627 resultados para RAC-LACTIDE


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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity ultrasound on bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide (SR-PLLA) screws and on fracture healing after SR-PLLA device fixation in experimental and clinical cancellous bone fracture. In the first experimental study, the assessment of the mechanical strengths of the SR-PLLA screws was performed after 12 weeks of daily 20-minute ultrasound exposure in vitro. In the second experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats with an experimental distal femur osteotomy fixed with an SR-PLLA rod were exposed for daily low-intensity ultrasound treatment for 21 days. The effects on the healing bone were assessed. The clinical studies consist of three prospective, randomized, and placebo-controlled series of dislocated lateral malleolar fractures fixed with one SR-PLLA screw. The total number of the patients in these series was 52. Half of the patients were provided randomly with a sham ultrasound device. The patients underwent ultrasound therapy 20 minutes daily for six weeks. Radiological bone healing was assessed both by radiographs at two, six, nine, and 12 weeks and by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans at two weeks, nine weeks, and 18 months. Bone mineral density was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The clinical outcome was assessed by both Olerud-Molander scoring and clinical examination of the ankle. Low-intensity ultrasound had no effects on the mechanical properties and degradation behaviour of the SR-PLLA screws in vitro. There were no obvious signs of low-intensity ultrasound-induced enhancement in the bone healing in SR-PLLA-rod-fixed metaphyseal distal femur osteotomy in rats. The biocompatibility of low-intensity ultrasound treatment and SR-PLLA was found to be good. In the clinical series low-intensity ultrasound was observed to have no obvious effects on the bone mineral density of the fractured lateral malleolus. There were no obvious differences in the radiological bone healing times of the SR-PLLA-screw-fixed lateral malleolar fractures after low-intensity ultrasound treatment. Low-intensity ultrasound did not have any effects on radiological bone morphology, bone mineral density or clinical outcome 18 months after the injury. There were no obvious findings in the present study to support the hypothesis that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances bone healing in SR-PLLA-rod-fixed experimental metaphyseal distal femur osteotomy in rats or in clinical SR-PLLA-screw-fixed lateral malleolar fractures. It is important to limit the conclusions of the present set of studies only to lateral malleolar fractures fixed with an SR-PLLA screw.

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The purpose of this series of studies was to evaluate the biocompatibility of poly (ortho) ester (POE), copolymer of ε-caprolactone and D,L-lactide [P (ε-CL/DL-LA)] and the composite of P(ε-CL/DL-LA) and tricalciumphosphate (TCP) as bone filling material in bone defects. Tissue reactions and resorption times of two solid POE-implants (POE 140 and POE 46) with different methods of sterilization (gamma- and ethylene oxide sterilization), P(ε-CL/DL-LA)(40/60 w/w) in paste form and 50/50 w/w composite of 40/60 w/w P(ε-CL/DL-LA) and TCP and 27/73 w/w composite of 60/40 w/w P(ε-CL/DL-LA) and TCP were examined in experimental animals. The follow-up times were from one week to 52 weeks. The bone samples were evaluated histologically and the soft tissue samples histologically, immunohistochemically and electronmicroscopically. The results showed that the resorption time of gamma sterilized POE 140 was eight weeks and ethylene oxide sterilized POE 140 13 weeks in bone. The resorption time of POE 46 was more than 24 weeks. The gamma sterilized rods started to erode from the surface faster than ethylene oxide sterilized rods for both POEs. Inflammation in bone was from slight to moderate with POE 140 and moderate with POE 46. No highly fluorescent layer of tenascin or fibronectin was found in the soft tissue. Bone healing at the sites of implantation was slower than at control sites with the copolymer in small bone defects. The resorption time for the copolymer was over one year. Inflammation in bone was mostly moderate. Bone healing at the sites of implantation was also slower than at the control sites with the composite in small and large mandibular bone defects. Bone formation had ceased at both sites by the end of follow-up in large mandibular bone defects. The ultrastructure of the connective tissue was normal during the period of observation. It can be concluded that the method of sterilization influenced the resorption time of both POEs. Gamma sterilized POE 140 could have been suitable material for filling small bone defects, whereas the degradation times of solid EO-sterilized POE 140 and POE 46 were too slow to be considered as bone filling material. Solid material is difficult to contour, which can be considered as a disadvantage. The composites were excellent to handle, but the degradation time of the polymer and the composites were too slow. Therefore, the copolymer and the composite can not be recommended as bone filling material.

