Recurrent loss of heterozygosity in 1p36 associated with TNFRSF14 mutations in IRF4 translocation negative pediatric follicular lymphomas.

Pediatric follicular lymphoma is a rare disease that differs genetically and clinically from its adult counterpart. With the exception of pediatric follicular lymphoma with IRF4-translocation, the genetic events associated with these lymphomas have not yet been defined. We applied array-comparative genomic hybridization and molecular inversion probe assay analyses to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 18 patients aged 18 years and under with IRF4 translocation negative follicular lymphoma. All evaluable cases lacked t(14;18). Only 6 of 16 evaluable cases displayed chromosomal imbalances with gains or amplifications of 6pter-p24.3 (including IRF4) and deletion and copy number neutral-loss of heterozygosity in 1p36 (including TNFRSF14) being most frequent. Sequencing of TNFRSF14 located in the minimal region of loss in 1p36.32 showed nine mutations in 7 cases from our series. Two subsets of pediatric follicular lymphoma were delineated according to the presence of molecular alterations, one with genomic aberrations associated with higher grade and/or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma component and more widespread disease, and another one lacking genetic alterations associated with more limited disease.

Molecular characterization and phenotypic expression of mutations in genes for gonadotropins and their receptors in humans.

Gonadotropin hormones undergo important dynamic changes during life. Their rise during puberty stimulates gonadal steroid secretion, triggering the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the acquisition of fertility. The full spectrum of possible mutations and polymorphisms in the human gonadotropins and in their receptor genes has been described in recent years. Patients harboring these mutations display a very wide range of phenotypes affecting all aspects of the reproductive axis. An important insight provided by the careful study of these patients lies in the striking gender differences in the phenotypes associated with a given mutation. As a result, the careful study of these rare patients has allowed us to better define the respective roles of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in normal human pubertal development and in the achievement of full fertility potential in either males or females. In this work, we describe briefly the known mutations in the genes for both gonadotropins and their receptors, and discuss their genotype/phenotype correlations in light of these important gender differences.

Étude sur le rôle des mutations de novo dans l’étiologie génétique de la schizophrénie

La schizophrénie est une maladie psychiatrique grave qui affecte approximativement 1 % de la population. Il est clairement établi que la maladie possède une composante génétique très importante, mais jusqu’à présent, les études ont été limitées au niveau de l’identification de facteurs génétiques spécifiquement liés à la maladie. Avec l’avènement des nouvelles avancées technologiques dans le domaine du séquençage de l’ADN, il est maintenant possible d’effectuer des études sur un type de variation génétique jusqu’à présent laissé pour compte : les mutations de novo, c.-à-d. les nouvelles mutations non transmises de manière mendélienne par les parents. Ces mutations peuvent avoir deux origines distinctes : une origine germinale au niveau des gamètes chez les parents ou une origine somatique, donc au niveau embryonnaire directement chez l’individu. L’objectif général de la présente recherche est de mieux caractériser les mutations de novo dans la schizophrénie. Comme le rôle de ces variations est peu connu, il sera également nécessaire de les étudier dans un contexte global au niveau de la population humaine. La première partie du projet consiste en une analyse exhaustive des mutations de novo dans la partie codante (exome) de patients atteints de schizophrénie. Nous avons pu constater que non seulement le taux de mutations était plus élevé qu’attendu, mais nous avons également été en mesure de relever un nombre anormalement élevé de mutations non-sens, ce qui suggère un profil pathogénique. Ainsi, nous avons pu fortement suggérer que les mutations de novo sont des actrices importantes dans le mécanisme génétique de la schizophrénie. La deuxième partie du projet porte directement sur les gènes identifiés lors de la première partie. Nous avons séquencé ces gènes dans une plus grande cohorte de cas et de contrôles afin d’établir le profil des variations rares pour ces gènes. Nous avons ainsi conclu que l’ensemble des gènes identifiés par les études de mutations de novo possède un profil pathogénique, ce qui permet d’établir que la plupart de ces gènes ont un rôle réel dans la maladie et ne sont pas des artéfacts expérimentaux. De plus, nous avons pu établir une association directe avec quelques gènes qui montrent un profil aberrant de variations rares. La troisième partie du projet se concentre sur l’effet de l’âge paternel sur le taux de mutations de novo. En effet, pour la schizophrénie, il est démontré que l’âge du père est un facteur de risque important. Ainsi, nous avons tenté de caractériser l’effet de l’âge du père chez des patients en santé. Nous avons observé une grande corrélation entre l’âge du père et le taux de mutations germinales et nous avons ainsi pu répertorier certaines zones avec un grand nombre de mutations de novo, ce qui suggère l’existence de zone chaude pour les mutations. Nos résultats ont été parmi les premiers impliquant directement les mutations de novo dans le mécanisme génétique de la schizophrénie. Ils permettent de jeter un nouveau regard sur les réseaux biologiques à l’origine de la schizophrénie en mettant sous les projecteurs un type de variations génétiques longtemps laissé pour compte.

