Por la compatibilidad de la justicia indígena con el sistema de justicia ordinario en Ecuador

Los pueblos indígenas han logrado mantener costumbres propias que los diferencian del resto de poblaciones. El Estado debe reconocer estas diferencias e incorporarlas a las políticas estatales, sin absorberlos y hacerlos parte de la etnia dominante en el país. Su autonomía se evidencia en sistemas consolidados como el de justicia indígena que opera actualmente, una realidad que necesita ser compatibilizada con el sistema mestizo.

Los actos, hechos y contratos administrativos en las empresas públicas ecuatorianas, en la construcción de obra pública e infraestructura y en su giro ordinario del negocio

La Constitución del Ecuador (2008) otorga al Estado la potestad de planificar el desarrollo del país y ejercer un rol protagónico como agente dinamizador de la economía. Uno de los instrumentos con los que cuenta el Estado para intervenir en la economía es la creación de empresas públicas como instrumentos de política.1 Para lograr estos cometidos, el Estado tiene en sus manos –a través de estas personas jurídicas- la responsabilidad de ejercer como prestador de servicios públicos y ejecutor de obra pública. También está habilitado para intervenir en el desarrollo de otras actividades económicas, generalmente de tipo comercial, sobre las cuales la doctrina y academia ecuatoriana muy poco se han referido. La Ley Orgánica de Empresas Públicas prescribe cuál es la naturaleza jurídica de las empresas públicas, pero deja de ser tan explícita cuando se refiere a la determinación de los actos, hechos y contratos que aquellas expiden, ejecutan o celebran, cuando no estén relacionados con la construcción de obra pública e infraestructura. Estimamos que esta indeterminación, efectivamente, puede producir inseguridad jurídica o violaciones al derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva de los administrados. El análisis al giro específico del negocio de las empresas públicas nos permite entender el régimen particular de los actos, hechos y contratos que se deriva de la actividad que realiza el Estado cuando asume el rol de proveedor de bienes y servicios de carácter comercial. Este análisis admite que existe una cierta oscuridad en la actual legislación sobre estos regímenes de contratación. El estudio abordará una breve reseña histórica que distingue los diferentes tipos jurídicos que precedieron a las hoy denominadas empresas públicas (EP) en el Ecuador, procurando identificar los momentos político-económicos que dieron origen a dichas figuras jurídicas. Finalmente, examinaremos el régimen de solución de controversias aplicable, en el giro ordinario y específico del negocio de las EP, en consideración a que el administrado debe contar con las herramientas jurídicas que posibiliten hacer efectiva la garantía de sus derechos constitucionales, especialmente, los derechos a la seguridad jurídica, de impugnación y de la tutela judicial efectiva.

Fontes energéticas sustentáveis : um estudo sobre a viabilidade do aproveitamento da energia eólica em três localidades, no RS

O trabalho consiste no estudo da viabilidade técnico-econômica da utilização da energia eólica em três localidades no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A pesquisa inicia com uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do assunto, situando o leitor no cenário eólico mundial, brasileiro e riograndense. Seguindo-se a esta, são apresentados os levantamentos desenvolvidos nos municípios de Nova Hartz, São Lourenço do Sul e Tapes. A primeira localidade foi escolhida devido ao projeto do Centro Experimental de Tecnologias Habitacionais Sustentáveis (CETHS) ter sido lá desenvolvido. Neste caso a pesquisa, por constituir-se em um provimento energético consoante à filosofia do projeto, integrou-se nas metas do mesmo. Nesta localidade, foi efetivamente desenvolvido o método de medição da velocidade do vento, aplicando-se a metodologia mundialmente reconhecida do MEASNET, durante um prazo de 11 meses. Nas outras duas localidades, o levantamento dos dados de campo não foi realizado por esta pesquisadora, pois o Instituto de Geociências, dessa Universidade, especificamente, o Centro de Estudos de Geologia Costeira e Oceânica, dispunha à época, de dados de medições da Lagoa dos Patos, ainda não tratados, e tinha interesse na promoção de um estudo técnico acerca dos mesmos. A partir do tratamento estatístico dos dados colhidos e disponibilizados, foi desenvolvido o estudo de viabilidade técnica dos locais com o emprego do Programa Alwin A dissertação conclui com um estudo econômico preliminar, analisando-se o único equipamento nacional em fabricação no momento, o aerogerador E-40/6,44, produzido pela tecnologia da alemã Wobben através de sua subsidiária brasileira, a Empresa Enercon, frente a diferentes alturas, diferentes taxas de financiamento e sob as condições do Programa de Incentivo às Fontes Alternativas (PROINFA) do Ministério das Minas e Energia. Isto resultou em diferentes alternativas de geração de energia elétrica com o uso da energia eólica disponível nas condições locais.Nestes cenários foram destacados os fatores condicionantes que determinaram a viabilidade de um empreendimento nestas localidades, sob os critérios do citado programa.

