Comparison between weight loss of bends in a pneumatic conveyor and erosion rate obtained in a centrifugal erosion tester for the same materials

In order to find a link between results obtained from a laboratory erosion tester and tests carried out on a pneumatic conveyor, a comparison has been made between weight loss from bends on an industrial-scale pneumatic conveyor and erosion rates obtained in a small centrifugal erosion tester, for the same materials. Identical test conditions have been applied to both experiments so that comparable test results have been obtained. The erosion rate of mild steel commonly used as the wall material of conveyor pipes and pipe bends was determined individually on both test rigs. A relationship between weight loss from the bends and erosion rate determined from the tester has been developed. A discussion based on the results and their applicability to the prediction of wear in pneumatic conveyors concludes the paper. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influences of slope gradient on soil erosion

The main factors influencing soil erosion include the net rain excess, the water depth, the velocity, the shear stress of overland flows, and the erosion-resisting capacity of soil. The laws of these factors varying with the slope gradient were investigated by using the kinematic wave theory. Furthermore, the critical slope gradient of erosion was driven. The analysis shows that the critical slope gradient of soil erosion is dependent on grain size, soil bulk density, surface roughness, runoff length, net rain excess, and the friction coefficient of soil, etc. The critical slope gradient has been estimated theoretically with its range between 41.5 degrees similar to 50 degrees.

The influence of corrosion on the erosion of aluminium by aqueous silica slurries

The slurry erosion-corrosion behaviour of aluminium in aqueous silica slurries containing 0.5 M NaCl, acetic acid and 0.1 M Na2CO3 at open circuit has been investigated using a modified slurry erosion rig. The erosion rates of aluminium in the NaCl and acetic acid slurries were much higher than those in an aqueous slurry without electrolyte additives even though the pure corrosion component was very small. Eroded specimens were examined by scanning electron and optical microscopy. In pure aqueous slurry erosion, the basic mechanism leading to mass loss was the ductile fracture of flakes formed on the eroded surface. In corrosive slurries, however, the mass loss was enhanced by cracking of the flakes induced by stress and corrosion. © 1995.

Coatings and surface treatments for protection against low-velocity erosion-corrosion in fluidized beds

Surface coatings and treatments have been used to reduce material loss of components in bubbling fluidized bed combustors (FBCs). The performance of protective coatings in FBC boilers and laboratory simulations is reviewed. Important coating properties to minimize wastage appear to be high hardness, low oxidation rate, low porosity, high adhesion and sufficient thickness to maintain protection for a long period. Economic considerations and criteria for choosing a suitable coating or treatment are discussed for the different types of bubbling FBC. © 1995.

Erosion-corrosion of mild steel in a temperature gradient

Thinning of heat-exchanger tubes by erosion-corrosion has been a problem in fluidized bed combustors (FBCs), particularly at lower metal temperatures where thicker, mechanically protective oxide scales are unable to form. Many laboratory-scale tests have shown a decrease in material loss at higher temperatures, in a similar manner to FBC boilers, but also show a decrease in wastage at low temperatures (e.g. 200°C) which has not been detected in boilers. It has been suggested that this difference is due to laboratory tests being carried out isothermally whereas in a FBC boiler the fluidized bed is considerably hotter than the metal heat exchanger tubing. In this laboratory study the simulation was therefore improved by internally cooling one of the two low carbon steel specimens. These were rotated in a horizontal plane within a lightly fluidized bed with relative particle velocities of 1.3-2.5 m s-1. Tests were carried out over a range of bed temperatures (200-500°C) and cooled specimen surface temperatures (115-500°C), with a maximum temperature difference between the two of 320°C. Although specimens exposed isothermally still showed maximum wastage at intermediate temperatures (about 350°C), those which were cooled showed high levels of wastage at temperatures as low as 200°C in a similar manner to FBC boilers. Cooling may modify the isothermal erosion-corrosion curve, causing it to broaden and the maximum wastage rate to shift to lower temperatures. © 1995.

Comparative study of the slurry erosion and free-fall particle erosion of aluminum

A study has been performed of the erosion of aluminium by silica sand particles at a velocity of 4.5 m s-1, both air-borne and in the form of a water-borne slurry. Measurements made under similar experimental conditions show that slurry erosion proceeds at a rate several times that of air-borne erosion, the ratio of the two rates depending strongly on the angle of impact. Sand particles become embedded into the metal surface during air-borne particle erosion, forming a composite layer of metal and silica, and provide the major cause of the difference in wear rate. The embedded particles giving rise to surface hardening and a significant reduction in the erosion rate. Embedment of erodent particles was not observed during slurry erosion. Lubrication of the impacting interfaces by water appears to have minimal effect on the wear of aluminium by slurry erosion.