Criblage génétique et caractérisation fonctionnelle des mutations dans les différentes sous-unités du récepteur GABAA associées à l'épilepsie génétique généralisée

Les épilepsies génétiques généralisées (ÉGGs) sont un groupe de syndromes épileptiques hétérogènes qui se manifestent habituellement durant les périodes de l’enfance et de l’adolescence. Les ÉGGs représentent 30% de toutes les épilepsies. Il n’existe présentement aucun remède à l’épilepsie génétique généralisée. Au sein de ce groupe d’épilepsies, les sujets sont le plus souvent dépourvus de lésions cérébrales, ce qui signifie que les facteurs génétiques jouent un rôle important dans l’étiologie de la maladie. Au cours des dernières années, plusieurs gènes impliqués dans des formes familiales d’ÉGG ont été identifiés. La majorité d'entre elles codent pour des canaux ioniques incluant le récepteur-ligand GABAA (RGABAA). De ce groupe, des mutations ont été identifiées dans quatre sous-unités du récepteur GABAA. Dans un premier temps, l’objectif général de cette thèse vise l’évaluation de la composante génétique de notre cohorte d’ÉGG expliquée par les gènes codant pour les sous-unités du récepteur GABAA. Puis, dans un second souffle, le rôle des variants identifiés est défini et analysé afin de mieux cerner leurs impacts dans la pathogénèse de ce phénotype. La première partie du projet consiste en une analyse exhaustive des mutations existantes dans la partie codante des 19 gènes GABRA pour des patients atteints d’ÉGG. En criblant des familles québécoises avec ÉGG, nous avons identifié 22 variants rares incluant 19 faux-sens et 3 non-sens dans 14 sous-unités du RGABAA. En séquençant ces gènes dans une grande cohorte de cas et de contrôles, nous avons établi le profil des variations rares pour ceux-ci. Ces données suggèrent qu’une proportion significative (8%) des patients atteints d’ÉGG ont des variants rares sur les gènes du RGABAA. La deuxième partie porte directement sur certains gènes identifiés lors de la première partie. De ce groupe, cinq nouvelles mutations ont été découvertes dans des gènes déjà associés à l’épilepsie (GABRA1 et GABRG2). Nous avons constaté l’impact de ces mutations dans les mécanismes génétiques de l’épilepsie, en mesurant les effets des variants sur la structure et la fonction du récepteur GABAA. La troisième partie se concentre sur notre hypothèse, voulant que les RGABAA mutants altèrent l’effet du GABA durant le développement du système nerveux central (SNC). L’objectif principal vise à déterminer la contribution relative de chacune des sous-unités mutées dans le développement du SNC. Ainsi, nous avons démontré qu’une telle perte de fonction a un impact significatif sur le développement des synapses GABAergiques et glutamatergiques ainsi que sur la plasticité des circuits corticaux. Nos résultats nous ont permis de préciser comment les mutations dans les gènes GABRA peuvent mener à l’ÉGG. Éventuellement, la caractérisation moléculaire de ces mutations contribuera à l’élaboration de nouveaux outils diagnostiques et facilitera la mise au point de traitements mieux ciblés pour les gens atteints de cette condition neurologique chronique.