Relação entre stakeholders, recursos estratégicos e sustentabilidade em uma organização atuante na cadeia de valor da indústria brasileira de energia eólica

This paper approaches the strategy in business management and aimed at identifying and outlining the interests and commitment of stakeholders in strategic resources management concerning production and implementation of wind turbine equipment of a Brazilian wind power company and also verifying if internal and external results deriving from such activities were sustainable, taking as main reference seminal publications and periodicals relevant to the research point that discuss the Resource Theory, Stakeholders and Sustainability. An analysis was carried out to assess how stakeholders, beyond the temporal context, intermediated the composition, development and management of the organization´s resources, as well as the social, environmental and economic results obtained from resources management in the production and supply of wind turbines to a Wind Power Plant located in the State of Ceara, in order to portray that Brazil sustainability can be an important competitive advantage source that creates value for shareholders and the community (Hart & Milstein, 2003). The strategy herein applied was the qualitative investigation using a single study case, which allowed for the thorough examination of an active organization operating in the Brazilian industry of wind power and also the resources used in the production and implementation of wind turbines supplied to the a Wind Power Plant in Ceara. Considering the content analysis and the triangulation principle, three qualitative data collection methods were applied to identify and characterize stakeholders’ interest and commitment in resource management of the organization operating in the Brazilian wind power industry, as follows, semistructured deep interview with managers of tactic-strategic level and analysts of organization´s value chain nine activities, analysis of public internal and external documents; and analysis of audio-visual material. Nonetheless, to identify the internal and external economic, social and environmental results of implementation and supply of wind turbines to the Wind Power Plant in Ceara, semistructured interviews were also carried out with the residents of the region. Results showed the BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) and the organization head office were the stakeholders who exerted the strongest influence on resources related to production and implementation of the aerogenerator product at Trairi Wind Plant in Ceara. Concerning the organization resources, at the current stage of the Brazilian Wind Industry ,although the brand, reliability and reputation of the organization under study were valuable esources, rare, hard to imitate and exploited by the organization, it was noticed that opposed to RBV, they did not actually represent a source of competitive advantage . For the local community the social, economic and environmental results related to the wind turbines implementation were more positive than negative, despite the fact that the productive process caused negative environmental impacts such as the high emission of CO2 to transport wind turbines components to Trairi Wind Power Plant.

Eólica

Torres para energia eólica. Localização: Pécem (CE)

Precificação de energia eólica offshore no Brasil

Offshore wind power emits low amounts of gases, is renewable and has better performance than onshore due to its greater stability and higher wind power density, less visual and noise impact, among others. Brazil has a high capacity of generation, but has not yet developed any offshore projects. High costs are a strong impediment. This study is an effort towards pricing offshore resources through Livelized Cost of Energy - LCOE, which represents the minimum return to cover the costs of development, production and maintenance of a wind project. Initially LCOE was calculated for all Brazilian onshore wind farms listed at Bloomberg New Energy Finance R○, accounting for 71 farms. Then hypothetical offshore wind farms were created from the onshore farms, tripling the cost of generation, which is consistent with the literature, and estimating the offshore energy for two locations off the Brazilian coast using satellite data extracted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The results demonstrate that offshore resources have the potential to significantly reduce the energy price due to the better performance of the wind at sea

Desenvolvimento energético e energia eólica na ordem jurídica do Brasil: aspectos Institucionais e Socioambientais