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Sormen koukistajajännevamman korjauksen jälkeisen aktiivisen mobilisaation on todettu johtavan parempaan toiminnalliseen lopputulokseen kuin nykyisin yleisesti käytetyn dynaamisen mobilisaation. Aktiivisen mobilisaation ongelma on jännekorjauksen pettämisriskin lisääntyminen nykyisten ommeltekniikoiden riittämättömän vahvuuden vuoksi. Jännekorjauksen lujuutta on parannettu kehittämällä monisäieommeltekniikoita, joissa jänteeseen tehdään useita rinnakkaisia ydinompeleita. Niiden kliinistä käyttöä rajoittaa kuitenkin monimutkainen ja aikaa vievä tekninen suoritus. Käden koukistajajännekorjauksessa käytetään yleisesti sulamattomia ommelmateriaaleja. Nykyiset käytössä olevat biohajoavat langat heikkenevät liian nopeasti jänteen paranemiseen nähden. Biohajoavan laktidistereokopolymeeri (PLDLA) 96/4 – langan vetolujuuden puoliintumisajan sekä kudosominaisuuksien on aiemmin todettu soveltuvan koukistajajännekorjaukseen. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää välittömän aktiivisen mobilisaation kestävä ja toteutukseltaan yksinkertainen käden koukistajajännekorjausmenetelmä biohajoavaa PLDLA 96/4 –materiaalia käyttäen. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin viiden eri yleisesti käytetyn koukistajajänneompeleen biomekaanisia ominaisuuksia staattisessa vetolujuustestauksessa ydinompeleen rakenteellisten ominaisuuksien – 1) säikeiden (lankojen) lukumäärän, 2) langan paksuuden ja 3) ompeleen konfiguraation – vaikutuksen selvittämiseksi jännekorjauksen pettämiseen ja vahvuuteen. Jännekorjausten näkyvän avautumisen todettiin alkavan perifeerisen ompeleen pettäessä voima-venymäkäyrän myötöpisteessä. Ydinompeleen lankojen lukumäärän lisääminen paransi ompeleen pitokykyä jänteessä ja suurensi korjauksen myötövoimaa. Sen sijaan paksumman (vahvemman) langan käyttäminen tai ompeleen konfiguraatio eivät vaikuttaneet myötövoimaan. Tulosten perusteella tutkittiin mahdollisuuksia lisätä ompeleen pitokykyä jänteestä yksinkertaisella monisäieompeleella, jossa ydinommel tehtiin kolmen säikeen polyesterilangalla tai nauhamaisen rakenteen omaavalla kolmen säikeen polyesterilangalla. Nauhamainen rakenne lisäsi merkitsevästi ompeleen pitokykyä jänteessä parantaen myötövoimaa sekä maksimivoimaa. Korjauksen vahvuus ylitti aktiivisen mobilisaation jännekorjaukseen kohdistaman kuormitustason. PLDLA 96/4 –langan soveltuvuutta koukistajajännekorjaukseen selvitettiin tutkimalla langan biomekaanisia ominaisuuksia ja solmujen pito-ominaisuuksia staattisessa vetolujuustestauksessa verrattuna yleisimmin jännekorjauksessa käytettävään punottuun polyesterilankaan (Ticron®). PLDLA –langan todettiin soveltuvan hyvin koukistajajännekorjaukseen, sillä se on polyesterilankaa venymättömämpi ja solmujen pitävyys on parempi. Viimeisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin PLDLA 96/4 –langasta valmistetulla kolmisäikeisellä, nauhamaisella jännekorjausvälineellä tehdyn jännekorjauksen kestävyyttä staattisessa vetolujuustestauksessa sekä syklisessä kuormituksessa, joka simuloi staattista testausta paremmin mobilisaation toistuvaa kuormitusta. PLDLA-korjauksen vahvuus ylitti sekä staattisessa että syklisessä kuormituksessa aktiivisen mobilisaation edellyttämän vahvuuden. Nauhamaista litteää ommelmateriaalia ei aiemmin ole tutkittu tai käytetty käden koukistajajännekorjauksessa. Tässä tutkimuksessa ommelmateriaalin nauhamainen rakenne paransi merkitsevästi jännekorjauksen vahvuutta, minkä arvioidaan johtuvan lisääntyneestä kontaktipinnasta jänteen ja ommelmateriaalin välillä estäen ompeleen läpileikkautumista jänteessä. Tutkimuksessa biohajoavasta PLDLA –materiaalista valmistetulla rakenteeltaan nauhamaisella kolmisäikeisellä langalla tehdyn jännekorjauksen vahvuus saavutti aktiivisen mobilisaation edellyttämän tason. Lisäksi uusi menetelmä on helppokäyttöinen ja sillä vältetään perinteisten monisäieompeleiden tekniseen suoritukseen liittyvät ongelmat.

