1000 resultados para Química da atmosfera


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A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) representa um importante reservatório de carbono (C) nos ecossistemas terrestres. O conteúdo de C estocado no solo pode ser liberado para a atmosfera na forma de CO2, com a decomposição da MOS, ou pode ser aumentado com a entrada de resíduos e retenção da MOS. Nesse sentido, é importante entender os mecanismos de estabilidade e retenção da MOS para predizer como os solos respondem a mudanças, quer sejam elas induzidas por alterações climáticas ou por práticas de manejo. Dentro dos Latossolos, classe que ocupa cerca de 32 % do território brasileiro, há aqueles que possuem horizonte A húmico hiper espesso e, portanto, com maior estoque de C. Aspectos sobre a origem, formação e preservação do horizonte A húmico destes solos em suas ocorrências em diferentes biomas ainda não foram completamente elucidados e estão estritamente ligados à fonte, dinâmica e mecanismos de preservação e distribuição da MOS no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho é entender a gênese da MO dos Latossolos húmicos que ocorrem no Bioma Cerrado, por meio da caracterização molecular pela técnica da pirólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa e espectroscopia de massas (pirólise - CG/EM). Para isso, foram coletadas amostras dos horizontes A em dois perfis de Latossolos com horizonte A húmico (LH1, LH2) e um perfil de Latossolo com horizonte A moderado (solo de referência; LNH) situados em superfície de aplanamento adjacente à Serra do Espinhaço, no município de Grão Mogol - MG, sob clima tropical semi-úmido e vegetação de cerrado sensu strictu. Por meio da descrição morfológica dos solos em diferentes níveis de observação (campo, lupa e microscópio) procurou-se entender melhor os mecanismos de espessamento do horizonte A e a distribuição de partículas de carvão ao longo do perfil. As amostras dos horizontes foram submetidas ao fracionamento físico e extração da MOS, gerando as seguintes frações: fração leve livre (FLL); fração leve oclusa (FLO), fração extraível com NaOH (EXT) e resíduo (RES). A morfologia dos perfis evidencia a intensa e longa atividade biológica (fauna e raízes) a que esses solos foram e estão submetidos. Isso explica a abundância de microagregados e a consequente macropososidade elevada, assim como a ampla distribuição de fragmentos de carvão em todo o horizonte A, e parte do B, com dimensões milimétricas a submilimétricas, sugerindo a fragmentação destes ao longo do tempo. Foi evidenciado o maior conteúdo de carvões nos dois LHs em comparação ao LNH. A distribuição da MOS nas frações estudadas foi a mesma para os três perfis estudados: RES>EXT>FLL>FLO, que mostra a importância da fração RES para estes solos. Produtos da carbonização (Black carbon; BC: hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos) foram mais abundantes na fração RES e FLO, no entanto, a maior diferença qualitativa entre a MOS de LHs e LNH diz respeito à abundância de BC na fração RES, que é maior em LHs do que LNH; confirmando a maior quantidade de carvões em LHs verificada na morfologia. Um índice de degradação do BC foi estabelecido com base em análise fatorial com os todas as frações estudadas e produtos poliaromáticos. Este índice, aplicado às frações EXT e RES, mostrou que a degradação do BC aumenta com a profundidade/idade, e não houve diferenças significativas entre os perfis estudados. Portanto, LHs provavelmente tem maior entrada de carvões, o que deve estar ligado a um histórico de maior incidência de incêndios ou maior abundância local de espécies arbóreas.

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A anchoita foi capturada e acondicionada a bordo sob-resfriamento a 0°C com gelo em escamas. Após o recebimento, o pescado foi processado na forma salgado-maturado. Após a maturação foram processadas e embaladas em sacos de polietileno e armazenadas sob-refrigeração a 5°C durante 84 dias. As amostras foram divididas grupos: (1) sob pressão atmosfera normal, (2) vácuo, (3) atmosfera modificada com 50% CO2 + 20% O2 + 30% N2 e (4) 60% CO2 + 10% O2 + 30% N2, em embalagens de polietileno e aluminizadas, termo-seladas e armazenadas sob-refrigeração a 5°C. Os valores de textura tiveram uma redução de 2277,8 N (Kg.m/s2 ) para 821,90 N (Kg.m/s2 ) para o tratamento controle. A qualidade inicial do pescado atendeu aos padrões legais vigentes, apresentando ausência Salmonella sp e enumerações aceitáveis aos padrões de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Clostridium sulfito redutores, coliforme totais e a 45ºC. Com relação ao pH, houve diferenças significativas durante o tempo de processamento (p<0,05), o valor passou de 6,3 (início) para 6,4 (final). Com relação aos resultados correspondentes aos parâmetros L*, a* e b* (cor), em todos os tratamentos e ao longo do tempo de processamento (ambas as embalagens), ocorreram diferenças significativas (p<0,05). Os valores de L* variaram de 34,80 para 18,00 (controle) 23,00 (vácuo), 20,21 (T3) e 22,00 (T4) embalagens de polietileno. Nas embalagens de alumínio os valores de L* variaram de 34,00 para 25,00 (controle), 29,00(vácuo), 22,10 (T3) e 26,00 (T4).