A conformação do desenvolvimento propugnado pela Constituição Federal de 1988 como objetivo fundamental da república, certamente perpassa pela racionalização das questões energéticas e pela diversificação da matriz nacional enquanto estratégia de aprovisionamento. O desenvolvimento energético em toda a sua complexidade deve ser alicerçado não em uma relação de contraposição à sustentabilidade, mas cooperativismo normativo e de projetos sociais que objetivam a melhorias para a população nestes dois seguimentos. O advento das energias renováveis nesse contexto se consolida como uma alternativa viável, apesar do tratamento dado pela Lei Maior ao tema ter sido apenas com relação à geração em pequena escala. A interpretação sistemática dos postulados da ordem econômica e as exigências da sociedade estimulam o aproveitamento dos potenciais renováveis em escala comercial e regional, além do fortalecimento nos segmentos de autoprodução e produção independente. Dentre as energias tratadas como prioritárias neste contexto, a eólica revela-se como carecedora de aprofundamento das estruturas dogmáticas de sua positivação, que envolve um vasto manancial de regras pulverizadas na regulação econômica do setor elétrico e no controle ambiental. Esta textura submete os empreendimentos elioelétricos aos instrumentos da política nacional do meio ambiente e às determinações do poder concedente dos serviços de energia elétrica, responsável pela pormenorização da geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização de energia, independentemente da fonte primária utilizada no processo de transformação. Tratar destas questões com o compromisso na formulação de raciocínios críticos e propositivos, especialmente acerca de temas como a liberdade energética e controle de mercado, é imperioso para superar juridicamente as limitações presentes inclusive no discurso da delimitação de marcos normativos adequados. Havendo vantagens ambientais, tecnológicas e comerciais na exploração da energia cinética do vento como propulsora do desenvolvimento no modelo civilizatório estabelecido, cumpre também ao Estado dar a sua contribuição setorial na forma de incentivos, desburocratização e aprimoramento do modelo concorrencial. O estudo adota os métodos histórico-evolutivo, dialético e sistêmico de abordagem, encarando as hipóteses formuladas no aspecto das consequências multilaterais que as soluções encontradas apontam, exigindo que a estabilização de expectativas sociais por parte do ordenamento jurídico não ignorem o sentido material cognitivamente aberto do desenvolvimento. Hodiernamente, a perspectiva de desenvolvimento energético alia tendências econômicas e tecnológicas em favor das fontes alternativas mais eficientes, revelando a energia eólica como uma representante adequada em termos pragmáticos de normatização e preservação ambiental

A atividade eólica e o desenvolvimento regional: perspectivas na formação do pólo eólico no Rio Grande do Norte

The object of this study involves the eolian energy and the scenario the training of wind pole in Rio Grande do Norte. The aim is to investigate how far the implementation of the potiguar eolian pole may represent a regional development policy with real change in the structure of the traditional local productive base. About the interaction between the public and private to development of the local eolian activity, the hypothesis is that there is no coordination between the sectors responsible for eolian activity in the state. The theoretical approach follows the developmental current and theory of growth poles, and methodology adopted is a search of exploratory and documentary, with analysis of relevant documents on the subject. As a result of the study it was found that owing to the fragility of the productive structure potiguar and imbalances produced by the concentration of capital in the Northeast, the eolian activity in the state, needs a greater state-owned intervention to ensure a basis of development based on the study and strengthening local productive chain

Medição de desempenho na cadeia de suprimentos da energia eólica: proposta de um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho

Performance measurement in highly competitive markets is a necessary measure for those who aim the top positions. The business performance measurement approach have reached relevant results in the literature, however, a different approach has recently appeared that broadened the perception of competition, where companies do not seek the competition among companies only, but also among supply chains. Brazilian Wind energy supply chain is living a structuring and expanding moment, with the major global players in the industry making investments in the country. This research aims to answer which are the key performance indicators that must be considered by the Brazilian wind energy sector companies, which are part in a broad perspective of supply chain competition. The research was executed in two steps: exploratory (literature review and a field research in the companies) and later a survey was conducted with the Brazilian Wind energy companies workers with the purpose to validate the performance indicators found in the exploratory step. The survey evaluated 40 performance indicators distributed among five major activities: Project prospection, building/execution, operation and maintenance, logistics and transverse processes, which summarize the performance of the entire supply chain, pointing the sinergy and the competitive level of the supply chain. The selected performance indicators reflect the high relevance of the costs dimension in the Brazilian energy companies performance, acting as a key performance indicator, is also indicates the limited performance management integration throughout the Brazilian wind energy supply chain