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1-42 beta-Amyloid (A beta(1-42)) peptide is a key molecule involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Some of its effects are manifested at the neuronal morphological level. These morphological changes involve loss of neurites due to cytoskeleton alterations. However, the mechanism of A beta(1-42) peptide activation of the neurodegenerative program is still poorly understood. Here, A beta(1-42) peptide-induced transduction of cellular death signals through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphoinositol- dependent kinase (PDK)/novel protein kinase C (nPKC)/Rac 1 axis is described. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 and nPKC activities blocks Rac 1 activation and neuronal cell death. Our results provide insights into an unsuspected connection between PDK1, nPKCs and Rac 1 in the same signal-transduction pathway and points out nPKCs and Rac 1 as potential therapeutic targets to block the toxic effects of A beta(1-42) peptide in neurons.

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聚丙交酯又称聚乳酸(PLA),是目前最重要的合成生物降解高分子之一。丙交酯有L,L-丙交酯(LLA)、D,D-丙交酯(DLA)和内消旋丙交酯(meso-LA)三种立体异构体。PLA包括全同立构、间同立构、无规立构、不均匀有规立构和嵌段立构等构型。 PLA的微观链结构在很大程度上决定了PLA的理化性质。无规立构和不均匀有规立构聚丙交酯是非晶聚合物,它们可以由meso-LA或者rac-LA(LLA和DLA的等物质的量混合物)的聚合得到;而全同立构、间同立构和嵌段立构的聚丙交酯都是可以结晶的;全同立构的聚丙交酯可由纯的DLA或者LLA聚合而成,高分子量的全同立构PLA(PLLA或者PDLA)的熔点约180ºC;但是,有趣的是,等量PDLA和PLLA形成的外消旋混合物的熔点约230ºC,这与无规的poly(rac-LA)(聚外消旋丙交酯)形成强烈对照;间同和嵌段立构聚丙交酯只是最近几年才被合成出来,目前,只能通过丙交酯的立体选择性聚合才能得到,它们的结晶性和熔点随催化剂的选择性不同变化范围很大;而就降解性能而言,非晶聚丙交酯的降解速率要高于结晶性的聚丙交酯。因为序列结构对聚丙交酯的性质有很大的影响,而聚丙交酯的序列结构可以通过丙交酯的立体选择性聚合来控制,所以,近年来,丙交酯的立体选择性聚合催化剂的开发成为了一个研究热点。 我们设计合成了一系列非手性烯醇式席夫碱-铝/锌化合物,详细的表征了它们的结构,阐明了配体取代基团与催化剂构型之间的关系;将这一系列化合物用于丙交酯的开环聚合,系统的研究了不同结构的催化剂与丙交酯的聚合动力学、立体规整度之间的关系。

