg no córtex sensóriomotor primário após lesão isquêmica focal. A indução isquêmica foi induzida através da administração de 40pM do peptídeo vasoconstritor endotelina 1 diretamente sobre o córtex sensóriomotor primário. Foram avaliados animais tratados com Edaravona (N=10) e animais tratados com Água Destilada (N=10) nos tempos de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias após o evento isquêmico. O tratamento com edaravona evidenciou através da análise histopatológica com violeta de cresila uma redução de 49% e 66% na área de infarto nos animais nos tempo de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias respectivamente. Os estudos imunohistoquímicos para micróglia/macrófagos ativos (ED1⁺) demostraram uma redução na presença de células ED1⁺ em 35% e 41% para os tempos de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias respectivamente. A redução na presença de neutrófilos (MBS-1⁺) foi significativa apenas nos animais com tempo de sobrevida de 24h onde se observou a redução em 56% na presença dessas células. A análise estatística foi feita por análise de variância com correção a posteriori de Tukey com p <0,05.

Short interspersed CAN SINE elements as prognostic markers in canine mammary neoplasia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The FGM bivariate lifetime copula model: a bayesian approach

In this paper, we propose a bivariate distribution for the bivariate survival times based on Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula to model the dependence on a bivariate survival data. The proposed model allows for the presence of censored data and covariates. For inferential purpose a Bayesian approach via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is considered. Further, some discussions on the model selection criteria are given. In order to examine outlying and influential observations, we present a Bayesian case deletion influence diagnostics based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence. The newly developed procedures are illustrated via a simulation study and a real dataset.

Efeitos neuroprotetor e regenerativo do selante de fibrina derivado da peçonha de serpente combinado com células tronco mononucleares após reparo do nervo isquiático de ratos neonatos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação do C-MYC, BCL2, KI67 e índice mitótico como fatores prognósticos em cães com linfoma difuso de grandes células B

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The Value of Immunohistochemical Expression of BAX in Formulating a Prognosis for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours

Irnmunohistochcmical expression of BAX was evaluated in 24 canine cutaneous mast cell tumours in order to verify the relationship of this expression to the histopathological grade of the lesions and its prognostic value for clinical outcome. BAX expression increased with higher histopathological grades (P = 0.0148; P < 0.05 between grades I and III). Animals with high levels of BAX expression were 4.25 times more likely to die from the disease and had shorter post-surgical survival times (P = 0.0009). These results suggest that alterations in BAX expression may be related to the aggressiveness of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours, indicating that immunohistochemical detection of BAX may be predictive of clinical outcome. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New insights about host response to smallpox using microarray data

Abstract Background Smallpox is a lethal disease that was endemic in many parts of the world until eradicated by massive immunization. Due to its lethality, there are serious concerns about its use as a bioweapon. Here we analyze publicly available microarray data to further understand survival of smallpox infected macaques, using systems biology approaches. Our goal is to improve the knowledge about the progression of this disease. Results We used KEGG pathways annotations to define groups of genes (or modules), and subsequently compared them to macaque survival times. This technique provided additional insights about the host response to this disease, such as increased expression of the cytokines and ECM receptors in the individuals with higher survival times. These results could indicate that these gene groups could influence an effective response from the host to smallpox. Conclusion Macaques with higher survival times clearly express some specific pathways previously unidentified using regular gene-by-gene approaches. Our work also shows how third party analysis of public datasets can be important to support new hypotheses to relevant biological problems.

In pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis IL-10 deficiency leads to increased immunity and regressive infection without enhancing tissue pathology

BACKGROUND: Cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Th1 immunity and IFN-γ activated macrophages are fundamental to immunoprotection that is antagonized by IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Both in human and experimental PCM, several evidences indicate that the suppressive effect of IL-10 causes detrimental effects to infected hosts. Because direct studies have not been performed, this study was aimed to characterize the function of IL-10 in pulmonary PCM. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Wild type (WT) and IL-10(-/-) C57BL/6 mice were used to characterize the role of IL-10 in the innate and adaptive immunity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) infection. We verified that Pb-infected peritoneal macrophages from IL-10(-/-) mice presented higher phagocytic and fungicidal activities than WT macrophages, and these activities were associated with elevated production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO) and MCP-1. For in vivo studies, IL-10(-/-) and WT mice were i.t. infected with 1×10(6) Pb yeasts and studied at several post-infection periods. Compared to WT mice, IL-10(-/-) mice showed increased resistance to P. brasiliensis infection as determined by the progressive control of pulmonary fungal loads and total clearance of fungal cells from dissemination organs. This behavior was accompanied by enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, precocious humoral immunity and controlled tissue pathology resulting in increased survival times. In addition, IL-10(-/-) mice developed precocious T cell immunity mediated by increased numbers of lung infiltrating effector/memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The inflammatory reactions and the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines were reduced at late phases of infection, paralleling the regressive infection of IL-10(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our work demonstrates for the first time that IL-10 plays a detrimental effect to pulmonary PCM due to its suppressive effect on the innate and adaptive immunity resulting in progressive infection and precocious mortality of infected hosts.

Design, synthesis and application of ultrastable rylene dyes for fluorescent labeling of biomolecules

Studies of organic fluorescent dyes are experiencing a renaissance related to the increasing demands posed by new microscopy techniques for high resolution and high sensitivity. While in the last decade single molecule equipment and methodology has significantly advanced and in some cases reached theoretical limits (e.g. detectors approaching unity quantum yields) unstable emission from chromophores and photobleaching become more and more the bottleneck of the advancement and spreading of single-molecule fluorescence studies. The main goal of this work was the synthesis of fluorophores that are water-soluble, highly fluorescent in an aqueous environment, have a reactive group for attachment to a biomolecule and posses exceptional photostability. An approach towards highly fluorescent, water-soluble and monofunctional perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxdiimide and terrylene-3,4:11,12-tetra carboxidiimide chromophores was presented. A new synthetic strategy for the desymmetrization of perylenetetracarboximides was elaborated; water-solubility was accomplished by introducing sulfonyl substituents in the phenoxy ring. Two strategies have been followed relying on either non-specific or site specific labeling. For this purpose a series of new water-soluble monofunctional perylene and terrylene dyes, bearing amine or carboxy group were prepared. The reactivity and photophysical properties of these new chromophores were studied in aqueous medium. The most suitable chromophores were further derivatized with amine or thiol reactive groups, suitable for chemical modification of proteins. The performance of the new fluorescent probes was assessed by single molecule enzyme tracking, in this case phospholipase acting on phospholipid supported layers. Phospholipase-1 (PLA-1) was labeled with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester functionalized perylene and terrylene derivatives. The purification of the conjugates was accomplished by novel convenient procedure for the removal of unreacted dye from labeled enzymes, which involves capturing excess dye with a solid support. This novel strategy for purification of bioconjugates allows convenient and fast separation of labeled proteins without the need for performing time consuming chromatographic or electrophoretic purification steps. The outstanding photostability of the dyes and, associated therewith, the extended survival times under strong illumination conditions allow a complete characterization of enzyme action on its natural substrates and even connecting enzyme mobility to catalytic activity. For site-specific attachment of the rylene dyes to proteins the chromophores were functionalized with thioesters or nitrilotriacetic acid groups. This allowed attachment of the emitters to the N-terminus of proteins by native chemical ligation or complexation with His-tagged polypeptides at the N- or C-termini, respectively. The synthesis of a water-soluble perylenebis (dicarboximide) functionalized with a thioester group was presented. This chromophore exhibits an exceptional photostability and a functional unit for site-specific labeling of proteins. The suitability of the fluorophore as a covalent label was demonstrated via native chemical ligation with protein containing N-terminal cystein residue. We exploited also oligohisitidine sequences as recognition elements for site-selective labeling. The synthesis of a new water-soluble perylene chromophore, containing a nitrilotriacetic acid functional group was demonstrated, using solution-phase and solid-phase approaches. This chromophore combines the exceptional photophysical properties of the rylene dyes and a recognition unit for site-specific labeling of proteins. An important feature of the label is the unchanged emission of the dye upon complexation with nickel ions.