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MIPs are synthetic polymers that are used as biomimetic materials simulating the mechanism verified in natural entities such as antibodies and enzymes. Although MIPs have been successfully used as an outstanding tool for enhancing the selectivity or different analytical approaches, such as separation science and electrochemical and optical sensors, several parameters must be optimized during their synthesis. Therefore, the state-of-the-art of MIP production as well as the different polymerization methods are discussed. The potential selectivity of MIPs in the extraction and separation techniques focusing mainly on environmental, clinical and pharmaceutical samples as applications for analytical purposes is presented.

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The aim of this paper is the description of the strategies and advances in the use of MIP in the development of chemical sensors. MIP has been considered an emerging technology, which allows the synthesis of materials that can mimic some highly specific natural receptors such as antibodies and enzymes. In recent years a great number of publications have demonstrated a growth in their use as sensing phases in the construction of sensors . Thus, the MIP technology became very attractive as a promising analytical tool for the development of sensors.

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This article provides some aspects that allow making a current reading of the situation of the Brazilian Chemistry that permit us considerate it as a strategic area. They are still presented some initial proposals related to the organization of the research as well as to win the challenges of the relationship with the other areas of the knowledge.

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The results of a survey of institutions offering undergraduate studies, with the objective of evaluating the importance of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry for Chemistry courses in Brazil, are presented and discussed. Judging by the data, the content of the course of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry is considered by the Brazilian institutions offering undergraduate studies to be a body of knowledge essential for the formation of the chemist. This aspect is deemed valid for both baccalaureate and teaching license studies.

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Process Analytical Chemistry (PAC) is an important and growing area in analytical chemistry, that has received little attention in academic centers devoted to the gathering of knowledge and to optimization of chemical processes. PAC is an area devoted to optimization and knowledge acquisition of chemical processes, to reducing costs and wastes and to making an important contribution to sustainable development. The main aim of this review is to present to the Brazilian community the development and state of the art of PAC, discussing concepts, analytical techniques currently employed in the industry and some applications.

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In this work, we describe a new method for obtaining [Fe(CO)2[(eta5-C5H5)Cl] employing simple techniques and low-cost reagents. It is worth mentioning that this method is faster than others reported in the literature. It was applied in laboratory classes for undergraduate students, exploring different concepts in organometallic chemistry and discussing the steps involved in the synthetic route.

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There has been a considerable interest in coordination complexes of molecular nitrogen (N2), partly due to a possible relationship between such complexes and the nitrogen activation process in nature. The present paper describes the synthesis and infrared spectroscopic characterization of an iron-nitrogen derivative with ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (edta) as an experiment for an undergraduate course. The topics covered here include synthesis, reactivity and spectroscopy.

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The function of lipids in human nutrition has been intensively debated in the last decade.This context reinforces the concern about controlling the trans fat ingestion, due to its negative implications on health. Interesterification provides an important alternative to modify the consistency of oils and fats without causing formation of trans isomers. This article reports research done towards production of zero trans fats by chemical interesterification, for different industrial purposes. Aspects related to the effect of trans fats on diet, their impact on health and modifications in Brazilian legislation are also covered.

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Quimica Nova and the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society are two examples of successful initiatives taken by the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ - Sociedade Brasileira de Química), and may serve as models for the scientific societies of developing countries. Pillars of the SBQ, these two periodicals are undeniable demonstrations that idealism, utopia and dignity are the essential ingredients for transforming dreams into reality. Few believed that the Brazilian chemical community would one day have, as it does today, two scientific research periodicals indexed in the principal international data banks.

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A synthesis of (+)-±-terpineol from (+)-limonene was proposed as a project for undergraduate organic laboratory course. Terpineol is a useful flavor and fragrance compound, and several aspects of this preparation are suited for experimental organic classes, including basic techniques for extraction and analyses of essential oils, different reaction types and the possibility of a high degree of student interest.

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Homo and heterotrinuclear acetates are unique compounds having μ3-oxo bridge and many interesting properties of such compounds are derived from this structure. Some undergraduate inorganic textbooks discuss several aspects of these compounds and we present here an undergraduate experiment for the high-yield synthesis of [Fe2MO(CH3CO2)6(H 2O)3], with M = Fe3+, Co2+ and Ni2+, as well as their characterization using infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltametry. The proposed experiment gives the opportunity to discuss several concepts of coordination chemistry that follow the characterization techniques, such as: types of acetate coordination, reversibility of electrochemical processes, quelate and trans effects and lability.

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This text describes an experiment on fractional precipitation of a polymer together with determination of average degree of polymerization by NMR. Commercial sodium polyphosphate was fractionated by precipitation from aqueous solution by adding increasing amounts of acetone. The polydisperse salt and nine fractions obtained from it were analyzed by 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and the degree of polymerization of the salts and of the fractions were calculated. Long-chain sodium polyphosphate was also synthesized and analyzed. This experiment was tested in a PChem lab course but it can be used also to illustrate topics of inorganic polymers and analytical chemistry.

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Ten common doubts of chemistry students and professionals about their statistical applications are discussed. The use of the N-1 denominator instead of N is described for the standard deviation. The statistical meaning of the denominators of the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of validation (RMSEV) are given for researchers using multivariate calibration methods. The reason why scientists and engineers use the average instead of the median is explained. Several problematic aspects about regression and correlation are treated. The popular use of triplicate experiments in teaching and research laboratories is seen to have its origin in statistical confidence intervals. Nonparametric statistics and bootstrapping methods round out the discussion.