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由于具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,聚乳酸被广泛地应用于组织工程,药物控制释放和环境材料工程等领域。由于聚乳酸的物理、机械和降解等性质在很大程度上决定于其链序列结构,所以丙交醋的立构选择性聚合就成为了一个研究热点。本文合成了一系列无手性席夫碱一铝配合物,并将其用于外消旋丙交醋的立构选择性聚合,此外还对聚合所得的不同立构规整度的聚外消旋丙交酯进行了初步表征。具体的实验结果如下:1.合成了无手性席夫碱一乙基铝配合物(2)和席夫碱一异丙氧基铝配合物(3)。在等摩尔量异丙醇的存在条件下,配合物(2)对rac-LA的开环聚合具有良好的控制性和立体选择性。所得到的聚乳酸是结晶性的聚合物,可以形成一种PLA立体络合物。同核去偶~1HNMR和~(13)CNMR结果表明,它们都是立构嵌段型的聚合物,其平均嵌段长度为11个乳酸单元。端基分析发现:配合物(2)本身没有引发rac-LA的开环聚合,它是在原位先与异丙醇反应生成相应的烷氧基铝化合物,然后,后者再引发rac-LA的开环聚合。因此将席夫碱-异丙氧基铝配合物(3)直接用于引发rac-LA的开环聚合,也具有良好的控制性和立体选择性。2.制备了一系列的席夫碱一铝配合物(5-8)用考察席夫碱配体的性质对催化剂的催化活性和立构选择性的影响。实验结果表明,在苯环上引入较大的取代基(如叔丁基)有助于提高立构选择性,但是增加二元胺桥刚性则会使立构选择性下降。此外,还考察了聚合温度对于配合物(8)/异丙醇催化rac-LA开环聚合的影响,发现降低聚合温度有利于提高全同键接的含量。3.通过控制聚合温度得到了具有不同立构规整度的立构嵌段型聚外消旋乳酸(Pm0.77~0.88)。与PLLA和无规立构聚乳酸不同的是,这些聚外消旋乳酸都可以形成PLA立体络合物,其熔融温度也相对较高;并且随着聚外消旋乳酸的Pm值的增大,其结晶性能也相应增加。

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The objective of this study was to evaluate degradation behavior and the feasibility of biodegradable polymeric stents in common bile duct (CBD) repair and reconstruction. Various molar ratios of lactide (LA) and glycolide (GA) in poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were synthesized and processed into a circular tubing of similar to 10.0 mm outer diameter and a wall thickness of about 2.0 mm.

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The crystallization behaviors and morphology of asymmetric crystalline-crystalline diblock copolymers poly(ethylene oxide-lactide) (PEO-b-PLLA) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and microscopic techniques (polarized optical microscopy (POM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)). Both blocks of PEO5-b-PLLA(16) can be crystallized, which was confirmed by WAXD, while PEO block in PEO5-b-PLLA(30) is difficult to crystallize because of the confinement induced by the high glass transition temperature and crystallization of PLLA block with the microphase separation of the block copolymer.

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Novel bioactive glass (13G) nanoparticles/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) composites were prepared as promising bone-repairing materials. The BG nanoparticles (Si:P:Ca = 29:13:58 weight ratio) of about 40 run diameter were prepared via the sol-gel method. In order to improve the phase compatibility between the polymer and the inorganic phase, PLLA (M-n = 9700 Da) was linked to the surface of the BG particles by diisocyanate. The grafting ratio of PLLA was in the vicinity of 20 wt.%. The grafting modification could improve the tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact energy of the composites by increasing the phase compatibility.

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This paper presented a new approach for preparing a new type of slow-release membrane-encapsulated urea fertilizer with starch-g-PLLA as biodegradable carrier materials. By solution-casting and washing rapidly with water the urea was individually encapsulated within the starch matrix modified by L-lactide through in situ graft-copolymerization.