Role of somatostatins in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor development and therapy

The incidence and prevalence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) have increased in the past 20 years. GEP-NETs are heterogeneous tumors, in terms of clinical and biological features, that originate from the pancreas or the intestinal tract. Some GEP-NETs grow very slowly, some grow rapidly and do not cause symptoms, and others cause hormone hypersecretion and associated symptoms. Most GEP-NETs overexpress receptors for somatostatins. Somatostatins inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins; their effects are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Most GEP-NETs overexpress the somatostatin receptor SSTR2; somatostatin analogues are the best therapeutic option for functional neuroendocrine tumors because they reduce hormone-related symptoms and also have antitumor effects. Long-acting formulations of somatostatin analogues stabilize tumor growth over long periods. The development of radioactive analogues for imaging and peptide receptor radiotherapy has improved the management of GEP-NETs. Peptide receptor radiotherapy has significant antitumor effects, increasing overall survival times of patients with tumors that express a high density of SSTRs, particularly SSTR2 and SSTR5. The multi-receptor somatostatin analogue SOM230 (pasireotide) and chimeric molecules that bind SSTR2 and the dopamine receptor D2 are also being developed to treat patients with GEP-NETs. Combinations of radioactive labeled and unlabeled somatostatin analogues and therapeutics that inhibit other signaling pathways, such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and vascular endothelial growth factor, might be the most effective therapeutics for GEP-NETs.

Tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to lymph nodes induced by cancer cell expression of podoplanin

The membrane glycoprotein podoplanin is expressed by several types of human cancers and might be associated with their malignant progression. Its exact biological function and molecular targets are unclear, however. Here, we assessed the relevance of tumor cell expression of podoplanin in cancer metastasis to lymph nodes, using a human MCF7 breast carcinoma xenograft model. We found that podoplanin expression promoted tumor cell motility in vitro and, unexpectedly, increased tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to regional lymph nodes in vivo, without promoting primary tumor growth. Importantly, high cancer cell expression levels of podoplanin correlated with lymph node metastasis and reduced survival times in a large cohort of 252 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Based on comparative transcriptional profiling of tumor xenografts, we identified endothelin-1, villin-1, and tenascin-C as potential mediators of podoplanin-induced tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis. These unexpected findings identify a novel mechanism of tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis induced by cancer cell expression of podoplanin, suggesting that reagents designed to interfere with podoplanin function might be developed as therapeutics for patients with advanced cancer.

Comparison of oral administration of lomustine and prednisolone or prednisolone alone as treatment for granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis or necrotizing encephalitis in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare oral administration of lomustine and prednisolone with oral administration of prednisolone alone as treatment for granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) or necrotizing encephalitis (NE) in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 25 dogs with GME and 18 dogs with NE (diagnosis confirmed in 8 and 5 dogs, respectively). PROCEDURES: Records of dogs with GME or NE were reviewed for results of initial neurologic assessments and clinicopathologic findings, treatment, follow-up clinicopathologic findings (for lomustine-treated dogs), and survival time. Dogs with GME or NE treated with lomustine and prednisolone were assigned to groups 1 (n = 14) and 3 (10), respectively; those treated with prednisolone alone were assigned to groups 2 (11) and 4 (8), respectively. RESULTS: Prednisolone was administered orally every 12 hours to all dogs. In groups 1 and 3, mean lomustine dosage was 60.3 mg/m(2), PO, every 6 weeks. Median survival times in groups 1 through 4 were 457, 329, 323, and 91 days, respectively (no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 or between groups 3 and 4). Within the initial 12 months of treatment, median prednisolone dosage was reduced in all groups; dosage reduction in group 1 was significantly larger than that in group 2 at 6, 9, and 12 months. Combination treatment most frequently caused leukopenia, but had no significant effect on liver enzyme activities. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs with GME and NE, oral administration of lomustine and prednisolone or prednisolone alone had similar efficacy. Inclusion of lomustine in the treatment regimen was generally tolerated well.