Gene Mutations in Esophageal Mucosa of Chagas Disease Patients

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Expanding the spectrum of PTH1R mutations in patients with primary failure of tooth eruption

Objectives: Primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE) is a rare autosomal-dominant disease characterized by severe lateral open bite as a consequence of incomplete eruption of posterior teeth. Heterozygous mutations in the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) gene have been shown to cause PFE likely due to protein haploinsufficiency. To further expand on the mutational spectrum of PFE-associated mutations, we report here on the sequencing results of the PTH1R gene in 70 index PFE cases. Materials and methods: Sanger sequencing of the PTH1R coding exons and their immediate flanking intronic sequences was performed with DNA samples from 70 index PFE cases. Results: We identified a total of 30 unique variants, of which 12 were classified as pathogenic based on their deleterious consequences on PTH1R protein while 16 changes were characterized as unclassified variants with as yet unknown effects on disease pathology. The remaining two variants represent common polymorphisms. Conclusions: Our data significantly increase the number of presently known unique PFE-causing PTH1R mutations and provide a series of variants with unclear pathogenicity which will require further in vitro assaying to determine their effects on protein structure and function. Clinical relevance: Management of PTH1R-associated PFE is problematic, in particular when teeth are exposed to orthodontic force. Therefore, upon clinical suspicion of PFE, molecular DNA testing is indicated to support decision making for further treatment options. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Prevalence of ∆F508, G551D, G542X, and R553X mutations among cystic fibrosis patients in the North of Brazil

ABSTRACT: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disease among Caucasians and is rare among sub-Saharan Africans. The Brazilian population is not ethnically homogeneous but it is the result of three-way ethnic admixture of Europeans, Africans and Amerindians in varying proportions, depending on the region. In the present study, we investigated 33 patients who had been diagnosed and are currently under treatment for CF at the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará State. The molecular analysis for G542X, G551D and R553X mutations was performed by PCR followed by RFLP using BstNI, HincII and MboI, respectively, in polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis and stained with AgNO3. The DF508 mutation (a deletion of 3 bp) was only analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with AgNO3. Each sample was analyzed for regions of interest in the CFTR gene using amplified by PCR and specific primers. The DF508 and G551D mutations presented frequencies of 22.7 and 3%, respectively. In 74.3% of the remaining patients, none of the mutations investigated was found. The present study characterized in a sample of patients with an established clinical diagnosis of CF (asthma, repeated bronchopneumonia, disorders of nutritional status, etc.) the most frequent mutation ( DF508) in the North region of Brazil and is also the first report of the G551D mutation. In spite of the wide spectrum of CF mutations and the heterogeneous ethnic origin of the Amazon population, the molecular diagnosis is a helpful additional tool for the diagnosis and treatment of CF patients.

KRAS insertions in colorectal cancer: What do we know about unusual KRAS mutations?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

DNA methylation patterns of candidate genes regulated by thymine DNA glycosylase in patients with TP53 germline mutations

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Genomic profile of a Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome patient with a 45,X/46,XX karyotype, presenting neither mutations in TP53 nor clinical stigmata of Turner syndrome

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Multicentric Carpotarsal Osteolysis Is Caused by Mutations Clustering in the Amino-Terminal Transcriptional Activation Domain of MAFB

Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis (MCTO) is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by aggressive osteolysis, particularly affecting the carpal and tarsal bones, and is frequently associated with progressive renal failure. Using exome capture and next-generation sequencing in five unrelated simplex cases of MCTO, we identified previously unreported missense mutations clustering within a 51 base pair region of the single exon of MAFB, validated by Sanger sequencing. A further six unrelated simplex cases with MCTO were also heterozygous for previously unreported mutations within this same region, as were affected members of two families with autosomal-dominant MCTO. MAFB encodes a transcription factor that negatively regulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and is essential for normal renal development. Identification of this gene paves the way for development of novel therapeutic approaches for this crippling disease and provides insight into normal bone and kidney development.