Evaluacion de la erosion hidrica en tres sistemas de cultivos vegetales en el municipio de Boaco

El estudio se realizo en el municipio de Boaco, Su fi nalidad fue evaluar las perdidas de suelo inducidas por la erosión hídrica en tres cultivos vegetales ya que el municipio de Boaco tiene una topografía muy accidentada haciendo los suelos más susceptibles a l os procesos de erosión hídrica, por lo que es necesario tener conciencia del problema. Las parcela s de erosión fueron ubicadas en un rango de pendiente entre 20 - 44 % con un suelo del tipo Typic Argiustol . Se utilizo la metodología de parcelas de erosión, se establecieron 9 parcelas de las cuales 3 eran de Pasto, 3 de rotación de frijol - maíz con rastrojos y 3 con rotación de frijol - maíz sin rastro jos cultivados en contorno de la pendiente. Las parcelas tienen 50 m de largo y 15 m de ancho, para un área de 750 m 2 . A demás se utilizo la ecuación universal de perdida de suelo (Wischmeier y Smith, 197 8), para calcular las perdidas de suelo potencial. El diseño experimental establecido fue un BCA con 3 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones y las variables en estudio fueron: pérdida de suelo, perdid a de agua, y los factores de la EUPS. El tratamiento pasto presenta la mejor práctica de manej o cuya pérdidas promedio fue de 5.12 ton/ha debido a su permanencia en el campo durante todo el año, seguido del tratamiento rotación con rastrojos con 32.36 ton/ha como promedio y como últi ma opción tratamiento rotación frijol-maíz sin rastrojos porque muestra las mayores pérdidas con un pro medio de 38.09 ton/ha. Las pérdidas de suelo son proporcionales a las perdidas de agua, a mayor es precipitaciones tanto mayor perdida de agua y suelo, por lo tanto las mayores perdidas de suel o se presentaron en el ciclo de postrera que corresponde a los meses de Septiembre y Octubre siend o los meses de mayor intensidad de la lluvia con una lamina de 546.8mm a diferencia de Primera c on 369.74mm.

Proceso de erosion de suelo en cuatro sistemas de cobertura vegetal en el municipio de Boaco, 2006

El área experimental está ubicada en el departamento de Boaco, municipio de Boaco a 88 Km. de la capital. Su posición geográfica se ubica entre los 12º 27 ́ 57.3 ́ ́ de latitud norte y los 85º39 ́47.5 ́ ́ de longitud oeste, el tipo de suelo según su orden se clasifica en molisol, con pendientes entre 23% y 44%. El objetivo fue analizar el pr oceso de erosión durante la estación lluviosa, mediante el manejo de diferente cobertura vegetal tal como fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Maíz (Zea mays) y pasto guinea (Panicum maximun), se establecieron 8 parcelas de erosión con cuatro tratamientos y dos repeticiones, cuyas dimensiones fueron 50 m. de largo y 15 m. de ancho, para un área útil de 750 m2. Durante el período del estudio fueron registrados un total de sesenta y cinco eventos lluviosos, siendo 11 de ellos los más importantes, alcanzando un total de 426,23 MJmm/ha.hr. Septiembre se perfila como el mes con mayor es ocurrencias de eventos erosivos con una energía cinética que alcanzó valores de 248.8 MJmm/ha.hr. Los resultados sugieren que el tratamiento con cubierta vegetal de fríjol presenta las mayores pérdidas de suelos con 2.952 ton/ha. Posteriormente el pasto con 0.205 ton/ha, después se encuentra el maíz con 0.157 ton/ha y el maíz-frijol con las pérdidas de suelo más bajas con 0.147 ton/ha. Las pérdida de suelo calculada por la E.U.P.S (Wischmeier et al, 1978) y la pérdida de suelo reales, muestran notable diferencia, (201.44 y de 6.923 ton/ha, respectivamente). El índice de erodabilidad de suelo no difiere en lo absoluto al determinarlo por diferentes metodologías. El factor de cobertura vegetal “C” presentó una considerable protección al suelo, dando como resultados pérdidas de suelo muy bajas. Al analizar el comportamiento de las pérdidas de suelo, logramos reconocer que las pérdidas de suelos en todos los eventos fueron relativamente bajos, en comparación con los niveles de tolerancia propuestos por Mennering (1981) y Schertz (1983). Se utilizó la Ecuación universal de pérdida de suelo (E.U.P.S), la cual está compuesta por un total de 6 parámetros como R =38.75 MJmm/ha.h, K = 0.22-0.27 ton ha h /ha MJ mm, S = 1.6, L = 4.54 a 14.63, C = Pasto= 0.15, Maíz= 0.25, Frijol= 0.94 y asocio de maíz-fríjol= 0.60. Para el valor de control de erosión P= 0.90.Para el análisis de la información; se utilizó como método estadístico t student con un grado de significancia del 95 % los efectos de las diferentes variables relacionadas al proceso de erosión del suelo resultaron no significativos.