Estratégia de conversor para interligação de sistemas de geração eólica à rede elétrica

Currently, there are several power converter topologies applied to wind power generation. The converters allow the use of wind turbines operating at variable speed, enabling better use of wind forces. The high performance of the converters is being increasingly demanded, mainly because of the increase in the power generation capacity by wind turbines, which gave rise to various converter topologies, such as parallel or multilevel converters. The use of converters allow effective control of the power injected into the grid, either partially, for the case using partial converter, or total control for the case of using full converter. The back-to-back converter is one of the most used topologies in the market today, due to its simple structure, with few components, contributing to robust and reliable performance. In this work, is presented the implementation of a wind cogeneration system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) associated with a back-to-back power converter is proposed, in order to inject active power in an electric power system. The control strategy of the active power delivered to the grid by cogeneration is based on the philosophy of indirect control

Otimização de sistema de bombeamento com energia eólica: sistema de bombeamento de São Gabriel/BA

After the Protocol of Kyoto and of the ECHO 92 - Rio de Janeiro, the attentions of the world focus to the preservation of the environment and of the maintainable use of the natural resources. People were looking for preserving environment for the future generations. Ever since, solutions are looked for the supply of energy in its more acquaintances forms and the substitution of the use of fossil fuels for the such alternative forms as: Photovoltaics, solar heat systems for water, wind , bio-diesel, etc. and in this context the Company of Engineering of the State of Bahia - Cerb changed a diesel pumping system by an wind one, It´s the first community system of this nature in Bahia. Facing problems with the model, a Cerb involved the academic segment of the Federal Center of Technological Education of Bahia Cefetba looking for a solution. This work intends to demonstrate the possibilities of optimization of the pumping communit system that supply water to approximately 50 people in the place of Romão, municipal district of São Gabriel-Ba. Technical reports were published in AGRENERGD2004-Unicamp SP and Scientific Magazine ETC,Cefetba, 2005. A simulation of the increase of energy is presented for heights of 15 and 20m, considering the eletromecanical balance from the pumping energy to the wind turbine. From the accomplished bibliographical revision, we emphasized the mechanical aspects of the engineering once in UFRN, those studies concentrate on the Department of Mechanical Engineering while, in others eletroelectronic are more emphasized. Finally, documents that we judged important were enclosed for the perfect understanding of this work

Conhecimento sobre energia eólica: um estudo exploratório a partir das redes semânticas naturais de estudantes da cidade de Natal

The human being has a fundamental role in issues concerning scarcity of energy resources as well as in the success of technologies which favor the use of renewable sources, such as wind energy. But what does wind energy mean for people? What are the psychological meanings concerning this term? Aiming to answer these questions, the general objective of this dissertation was to identify and to analyze the knowledge about wind energy taking into account a network of psychological meanings. One hundred and ninety one (191) university students from Natal-RN participated in the study, being male the majority (53%); aged between 17 and 51 years old (M=23.3 years; SD=5.7). Participants responded to self reports using the Natural Semantic Networks (NSW) technique, as well as to several sociodemographic questions. The results showed a consistent, positive and useful general semantic network. In this semantic network, knowledge about wind energy was represented by words that correspond to the appeal of (pro) environmental stance (e.g., clean and nature), that evinced both the technological aspect (e.g., force) and the economic aspect (e.g., economy). Results from different groups were also analyzed. The first set of groups (non-environemental and environmental) was divided considering the course (e.g., ecology and economy). The second set of groups(non-caretaker and caretaker) was divided based on the practice of environmental care expressed. Subtle differences were observed in the semantic networks of caretakers, who emphasized environment, an attribute not mentioned by non-caretakes. This indicates a construction of knowledge that is influenced by the presence or absence of the environmental commitment. Such findings may be useful in the construction of instruments for surveys and in the development of public and educational policies. Additionally, they may assist the media towards a more objective performance concerning wind energy