Mutations in SRCAP, Encoding SNF2-Related CREBBP Activator Protein, Cause Floating-Harbor Syndrome

Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delayed osseous maturation, expressive-language deficits, and a distinctive facial appearance. Occurrence is generally sporadic, although parent-to-child transmission has been reported on occasion. Employing whole-exome sequencing, we identified heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP in five unrelated individuals with sporadic MS. Sanger sequencing identified mutations in SRCAP in eight more affected persons. Mutations were de novo in all six instances in which parental DNA was available. SRCAP is an SNF2-related chromatin-remodeling factor that serves as a coactivator for CREB-binding protein (CREBBP, better known as CBP, the major cause of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome [RTS]). Five SRCAP mutations, two of which are recurrent, were identified; all are tightly clustered within a small (111 codon) region of the final exon. These mutations are predicted to abolish three C-terminal AT-hook DNA-binding motifs while leaving the CBP-binding and ATPase domains intact. Our findings show that SRCAP mutations are the major cause of FHS and offer an explanation for the clinical overlap between FHS and RTS.

Absence of Functional LIN28B Mutations in a Large Cohort of Patients with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty

Aim: To investigate LIN28B gene variants in children with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP). Patients and Methods: We studied 178 Brazilian children with CPP (171 girls, 16.8% familial cases). A large multiethnic group (1,599 subjects; Multiethnic Cohort, MEC) was used as control. DNA analysis and biochemical in vitro studies were performed. Results: A heterozygous LIN28B variant, p. H199R, was identified in a girl who developed CPP at 5.2 years. This variant was absent in 310 Brazilian control individuals, but it was found in the same allele frequency in women from the MEC cohort, independent of the age of menarche. Functional studies revealed that when ectopically expressed in cells, the mutant protein was capable of binding pre-let-7 microRNA and inhibiting let-7 expression to the same extent as wild-type Lin28B protein. Other rare LIN28B variants (p.P173P, c.198+32_33delCT, g.9575731A>C and c.-11C>T) were identified in CPP patients and controls. Therefore, no functional mutation was identified. Conclusion: In vitro studies revealed that the rare LIN28B p.H199R variant identified in a girl with CPP does not affect the Lin28B function in the regulation of let-7 expression. Although LIN28B SNPs were associated with normal pubertal timing, rare variations in this gene do not seem to be commonly involved in the molecular pathogenesis of CPP. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel

Identification of 2 Novel ANTXR2 Mutations in Patients With Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome and Proposal of a Modified Grading System

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (JHF) and infantile systemic hyalinosis (ISH) are rare, autosomal recessive disorders of the connective tissue caused by mutations in the gene encoding the anthrax toxin receptor 2 protein (ANTXR2) located on chromosome 4q21. Characteristically, these conditions present with overlapping clinical features, such as nodules and/or pearly papules, gingival hyperplasia, flexion contractures of the joints, and osteolytic bone defects. The present report describes a pair of sibs and three other JHF/ISH patients whose diagnoses were based on typical clinical manifestations and confirmed by histopathologic analyses and/or molecular analysis. A comparison of ISH and JHF, additional thoughts about new terminology (hyaline fibromatosis syndrome) and a modified grading system are also included. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The phenotype of Floating-Harbor syndrome: clinical characterization of 52 individuals with mutations in exon 34 of SRCAP

Background Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delays in expressive language, and a distinctive facial appearance. Recently, heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP were determined to be disease-causing. With the availability of a DNA based confirmatory test, we set forth to define the clinical features of this syndrome. Methods and results Clinical information on fifty-two individuals with SRCAP mutations was collected using standardized questionnaires. Twenty-four males and twenty-eight females were studied with ages ranging from 2 to 52 years. The facial phenotype and expressive language impairments were defining features within the group. Height measurements were typically between minus two and minus four standard deviations, with occipitofrontal circumferences usually within the average range. Thirty-three of the subjects (63%) had at least one major anomaly requiring medical intervention. We did not observe any specific phenotype-genotype correlations. Conclusions This large cohort of individuals with molecularly confirmed FHS has allowed us to better delineate the clinical features of this rare but classic genetic syndrome, thereby facilitating the development of management protocols.