Elastodynamic erosion of thermal barrier coatings

The finite element method is used to analyze the elastodynamic response of a columnar thermal barrier coating due to normal impact and oblique impact by an erosive particle. An assessment is made of the erosion by crack growth from preexisting flaws at the edge of each column: it is demonstrated that particle impacts can be sufficiently severe to give rise to columnar cracking. First, the transient stress state induced by the normal impact of a circular cylinder or a sphere is calculated in order to assess whether a 2D calculation adequately captures the more realistic 3D behavior. It is found that the transient stress states for the plane strain and axisymmetric models are similar. The sensitivity of response to particle diameter and to impact velocity is determined for both the cylinder and the sphere. Second, the transient stress state is explored for 2D oblique impact by a circular cylindrical particle and by an angular cylindrical particle. The sensitivity of transient tensile stress within the columns to particle shape (circular and angular), impact angle, impact location, orientation of the angular particle, and to the level of friction is explored in turn. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the effect of inclining the thermal barrier coating columns upon their erosion resistance. © 2011 The American Ceramic Society.

Equivalent Model Of Expansion Of Cement Mortar Under Sulphate Erosion

The expansion property of cement mortar under the attack of sulfate ions is studied by experimental and theoretical methods. First, cement mortars are fabricated with the ratio of water to cement of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. Secondly, the expansion of specimen immerged in sulphate solution is measured at different times. Thirdly, a theoretical model of expansion of cement mortar under sulphate erosion is suggested by virtue of represent volume element method. In this model, the damage evolution due to the interaction between delayed ettringite and cement mortar is taken into account. Finally, the numerical calculation is performed. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the model perfectly describes the expansion of the cement mortar.

Damage Evolution In Cement Mortar Due To Erosion Of Sulphate

Ultrasonic technique is used to detect the velocity change of stress wave propagated in the cement mortar immersed in the solution of sodium sulfate for 425 days. Also the density change of specimens at different erosion time is measured. By curve fitting, the effect of solutions' concentration and water/cement ratio on the damage evolution is analyzed. The SEM observation on the growth of delayed ettringite is also performed. It shows that the damage evolution of specimens attacked by sulphate solution is dominantly induced by the nucleation and growth of delayed ettringite, and the average size of microvoids in cement mortar affects the damage evolution significantly. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A non-equilibrium sediment transport model for rill erosion

Sediment transport in rill flows exhibits the characteristics of non-equilibrium transport, and the sediment transport rate of rill flow gradually recovers along the flow direction by erosion. By employing the concept of partial equilibrium sediment transport from open channel hydraulics, a dynamic model of rill erosion on hillslopes was developed. In the model, a parameter, called the restoration coefficient of sediment transport capacity, was used to express the recovery process of sediment transport rate, which was analysed by dimensional analysis and determined from laboratory experimental data. The values of soil loss simulated by the model were in agreement with observed values. The model results showed that the length and gradient of the hillslope and rainfall intensity had different influences on rill erosion. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Theoretical analysis for mechanical erosion of carbon-base materials in ablation

This article derives and provides a theoretical analysis for the mechanical erosion of carbon-base materials in ablation. The theory of mechanical erosion based on a nondimensional critical roughness parameter is proposed, The important parameters in this analytical method are independent of the test, The analysis accounts for the heating, pressure, and shear forces acting on material particles exposed to the boundary-layer flow. For the validity of a theoretical analytical method a computational example is given. The theoretical results agree fairly with the experimental data.